ATP triggers a robust intracellular [Ca2+ ]-mediated signalling pathway in human synovial fibroblasts.

NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? What are the main [Ca2+ ]i signalling pathways activated by ATP in human synovial fibroblasts? What is the main finding and its importance? In human synovial fibroblasts ATP acts through a linked G-protein (Gq ) and phospholipase C signalling mechanism to produce IP3 , which then markedly enhances release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum. These results provide new information for the detection of early pathophysiology of arthritis. ABSTRACT: In human articular joints, synovial fibroblasts (HSFs) have essential physiological functions that include synthesis and secretion of components of the extracellular matrix and essential articular joint lubricants, as well as release of paracrine substances such as ATP. Although the molecular and cellular processes that lead to a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) phenotype are not fully understood, HSF cells exhibit significant changes during this disease progression. The effects of ATP on HSFs were studied by monitoring changes in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+ ]i ), and measuring electrophysiological properties. ATP application to HSF cell populations that had been enzymatically released from 2-D cell culture revealed that ATP (10-100 µm), or its analogues UTP or ADP, consistently produced a large transient increase in [Ca2+ ]i . These changes (i) were initiated by activation of the P2 Y purinergic receptor family, (ii) required Gq -mediated signal transduction, (iii) did not involve a transmembrane Ca2+ influx, but instead (iv) arose almost entirely from activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3 ) receptors that triggered Ca2+ release from the ER. Corresponding single cell electrophysiological studies revealed that these ATP effects (i) were insensitive to [Ca2+ ]o removal, (ii) involved an IP3 -mediated intracellular Ca2+ release process, and (iii) strongly turned on Ca2+ -activated K+ current(s) that significantly hyperpolarized these cells. Application of histamine produced very similar effects in these HSF cells. Since ATP is a known paracrine agonist and histamine is released early in the inflammatory response, these findings may contribute to identification of early steps/defects in the initiation and progression of RA.

Evaluation of factors associated with relapse in telaprevir-based triple therapy for chronic hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE: Most patients with chronic hepatitis C show virological response to telaprevir-based triple therapy, and achieve an end-of-treatment response (ETR). However, some patients showing ETR develop virological relapse. This study was carried out to evaluate factors associated with relapse after triple therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, multicentric study was conducted in chronic hepatitis C patients who received telaprevir-based triple therapy. We evaluated independent variables such as age, with or without cirrhosis, prior treatment response to interferon (IFN) therapy, IL28B genotype, core amino acid (aa) 70 mutation, drug adherence, white blood cell counts, hemoglobin level, and serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level. The characteristics of the patients who relapsed after achieving ETR were compared with those who did not. RESULTS: Among 168 patients, 157 patients achieved ETR (93.5%) and 11 discontinued. Of these 157 patients, relapse occurred in 21 patients (13.4%). Nineteen patients (90.5%) of 21 relapsed patients had the IL28B non-TT genotype (P = 1.79 × 10 -9 ). Multivariate analysis identified core amino acid 70 [P = 0.018, crude odds ratio (OR): 6.927] and the IL28B genotype (P = 3.758 × 10 -5 , crude OR: 39.311) as significantly independent factors that influenced the relapse-related variables. Among the 49 patients with the IL28B non-TT, 18 patients had core aa70 mutation and 31 patients had core aa70 wild-type. In addition, 66.7% (12/18) of those with core aa70 mutation and 22.6% (7/31) of those with core aa70 wild-type developed relapse (P = 0.005). DISCUSSION: Core aa70 mutation and the IL28B non-TT genotype were identified as independent factors that influenced relapse after achievement of ETR for telaprevir-based triple therapy.

