RESUMEN
Background: Lifestyle interventions can promote improvement in dietary intake and physical activity (PA), on average, by strengthening motivation, self-regulatory efforts, and commitment to behavioral change. However, maintenance of behavioral change is challenging, and slow responders during treatment often experience less overall success. Adaptive intervention sequences tailored to treatment response may be more effective in sustaining behavioral change. Methods: Adults ≥ 21 years old with prediabetes (n = 187) were stratified at week five to the standard Group Lifestyle Balance (GLB) intervention, if they achieved > 2.5% weight loss, or to the augmented intervention GLB Plus (GLB+) at week five, if they did not. At month five, each person in a matched pair was randomly assigned to GLB or GLB + for the extended intervention phase (months 5-12) followed by no study conduct (months 13-18). The primary comparison of interest was the change in outcomes between the standard (GLB followed by GLB) and augmented (GLB + followed by GLB+) intervention sequences post-intervention at 12 - and 18-months using linear mixed effect models. Results: The augmented GLB + intervention sequence reported a decline in the change in self-efficacy for reducing fat intake, self-efficacy for 'sticking to' healthy eating and exercise, and hopeful thought and planning compared to the standard GLB intervention sequence (all P < 0.0167) at 18-months. However, there were no significant differences between these intervention sequences at 18-months in the change in dietary intake or minutes of PA (all P > 0.05). Conclusions: No significant change in behavioral measures across intervention sequences occurred at study end. An 18-month decline in self-efficacy regarding diet and PA and hopeful thought and planning among slow responders following no intervention for six months indicates greater extended care is likely needed. The type of extended care that is most effective for slow treatment responders requires additional research.
RESUMEN
Corticostriatal projection neurons from prelimbic medial prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens core critically regulate drug-seeking behaviors, yet the underlying encoding dynamics whereby these neurons contribute to drug seeking remain elusive. Here we use two-photon calcium imaging to visualize the activity of corticostriatal neurons in mice from the onset of heroin use to relapse. We find that the activity of these neurons is highly heterogeneous during heroin self-administration and seeking, with at least 8 distinct neuronal ensembles that display both excitatory and inhibitory encoding dynamics. These neuronal ensembles are particularly apparent during relapse, where excitatory responses are amplified compared to heroin self-administration. Moreover, we find that optogenetic inhibition of corticostriatal projection neurons attenuates heroin seeking regardless of the relapse trigger. Our results reveal the precise corticostriatal activity dynamics underlying drug-seeking behaviors and support a key role for this circuit in mediating relapse to drug seeking.
RESUMEN
Self-regulation can facilitate modifications in lifestyle to promote behavioral change. However, little is known about whether adaptive interventions promote improvement in self-regulatory, dietary, and physical activity outcomes among slow treatment responders. A stratified design with an adaptive intervention for slow responders was implemented and evaluated. Adults ≥ 21 years old with prediabetes were stratified to the standard Group Lifestyle Balance intervention (GLB; n = 79) or the adaptive GLB Plus intervention (GLB + ; n = 105) based on first-month treatment response. Intake of total fat was the only study measure that significantly differed between groups at baseline (P = 0.0071). GLB reported greater improvement in self-efficacy for lifestyle behaviors, goal satisfaction with weight loss, and very active minutes of activity than GLB + (all P < 0.01) at 4-months. Both groups reported significant improvement in self-regulatory outcomes and reduction in energy and fat intake (all P < 0.01). An adaptive intervention can improve self-regulation and dietary intake when tailored to early slow treatment responders.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Estado Prediabético , Adulto , Humanos , Adulto Joven , Estado Prediabético/terapia , Dieta , Diabetes Mellitus/prevención & control , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Estilo de VidaRESUMEN
Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting economic instability, many people are contending with financial insecurity. Guided by Conservation of Resources Theory (Hobfoll, American Psychologist 44:513-524, 1989; Hobfoll et al., Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 5:103-128, 2018), the current research explores the consequences of experiencing financial insecurity during a pandemic, with a focus on individuals who report relatively higher rates of financial insecurity, performance challenges, and stress during such experiences: working parents (American Psychological Association, 2022). This research also examines the role that personal resources, in the form of trait resiliency, play in the relationships between financial insecurity and behavioral and psychological outcomes including worrying, proactive behaviors, and stress. In a study of 636 working parents and their children, we find that financial insecurity heightens worrying, underscoring the threatening nature of the loss or anticipated loss of material resources. Worrying, in turn, promotes proactive behaviors at work-an effect that is more pronounced among high-resiliency individuals. However, worrying is also associated with elevated stress among high-resiliency individuals, providing support for a trait activation perspective (rather than buffering hypotheses) on ongoing, uncontrollable adversities. Taken together, our results help to (1) illuminate the impact of financial insecurity on work and well-being, (2) reveal a mechanism (i.e., worrying) that helps explain the links between financial insecurity and work and personal outcomes, and (3) expand our knowledge of the implications trait resiliency has for both psychological and behavioral reactions to ongoing crises.