Implementation of a guideline for physical therapy in the postoperative period of upper abdominal surgery reduces the incidence of atelectasis and length of hospital stay.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing a physical therapy guideline for patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery (UAS) in reducing the incidence of atelectasis and length of hospital stay in the postoperative period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A "before and after" study design with historical control was used. The "before" period included consecutive patients who underwent UAS before guideline implementation (intervention). The "after" period included consecutive patients after guideline implementation. Patients in the pre-intervention period were submitted to a program of physical therapy in which the treatment planning was based on the individual experience of each professional. On the other hand, patients who were included in the post-intervention period underwent a standardized program of physical therapy with a focus on the use of additional strategies (EPAP, incentive spirometry and early mobilization). RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the use of incentive spirometry and positive expiratory airway pressure after guideline implementation. Moreover, it was observed that early ambulation occurred in all patients in the post-intervention period. No patient who adhered totally to the guideline in the post-intervention period developed atelectasis. Individuals in the post-intervention period presented a shorter length of hospital stay (9.2±4.1 days) compared to patients in the pre-intervention period (12.1±8.3 days) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The implementation of a physical therapy guideline for patients undergoing UAS resulted in reduced incidence of atelectasis and reduction in length of hospital stay in the postoperative period.

Randomised phase II study comparing dose-escalated weekly paclitaxel vs standard-dose weekly paclitaxel for patients with previously treated advanced gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: This randomised phase II trial compared dose-escalated weekly paclitaxel (wPTX) vs standard-dose wPTX for patients with previously treated advanced gastric cancer (AGC). METHODS: Ninety patients were randomised to a standard dose of wPTX (80 mg m(-2)) or an escalated dose of wPTX (80-120 mg m(-2)) to assess the superiority of overall survival (OS) with a one-sided alpha error of 0.3 and a power of 0.8. RESULTS: The median OS showed a trend towards longer survival in the dose-escalated arm (11.8 vs 9.6 months; hazard ratio (HR), 0.75; one-sided P=0.12), although it was statistically not significant. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly longer in the dose-escalated arm (4.3 vs 2.5 months, HR, 0.55; P=0.017). Objective response rate was 30.3% with dose escalation and 17.1% with standard dose (P=0.2). The frequency of all grades of neutropenia was significantly higher with dose escalation (88.7% vs 60.0%, P=0.002); however, no significant difference was observed in the proportion of patients experiencing grade 3 or more (40.9% vs 31.1%, P=0.34). CONCLUSION: Dose-escalated wPTX in patients with pretreated AGC met our predefined threshold of primary end point, OS (P<0.3); however, it did not show a significantly longer OS. Progression-free survival was significantly better with dose escalation.

An open-label randomized controlled study of pegylated interferon/ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C with versus without fluvastatin.

Pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)/ribavirin combination therapy is the standard-of-care (SOC) treatment for chronic hepatitis C patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1b and high viral load. The addition of fluvastatin to SOC treatment has been suggested to be effective for better outcome in retrospective pilot analyses. We investigated whether the combination of fluvastatin with PEG-IFN/ribavirin could actually improve sustained viral response (SVR) in patients with HCV genotype 1b and high viral load. A randomized, open-labeled, controlled study was conducted between July 2008 and December 2009 in 101 chronic hepatitis C patients allocated to PEG-IFN/ribavirin combination therapy with or without fluvastatin. SVR rates were calculated in groups, stratifying host and viral factors. We also analyzed predictive factors for SVR among patients on fluvastatin with multivariate regression analysis. Rapid and early virological, and end of treatment response rates in the fluvastatin group were not significantly different from those in the non-fluvastatin group. Notwithstanding, SVR rate was significantly higher in the fluvastatin group than in the non-fluvastatin group (63.0%vs 41.7%, P = 0.0422). Comparison of the two groups stratifying demographic data and HCV characteristics showed significantly higher SVR rates to more than 80% in males, more than two mutations in the interferon sensitivity determining region (ISDR), and a history of relapse among the fluvastatin group than the non-fluvastatin group. Being male and major genotype IL28B single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were independent predictive factors for SVR among patients on fluvastatin with multivariate analysis. Fluvastatin-combined with PEG-IFN/ribavirin therapy significantly improves SVR rates in patients with HCV genotype 1b and high viral load. Male and major genotype IL28B SNPs were independent predictors for SVR among patients on fluvastatin combination therapy.

BRAF mutation is a powerful prognostic factor in advanced and recurrent colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Activating mutation of KRAS and BRAF are focused on as potential prognostic and predictive biomarkers in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) treated with anti-EGFR therapies. This study investigated the clinicopathological features and prognostic impact of KRAS/BRAF mutation in advanced and recurrent CRC patients. METHOD: Patients with advanced and recurrent CRC treated with systemic chemotherapy (n=229) were analysed for KRAS/BRAF genotypes by cycleave PCR. Prognostic factors associated with survival were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: KRAS and BRAF mutations were present in 34.5% and 6.5% of patients, respectively. BRAF mutated tumours were more likely to develop on the right of the colon, and to be of the poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or mucinous carcinoma, and peritoneal metastasis. The median overall survival (OS) for BRAF mutation-positive and KRAS 13 mutation-positive patients was 11.0 and 27.7 months, respectively, which was significantly worse than that for patients with wild-type (wt) KRAS and BRAF (40.6 months) (BRAF; HR=4.25, P<0.001, KRAS13; HR=2.03, P=0.024). After adjustment for significant features by multivariate Cox regression analysis, BRAF mutation was associated with poor OS (HR=4.23, P=0.019). CONCLUSION: Presence of mutated BRAF is one of the most powerful prognostic factors for advanced and recurrent CRC. The KRAS13 mutation showed a trend towards poor OS in patients with advanced and recurrent CRC.

Carrier cell-based delivery of replication-competent HSV-1 mutants enhances antitumor effect for ovarian cancer.

Oncolytic viruses capable of tumor-selective replication and cytolysis have shown early promise as cancer therapeutics. We have developed replication-competent attenuated herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) mutants, named HF10 and Hh101, which have been evaluated for their oncolytic activities. However, the host immune system remains a significant obstacle to effective intraperitoneal administration of these viruses in the clinical setting. In this study, we investigated the use of these HSV-1 mutants as oncolytic agents against ovarian cancer and the use of human peritoneal mesothelial cells (MCs) as carrier cells for intraperitoneal therapy. MCs were efficiently infected with HSV-1 mutants, and MCs loaded with HSV-1 mutants caused cell killing adequately when cocultured with cancer cells in the presence or absence of HSV antibodies. In a mouse xenograft model of ovarian cancer, the injection of infected carrier cells led to a significant reduction of tumor volume and prolonged survival in comparison with the injection of virus alone. Our results indicate that replication-competent attenuated HSV-1 exerts a potent oncolytic effect on ovarian cancer, which may be further enhanced by the utilization of a carrier cell delivery system, based on amplification of viral load and possibly on avoidance of neutralizing antibodies.

Amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity: characterization of blood and urinary biochemistry and renal morphology in mice.

This study was conducted to characterize blood and urinary biochemistry, and renal morphology, after single or 1-week repeated dosing of mice with the polyene macrolide antibiotic, amphotericin B (AMB). AMB was intravenously administered to mice at 2 or 4 mg/kg for the single-dose experiment or once daily at 1 or 2 mg/kg for 1 week for the repeated-dose experiment. The most prominent histopathological findings included necrosis of the tubular epithelial cells in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop in the renal outer medulla at a single dose of 2 or 4 mg/kg, and the severity of the lesion was dose-dependent. Blood chemistry and urinalysis revealed several changes suggestive of renal dysfunction such as reduction of plasma filtration ability (increases in plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, a decrease in creatinine clearance) and polyuria accompanied with dehydration (decrease in renal water reabsorption, increases in plasma total protein and albumin) at a dose of 4 mg/kg in the single-dose experiment. Among the parameters analyzed, urinary lactate dehydrogenase was the most sensitive and reliable parameter for the prediction of AMB-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. These data provided comprehensive information on the nephrotoxicity of AMB and indicate useful markers for the sensitive detection of AMB-induced renal injury in mice.