RESUMEN
Although overt racism is condemned by many organizations, insidious forms of racism persist. Drawing on the conservation of resources framework (Hobfoll, 1989), this article identifies forms and outcomes of racial microaggressions-daily verbal, behavioral, and environmental indignities that denigrate individuals from racially minoritized groups (Sue, Capodilupo, et al., 2007). Leveraging survey data from 345 Black employees, open-ended question qualitative insights delineate three overarching themes of workplace microaggression toward Black employees: anti-Black stereotype expression, racialized role assignment, and interactional injustice. We also detail how these themes manifest in nine distinct ways. Then, we model the cognitive and emotional resource recovery and protection processes that Black employees engage in to overcome workplace microaggressions. Quantitative results demonstrated that workplace microaggressions related to subsequent resource replenishment (i.e., co-rumination, or discussing feelings and venting about problems with coworkers; Rose, 2002) and protection (i.e., racism-related vigilance, or mentally preparing for anticipated racism; Clark et al., 2006) efforts. Further, results suggested undesirable effects of microaggressions on burnout and job satisfaction. Finally, we found a positive relationship between resourcing efforts and job satisfaction but found no support for trait resiliency or organizational support as buffers of microaggression effects. Implications for future research and direct interventions are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Asunto(s)
Microagresión , Racismo , Humanos , Gastos en Salud , Agresión/psicología , Racismo/psicología , EstereotipoRESUMEN
The special issue on microaggressions highlighted how subtle interpersonal bias is complex, harms its targets, and reinforces established systems of inequity. The aim of this commentary is to contribute an organizational science perspective to this insightful and important dialogue. Given that the workplace is a microcosm of the broader society where adults spend most of their waking hours, studying microaggressions in this context can shed light on their unique manifestations and consequences, as well as methods to address this unique source of workplace adversity. Unlike other social contexts, many employees do not have complete autonomy over whom they interact with (e.g., choosing one's supervisor, officemates, or clients) and what they are able to convey authentically and safely in those interactions (i.e., choices about how one responds to microaggressions). As a result, people from minoritized backgrounds must often maintain professional relationships with colleagues or supervisors who harbor bias and (un)consciously convey it via microinvalidations, microassaults, and microinsults. Further, reward systems in the world of work (e.g., wages, promotions) may not only reflect but also reinforce systems of disadvantage (e.g., who experiences social mobility). In addition to understanding microaggressions in the workplace, there is a need to actively address them. We engage with Ong et al., Johnson et al., and Spanierman et al. to suggest that organizational understanding and remediation of microaggressions offers a viable avenue for challenging systems of oppression and fostering employee and organizational resilience to adversity.
Asunto(s)
Agresión , Microagresión , Adulto , Humanos , Agresión/psicología , Lugar de Trabajo/psicología , Medio Social , OrganizacionesRESUMEN
Working sole mothers (i.e., nonpartnered women who work) may experience elevated family demands that impose barriers to pursuing health behaviors during their daily leisure time. We aimed to map the process through which evening family demands influence leisure-time health behaviors in this priority population of employees, in an effort to identify targets for intervention development and health disparity reduction. Conducting a 7-day daily survey study in a sample of 102 working sole mothers, we supported perceptions of control over leisure time as a key mechanism linking evening family demands to leisure-time exercise. Furthermore, we identified the individual difference of present focus (i.e., a tendency to focus on current experiences) as a key factor that alters how evening family demands affect control over leisure time, which ultimately mitigates the detrimental influence of these demands on evening exercise engagement. In contrast, we did not find evidence to support relationships of evening family demands with the health behaviors of leisure time consumption of alcohol or high sugar, high fat foods via control over leisure time. We discuss how our findings advance theory regarding how family demands influence health and inform practical efforts to reduce health disparities that working sole mothers face.
Asunto(s)
Actividades Recreativas , Madres , Ejercicio Físico , Femenino , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Humanos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The formation of blood vessels within solid tumors directly contributes to cancer growth and metastasis. Until recently, tumor vasculature was thought to occur exclusively via endothelial cell (EC) lined structures (i.e. angiogenesis), but a second source of tumor vasculature arises from the cancer cells themselves, a process known as vasculogenic mimicry (VM). While it is generally understood that the function of VM vessels is the same as that of EC-lined vessels (i.e. to supply oxygen and nutrients to the proliferating cancer cells), the molecular mechanisms underpinning VM are yet to be fully elucidated. METHODS: Human VM-competent melanoma cell lines were examined for their VM potential using the in vitro angiogenesis assays (Matrigel), together with inhibition studies using small interfering RNA and blocking monoclonal antibodies. Invasion assays and adhesion assays were used to examine cancer cell function. RESULTS: Herein we demonstrate that CD36, a cell surface glycoprotein known to promote angiogenesis by ECs, also supports VM formation by human melanoma cancer cells. In silico analysis of CD36 expression within the melanoma cohort of The Cancer Genome Atlas suggests that melanoma patients with high expression of CD36 have a poorer clinical outcome. Using in vitro 'angiogenesis' assays and CD36-knockdown approaches, we reveal that CD36 supports VM formation by human melanoma cells as well as adhesion to, and invasion through, a cancer derived extracellular matrix substrate. Interestingly, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a ligand for CD36 on ECs that inhibits angiogenesis, has no effect on VM formation. Further investigation revealed a role for laminin, but not collagen or fibronectin, as ligands for CD36 expressing melanoma cells. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, this study suggests that CD36 is a novel regulator of VM by melanoma cancer cells that is facilitated, at least in part, via integrin-α3 and laminin. Unlike angiogenesis, VM is not perturbed by the presence of TSP-1, thus providing new information on differences between these two processes of tumor vascularization which may be exploited to combat cancer progression.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD36/metabolismo , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Femenino , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/genética , Humanos , Melanoma , Microambiente TumoralRESUMEN
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is among the foremost methods for mapping human brain function but provides only an indirect measure of underlying neural activity. Recent findings suggest that the neurophysiological correlates of the fMRI blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal might be regionally specific. We examined the neurophysiological correlates of the fMRI BOLD signal in the hippocampus and neocortex, where differences in neural architecture might result in a different relationship between the respective signals. Fifteen human neurosurgical patients (10 female, 5 male) implanted with depth electrodes performed a verbal free recall task while electrophysiological activity was recorded simultaneously from hippocampal and neocortical sites. The same patients subsequently performed a similar version of the task during a later fMRI session. Subsequent memory effects (SMEs) were computed for both imaging modalities as patterns of encoding-related brain activity predictive of later free recall. Linear mixed-effects modelling revealed that the relationship between BOLD and gamma-band SMEs was moderated by the lobar location of the recording site. BOLD and high gamma (70-150 Hz) SMEs positively covaried across much of the neocortex. This relationship was reversed in the hippocampus, where a negative correlation between BOLD and high gamma SMEs was evident. We also observed a negative relationship between BOLD and low gamma (30-70 Hz) SMEs in the medial temporal lobe more broadly. These results suggest that the neurophysiological correlates of the BOLD signal in the hippocampus differ from those observed in the neocortex.Significance Statement:The blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal forms the basis of fMRI but provides only an indirect measure of neural activity. Task-related modulation of BOLD signals are typically equated with changes in gamma-band activity; however, relevant empirical evidence comes largely from the neocortex. We examined neurophysiological correlates of the BOLD signal in the hippocampus, where the differing neural architecture might result in a different relationship between the respective signals. We identified a positive relationship between encoding-related changes in BOLD and gamma-band activity in frontal and parietal cortex. This effect was reversed in the hippocampus, where BOLD and gamma-band effects negatively covaried. These results suggest regional variability in the transfer function between neural activity and the BOLD signal in the hippocampus and neocortex.