Polarization control in three-dimensional resonant coherent excitation.

We present an experimental demonstration of an ingenious technique to control the alignment of the atomic internal state in the x-ray region using a periodic crystal field. The alignment directions of Ar16+ and Fe24+ ions were readily controlled by selecting the array of atomic planes using three-dimensional resonant coherent excitation, and were probed via the anisotropy of the deexcitation x-ray emission. We applied this method to a double resonance experiment, and succeeded in controlling the population of the specific magnetic substate in a Lambda-type three-level configuration.

Methyl methacrylate activates the Gsta1 promoter.

Residual monomers in resin-based biomaterials cause cytotoxicity. We previously showed that methyl methacrylate (MMA) induced mRNA expression of the glutathione S-transferase alpha 1 gene (Gsta1) located downstream of the cis-acting anti-oxidant responsive element (ARE). Herein, we tested the hypothesis that MMA activated the Gsta1 promoter through the ARE. HepG2 cells were transfected with a luciferase reporter vector containing the ARE and the Gsta1 promoter (-990 to +46 bp) and cultured for 12 hrs with MMA (initial concentration, 10 mM). Analysis of the expressed luciferase activity indicated that MMA activated the promoter 2.6-fold. MMA (from 1 to 30 mM) dose-dependently increased the promoter activity, which reached a plateau between 6 and 12 hrs. In HepG2 cells transfected with a reporter vector containing 2 AREs and a TATA-like promoter, 10 mM MMA increased the reporter expression 2.8-fold. These results suggest that MMA increases Gsta1 transcription through ARE-mediated promoter activation.

Dressed atoms in flight through a periodic crystal field: X-VUV double resonance.

We report the Autler-Townes doublet demonstrating a novel type of coherent interaction of atoms not with photons but with a periodic crystal field when the atom is in flight through a crystal at high velocity. It was observed by the nonoptical X-VUV (vacuum-ultraviolet) double resonance of three-dimensional resonant coherent excitation with good coherence. The states strongly coupled in the VUV region were probed by the excitation in the x-ray region. The characteristic spectra are well interpreted by an analogy of the dressed atom concept often adopted for the atom-photon interaction.

Anisotropic x-ray emission from heliumlike Fe24+ ions aligned by resonant coherent excitation with a periodic crystal potential.

We have measured deexcitation x rays emitted from the resonant coherently excited 2(1)P(1) state of heliumlike Fe24+ ions of 423 MeV/amu, planar channeling through a Si crystal. Large anisotropy in the angular distribution of deexcitation x-ray emission is observed: the x-ray emission in the direction parallel to the channeling plane is favored by a factor of 2 compared to the perpendicular direction. This anisotropy originates from the direction of the periodic crystal field, which populates specific m states in resonant coherent excitation and aligns the excited states.

Three-dimensional resonant coherent excitation of nonchanneling ions in a crystal.

We have observed resonant coherent excitation (RCE) of H-like Ar(17+) ions traveling through a 1 microm-thick Si crystal at an energy of 391 MeV/u in the nonchanneling condition. A three-dimensional periodic array of atomic planes induces RCE of the nonchanneling ions. The high energy heavy ions together with the thin crystal allow us to observe this new RCE through the measurements of the charge-state distribution of the emerging ions. The observed resonances are much narrower than those of planar-channeling ions due to the absence of the large Stark shift caused by the planar potential.

Volumetric coronary angiography using the 256-detector row computed tomography scanner: comparison in vivo and in vitro with porcine models.

PURPOSE: To investigate the feasibility of volumetric cine imaging in human cardiac studies by comparing in vivo and in vitro coronary angiography using a 256-detector row computed tomography (CT) without ECG gating. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The left and right coronary arteries of two domestic pigs were scanned in vivo and in vitro in cine mode using the 256-detector row CT. The device scanned approximately 100 mm in the cranio-caudal direction with one rotation, with a slice thickness of 0.5 mm. RESULTS: The coronary arteries could be observed to the third-degree branches in vitro, but could be visualized clearly only to the proximal portion (first-degree or second-degree branches) in vivo. CONCLUSION: Application of cardiac volumetric cine imaging with 256-detector row CT may be a promising means of obtaining diagnostic information and has potential for adoption to human studies.