RESUMEN
A team's capacity to bounce back from adversities or setbacks (i.e., team resilience capacity) is increasingly valuable in today's complex business environment. To enhance our understanding of the antecedents and consequences of team resilience capacity, we develop and empirically test a resource-based model that delineates critical team inputs and outputs of resilience capacity. Drawing from conservation of resources theory, we propose that voice climate is a critical resource that builds team resilience capacity by encouraging intrateam communication and that leader learning goal orientation (LGO) amplifies this relationship by orienting team discourse toward understanding and growing from challenges. In turn, we propose that team resilience capacity is positively related to team learning behaviors, as teams with a higher resilience capacity are well-positioned to invest their resources into learning activities, and that team information elaboration amplifies this relationship by facilitating resource exchange. Results of a time-lagged, multisource field study involving 48 teams from five Canadian technology start-ups supported this moderated-mediated model. Specifically, voice climate was positively related to team resilience capacity, with leader LGO amplifying this effect. Further, team resilience capacity was positively related to team learning behaviors, with information elaboration amplifying this effect. Altogether, we advance theory and practice on team resilience by offering empirical support on what builds team resilience capacity (voice climate) and what teams with a high resilience capacity do (learning), along with the conditions under which these relationships are enhanced (higher leader LGO and team information elaboration).
RESUMEN
Age-related reductions in neural selectivity have been linked to cognitive decline. We examined whether age differences in the strength of retrieval-related cortical reinstatement could be explained by analogous differences in neural selectivity at encoding, and whether reinstatement was associated with memory performance in an age-dependent or an age-independent manner. Young and older adults underwent fMRI as they encoded words paired with images of faces or scenes. During a subsequent scanned memory test participants judged whether test words were studied or unstudied and, for words judged studied, also made a source memory judgment about the associated image category. Using multi-voxel pattern similarity analyses, we identified robust evidence for reduced scene reinstatement in older relative to younger adults. This decline was however largely explained by age differences in neural differentiation at encoding; moreover, a similar relationship between neural selectivity at encoding and retrieval was evident in young participants. The results suggest that, regardless of age, the selectivity with which events are neurally processed at the time of encoding can determine the strength of retrieval-related cortical reinstatement.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/patología , Diferenciación Celular , Disfunción Cognitiva/patología , Neuronas/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Corteza Cerebral , Disfunción Cognitiva/diagnóstico por imagen , Disfunción Cognitiva/psicología , Cara , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Memoria , Trastornos de la Memoria/patología , Trastornos de la Memoria/psicología , Recuerdo Mental , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Desempeño Psicomotor , Reconocimiento en Psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The aging brain is characterized by neural dedifferentiation, an apparent decrease in the functional selectivity of category-selective cortical regions. Age-related reductions in neural differentiation have been proposed to play a causal role in cognitive aging. Recent findings suggest, however, that age-related dedifferentiation is not equally evident for all stimulus categories and, additionally, that the relationship between neural differentiation and cognitive performance is not moderated by age. In light of these findings, in the present experiment, younger and older human adults (males and females) underwent fMRI as they studied words paired with images of scenes or faces before a subsequent memory task. Neural selectivity was measured in two scene-selective (parahippocampal place area (PPA) and retrosplenial cortex (RSC)] and two face-selective [fusiform face area (FFA) and occipital face area (OFA)] regions using both a univariate differentiation index and multivoxel pattern similarity analysis. Both methods provided highly convergent results, which revealed evidence of age-related reductions in neural dedifferentiation in scene-selective but not face-selective cortical regions. Additionally, neural differentiation in the PPA demonstrated a positive, age-invariant relationship with subsequent source memory performance (recall of the image category paired with each recognized test word). These findings extend prior findings suggesting that age-related neural dedifferentiation is not a ubiquitous phenomenon, and that the specificity of neural responses to scenes is predictive of subsequent memory performance independently of age.
Asunto(s)
Mapeo Encefálico , Lóbulo Occipital , Adulto , Encéfalo , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Memoria , Reconocimiento Visual de Modelos , Estimulación LuminosaRESUMEN
The OneTouch Verio Reflect blood glucose monitor (BGM) has market clearance in several countries based in part on fulfilling the lay user and system accuracy criteria described in ISO15197:2015. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not recognize the accuracy criteria in ISO15197 as a basis for gaining regulatory clearance for these devices. The current study evaluates the BGM using the accuracy guidelines issued by the agency for self-monitoring blood glucose test systems for over-the-counter use. Glucose results were accurate vs comparator over a wide glucose range and met lay user and glucose accuracy criteria at extreme glucose values as described in the FDA guidance.Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03851549.