Skeletal and cardiac muscle defects in a murine model of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy.

Previous histological findings, physiological data, and behavioral observations on the A-type lamin knockout mouse (Lmna(-/-)) suggest that important aspects of this model resemble the human Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) phenotype. The main goal of our experiments was to study skeletal and cardiac muscle function in this murine model to obtain the semiquantitative data needed for more detailed comparisons with human EDMD defects. Measurements of the mechanical properties of preparations from two different skeletal muscle groups, the soleus and the diaphragm, were made in vitro. In addition, records of the electrocardiogram, and measurements of heart rate variability were obtained; and phasic contractions (unloaded shortening) of enzymatically isolated ventricular myocytes were monitored. Soleus muscles from Lmna(-/-) mice produced less force and work than control preparations. In contrast, force and work production in strips of diaphragm were not changed significantly. Lead II electrocardiograms from conscious, restrained Lmna(-/-) mice revealed slightly decreased heart rates, with significant prolongations of PQ, QRS, and 'QT' intervals compared with those from control recordings. These ECG changes resemble some aspects of the ECG records from humans with EDMD; however, the cardiac phenotype in this Lmna(-/-) mouse model appears to be less well-defined/developed. Ventricular myocytes isolated from Lmna(-/-) mice exhibited impaired contractile responses, particularly when superfused with the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (1 microM). This deficit was more pronounced in myocytes isolated from the left ventricle(s) than in myocytes from the right ventricle(s). In summary, tissues from the Lmna(-/-) mouse exhibit a number of skeletal and cardiac muscle deficiencies, some of which are similar to those which have been reported in studies of human EDMD.

Effects of acute hypovolaemia by furosemide on tracheal transepithelial potential difference and mucus in dogs.

Furosemide is a potent diuretic that affects water transfer across the respiratory epithelium, which is closely related to the transepithelial potential difference (PD). Water is a critical factor that determines mucus transport; an important lung defence mechanism that removes particles and microorganisms from the respiratory system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effects of furosemide and hypovolaemia on tracheal PD and mucus properties. A total of 36 male mixed-breed dogs were submitted to anaesthesia, mechanical ventilation and haemodynamic monitoring. They were randomly assigned to three groups consisting of: a control group, a furosemide (40 mg i.v.) + hypovolaemia group, and a furosemide (40 mg i.v.) + volume replacement group. Tracheal PD and mucus samples were collected at time 0, 1 and 2 h after intervention. Mucus properties were analysed by means of a magnetic microrheometer and in vitro mucociliary transportability on the frog palate. Compared to controls, furosemide decreased PD to intermediate values, and only significantly when associated with hypovolaemia (-13+/-5 and -8+/-2 mV, time 0 and 2 h, respectively). In addition to the direct effect of furosemide, these results indicate that hypovolaemia also affects ion transport in the tracheal membrane. Furosemide and hypovolemia have no acute effects on respiratory mucus properties.

Voltage-sensitive dye mapping in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts.