Asunto(s)
Automonitorización de la Glucosa Sanguínea/instrumentación , Automonitorización de la Glucosa Sanguínea/normas , Glucemia/metabolismo , Aprobación de Recursos/normas , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Monitoreo Ambulatorio/instrumentación , Monitoreo Ambulatorio/normas , United States Food and Drug Administration/normas , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biomarcadores/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Femenino , Alemania , Humanos , Masculino , Ensayo de Materiales , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Factores de Tiempo , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Intra-cranial electroencephalographic brain recordings (iEEG) provide a powerful tool for investigating the neural processes supporting episodic memory encoding and form the basis of experimental therapies aimed at improving memory dysfunction. However, given the invasiveness of iEEG, investigations are constrained to patients with drug-resistant epilepsy for whom such recordings are clinically indicated. Particularly in the case of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), neuropathology and the possibility of functional reorganization are potential constraints on the generalizability of intra-cerebral findings and pose challenges to the development of therapies for memory disorders stemming from other etiologies. Here, samples of TLE (N â= â16; all of whom had undergone iEEG) and age-matched healthy control (N â= â19) participants underwent fMRI as they studied lists of concrete nouns. fMRI BOLD responses elicited by the study words were segregated according to subsequent performance on tests of delayed free recall and recognition memory. Subsequent memory effects predictive of both successful recall and recognition memory were evident in several neural regions, most prominently in the left inferior frontal gyrus, and did not demonstrate any group differences. Behaviorally, the groups did not differ in overall recall performance or in the strength of temporal contiguity effects. However, group differences in serial position effects and false alarm rates were evident during the free recall and recognition memory tasks, respectively. Despite these behavioral differences, neuropathology associated with temporal lobe epilepsy was apparently insufficient to give rise to detectable differences in the functional neuroanatomy of episodic memory encoding relative to neurologically healthy controls. The findings provide reassurance that iEEG findings derived from experimental paradigms similar to those employed here generalize to the neurotypical population.
Asunto(s)
Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Memoria/fisiopatología , Memoria Episódica , Reconocimiento en Psicología/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Epilepsia Refractaria/fisiopatología , Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/efectos adversos , Masculino , Recuerdo Mental/fisiología , Corteza Prefrontal/fisiopatología , Lóbulo Temporal/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Motility behavior of an engineered chemosensory particle (ECP) in fluidic environments is driven by its responses to chemical stimuli. One of the challenges to understanding such behaviors lies in tracking changes in chemical signal gradients of chemoattractants and ECP-fluid dynamics as the fluid is continuously disturbed by ECP motion. To address this challenge, we introduce a new multiscale numerical model to simulate chemotactic swimming of an ECP in confined fluidic environments by accounting for motility-induced disturbances in spatiotemporal chemoattractant distributions. The model accommodates advective-diffusive transport of unmixed chemoattractants, ECP-fluid hydrodynamics at the ECP-fluid interface, and spatiotemporal disturbances in the chemoattractant concentrations due to particle motion. Demonstrative simulations are presented with an ECP, mimicking Escherichia coli (E. coli) chemotaxis, released into initially quiescent fluids with different source configurations of the chemoattractants N-methyl-L-aspartate and L-serine. Simulations demonstrate that initial distributions and temporal evolution of chemoattractants and their release modes (instantaneous vs. continuous, point source vs. distributed) dictate time histories of chemotactic motility of an ECP. Chemotactic motility is shown to be largely determined by spatiotemporal variation in chemoattractant concentration gradients due to transient disturbances imposed by ECP-fluid hydrodynamics, an observation not captured in previous numerical studies that relied on static chemoattractant concentration fields.
RESUMEN
In tests of recognition memory, neural activity in the striatum has consistently been reported to differ according to the study status of the test item. A full understanding of the functional significance of striatal 'retrieval success' effects is impeded by a paucity of evidence concerning whether the effects differ according to the nature of the memory signal supporting the recognition judgment (recollection vs. familiarity). Here, we address this issue through an analysis of retrieval-related striatal activity in three independent fMRI studies (total Nâ¯=â¯88). Recollection and familiarity were operationalized in a different way in each study, allowing the identification of test-independent, generic recollection- and familiarity-related effects. While activity in a bilateral dorsal striatal region, mainly encompassing the caudate nucleus, was enhanced equally by recollected and 'familiar only' test items, activity in bilateral ventral striatum and adjacent subgenual frontal cortex was enhanced only in response to items that elicited successful recollection. By contrast, relative to familiar items, activity in anterior hippocampus was enhanced for both recollected and novel test items. Thus, recollection- and familiarity-driven recognition memory judgments are associated with anatomically distinct patterns of retrieval-related striatal activity, and these patterns are at least partially independent of recollection and novelty effects in the hippocampus.
Asunto(s)
Cuerpo Estriado/fisiología , Hipocampo/fisiología , Recuerdo Mental/fisiología , Reconocimiento en Psicología/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Juicio/fisiología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
In young adults, recollection-sensitive brain regions exhibit enhanced connectivity with a widely distributed set of other regions during successful versus unsuccessful recollection, and the magnitude of connectivity change correlates with individual differences in recollection accuracy. Here, we examined whether recollection-related changes in connectivity and their relationship with performance varied across samples of young, middle-aged, and older adults. Psychophysiological interaction analyses identified recollection-related increases in connectivity both with recollection-sensitive seed regions and among regions distributed throughout the whole brain. The seed-based approach failed to identify age-related differences in recollection-related connectivity change. However, the whole-brain analysis revealed a number of age-related effects. Numerous pairs of regions exhibited a main effect of age on connectivity change, mostly due to decreased change with increasing age. After controlling for recollection accuracy, however, these effects of age were for the most part no longer significant, and those effects that were detected now reflected age-related increases in connectivity change. A subset of pairs of regions also exhibited an age by performance interaction, driven mostly by a weaker relationship between connectivity change and recollection accuracy with increasing age. We conjecture that these effects reflect age-related differences in neuromodulation.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/fisiología , Envejecimiento/psicología , Encéfalo/fisiología , Envejecimiento Saludable/fisiología , Envejecimiento Saludable/psicología , Voluntarios Sanos/psicología , Memoria Episódica , Reconocimiento en Psicología/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Recuerdo Mental/fisiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vías Nerviosas/fisiología , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
With the advent of functional neuroimaging it quickly became apparent that successful episodic memory retrieval was consistently associated with enhanced activity in ventral lateral parietal cortex (VLPC), especially the left angular gyrus. Here, we selectively review recent neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging evidence relevant to the question of the functional significance of this activity. We argue that the balance of the evidence suggests that the angular gyrus supports the representation of retrieved episodic information, and that this likely reflects a more general role for the region in representing multi-modal and multi-domain information.
Asunto(s)
Mapeo Encefálico , Memoria Episódica , Recuerdo Mental/fisiología , Vías Nerviosas/fisiología , Lateralidad Funcional/fisiología , Humanos , Lóbulo Parietal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in neonatal mice provide a means of modeling communication deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders. Mature mice deficient in SAP90/PSD95-associated protein 3 (SAPAP3) display compulsive grooming and anxiety-like behavior, conditions that are often associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. To date, however, aspects of neurodevelopment have not been investigated in SAPAP3-deficient mice. Here, we examined whether neonatal SAPAP3-deficient mice display altered USVs. We recorded USVs from 5-day-old sapap3 and sapap3 mice, and also monitored developmental reflexes in these mice during the early postnatal period. Sapap3 mice display an increase in the number and duration of USV calls relative to sapap3 littermates, despite otherwise similar developmental profiles. Thus, SAPAP3, previously well-characterized for its role in compulsive grooming, also plays a heretofore unidentified role in neonatal communication. Aberrant social communication and compulsive behavior are core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders, and these results show that SAPAP3-deficient mice may serve to model some aspects of these conditions.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/deficiencia , Vocalización Animal/fisiología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Trastorno del Espectro Autista , Temperatura Corporal/fisiología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones Noqueados , Actividad Motora/fisiología , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Reflejo/fisiología , Aislamiento Social , UltrasonidoRESUMEN
Owing to the hemispheric isolation resulting from a severed corpus callosum, research on split-brain patients can help elucidate the brain regions necessary and sufficient for moral judgement. Notably, typically developing adults heavily weight the intentions underlying others' moral actions, placing greater importance on valenced intentions versus outcomes when assigning praise and blame. Prioritization of intent in moral judgements may depend on neural activity in the right hemisphere's temporoparietal junction, an area implicated in reasoning about mental states. To date, split-brain research has found that the right hemisphere is necessary for intent-based moral judgement. When testing the left hemisphere using linguistically based moral vignettes, split-brain patients evaluate actions based on outcomes, not intentions. Because the right hemisphere has limited language ability relative to the left, and morality paradigms to date have involved significant linguistic demands, it is currently unknown whether the right hemisphere alone generates intent-based judgements. Here we use nonlinguistic morality plays with split-brain patient J.W. to examine the moral judgements of the disconnected right hemisphere, demonstrating a clear focus on intent. This finding indicates that the right hemisphere is not only necessary but also sufficient for intent-based moral judgement, advancing research into the neural systems supporting the moral sense.