An imaging system suitable for recordings from Langendorff-perfused rat hearts using the voltage-sensitive dye 4-[beta-[2-(di-n-butylamino)-6-naphthyl]vinyl]pyridinium (di-4-ANEPPS) has been developed. Conduction velocity was measured under hyper- and hypokalemic conditions, as well as at physiological and reduced temperature. Elevation of extracellular [K(+)] to 9 mM from 5.9 mM caused a slowing of conduction velocity from 0.66 +/- 0.08 to 0.43 +/- 0.07 mm/ms (35%), and reduction of the temperature to 32 degrees C from 37 degrees C caused a slowing from 0.64 +/- 0.07 to 0.46 +/- 0.05 mm/ms (28%). Ventricular activation patterns in sinus rhythm showed areas of early activation (breakthrough) in both the right and left ventricle, with breakthrough at a site near the apex of the right ventricle usually occurring first. The effects of mechanically immobilizing the preparation to reduce motion artifact were also characterized. Activation patterns in epicardially paced rhythm were insensitive to this procedure over the range of applied force tested. In sinus rhythm, however, a relatively large immobilizing force caused prolonged PQ intervals as well as altered ventricular activation patterns. The time-dependent effects of the dye on the rat heart were characterized and include 1) a transient vasodilation at the onset of dye perfusion and 2) a long-lasting prolongation of the PQ interval of the electrocardiogram, frequently resulting in brief episodes of atrioventricular block.

Possibility of venous return through bone marrow in the free fibular osteocutaneous flap.

The authors report a case of a free fibular graft that was successful as a result of venous return delivered through the bone marrow. A 26-year-old man underwent reconstruction of the left tibia and a soft-tissue defect of the lower leg. A free vascularized fibular bone and skin flap was elevated. The fibular vessels were anastomosed to the dorsalis pedis vessels. The elevated fibular bone was fixed to the tibia. The next day, reanastomosis was necessary because of venous thrombosis. However, the fibular vein rethrombosed, but blood flow was ascertained by Doppler flowmetry, with darker blood flow being recognized from the edge of the flap. Four days after surgery, the skin color gradually improved, and the flap had almost completely taken. On retrospective evaluation, the authors concluded that this flap succeeded because venous return was routed through the bone marrow in the free fibular graft.

Activation of p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase limits triiodothyronine-stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblasts.

It has been shown that thyroid hormone stimulates the activity of alkaline phosphatase, a marker of mature osteoblast phenotype, in osteoblasts. In the present study, we investigated whether p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase is involved in the thyroid hormone-stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. Triiodothyronine (T(3)) markedly induced the phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase. PD98059 and U0126, inhibitors of the upstream kinase that activates p44/p42 MAP kinase, significantly enhanced the T(3)-induced alkaline phosphatase activity in a dose-dependent manner. The phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase induced by T(3) was reduced by U0126. These results strongly suggest that p44/p42 MAP kinase takes part in the thyroid hormone-stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblasts and that p44/p42 MAP kinase plays an inhibitory role in the thyroid hormone-effect.

The role of C5a in the development of thrombotic glomerulonephritis in rats.

Thrombus formation is the important pathologic finding observed in glomerulonephritis induced by antiglomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies. Although strong deposition of C3 and membrane attack complex (MAC) is observed in this disease, the role of complement has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of complement, especially an anaphylatoxin C5a, in a rat model of thrombotic glomerulonephritis. Rats were first pretreated with subclinical dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thrombotic glomerulonephritis was then induced by intravenous injection with rabbit antirat GBM (RbAGBM) (Group I). For the evaluation of the role of complement, the soluble complement receptor type 1 (sCR1) (Group II) or the C5a receptor antagonist peptide (C5aR-AP) (Group III) was intravenously administered 30 min before RbAGBM injection. For exploring the role of neutrophils, rats were pretreated with cyclophosphamide before induction of disease (Group IV). All rats were sacrificed at 6 h, and histological examination was performed. Rats in Group I developed severe glomerular thrombosis. Leucocyte accumulation and strong binding of C3 and MAC were observed in the glomeruli. In rats treated with sCR1 (Group II) and C5aR-AP (Group III), both leucocyte accumulation and thrombus formation in the glomeruli were significantly inhibited. C3 and MAC were negative in the glomeruli in Group II rats, while they were strongly observed in Group III. In neutrophil depleted rats (Group IV), there was also deposition of C3 and MAC in the glomeruli but thrombus formation was not observed. These findings indicated that glomerular thrombosis is dependent on the leucocytes, and mediated in part by the anaphylatoxin C5a but not MAC in the present model.