Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Chronic Kidney Disease in Bihar: A Cross-Sectional Study From a Single Center.

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health concern globally, often co-occurring with type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension (HTN), and cardiovascular disorders (CVD), which complicate its management and exacerbate outcomes. This study aims to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of CKD in Bihar, a region often underrepresented in national data. Methods This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Nephrology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (IGIMS) in Patna, Bihar, India. A total of 2,534 adult patients of both sexes who consented to participate were included. We collected demographic and clinical data, calculated the estimated glomerular filtration rate using the CKD-Epidemiology (CKD-EPI) Collaboration creatinine equation, and classified CKD stages. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 29.0.2.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Result The majority of the study population was male (66.5%), with a significant number residing in rural areas (76.8%). The prevalent causes of CKD included HTN (41.2%), chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (31.8%), and T2D (23.2%). Approximately one-third of patients were in the early stages (Stages 1 and 2) of CKD. A high prevalence of anemia was noted across all stages, increasing significantly with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) reduction. Treatment analysis showed suboptimal use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and other standard treatments like diuretics and statins, especially among T2D patients. Conclusion Chronic kidney disease in Bihar affects predominantly young males and is associated with significant rural prevalence and comorbidities like T2D, HTN, and CVD. Our results highlight the need for improved management practices, especially in the use of ACEi/ARBs and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, to slow GFR reduction. Further multicentric, community-based studies are recommended to provide a more comprehensive understanding of CKD in Bihar.

The Clinicopathological Correlation and Outcome of Glomerulonephritis With Crescent: A Single-Center Study.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of standardized treatments for patients with less than 50% crescents observed in their renal biopsies. This study aimed to analyze the crescent percentage, clinicopathological characteristics, and renal prognosis of glomerulonephritis (GN) cases with at least one crescentic lesion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, from January 2016 to December 2020. Consecutive patients (aged between 18 and 65 years) with renal biopsy findings suggestive of GN and at least one crescent were included in the study. Demographic details and clinical presentation were collected from the medical records. RESULTS: A total of 145 patients were included. The mean (standard deviation (SD)) age was 33.06 (11.739) years. Hemoptysis was significantly higher in the ≥50% crescent group (P=0.011). Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) was significantly higher in the ≥50% crescent group (P<0.001). There was a significant difference observed in mean creatinine (P=0.001), mean crescents (P<0.001), and mean urine polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (P=0.031). Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis was significantly higher in the ≥50% crescent group (P<0.001). Complete remission decreased as crescents increased. In GN with crescent, the presence of fibrous crescents (≥50%) is associated with a higher rate of treatment resistance (100%) compared to fibrocellular (58.33%) and cellular crescents (6.25%). In the ≥50% crescent group, death was significantly higher in patients with fibrous crescent age (57.14%). CONCLUSION: Crescent percentage and crescent age were found to be significantly related to greater risk of renal failure and resistance to treatment.

Clinical Profile and Outcomes of Nephrotic Syndrome With Acute Kidney Injury in Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is characterized by various clinicopathological conditions like proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and anasarca. Patients with NS are prone to experience associated problems like acute kidney injury (AKI). The present study aimed to investigate the clinical profile and outcomes of NS with AKI in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, observational study was conducted over a period of one year. Adult patients with NS diagnosed with AKI were enrolled in the study. Data were collected at baseline and patients were followed up for at least three months. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients were enrolled. The majority of the patients (78.3%) were aged between 18 and 30 years. Anemia was observed among 96.7% of the patients. A significant improvement was observed in the mean levels of proteinuria (5.80 vs. 1.70 gm/dL; P < 0.001), total cholesterol (270.00 mg/dL vs. 160.00 mg/dL), serum creatinine (2.18 mg/dL vs. 1.68 mg/dL; P < 0.001), and serum albumin (1.86 gm/dL vs. 3.29 gm/dL; P < 0.001) at baseline to three months. Pre-renal AKI was diagnosed in 95% of patients. According to histological classification, 19 patients had minimal change disease, whereas focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was observed in 23 patients. It was observed that 96.7% of the patients did not necessitate the need for renal replacement therapy. CONCLUSION: The present study successfully examined the clinical profile and outcomes of adults with NS and AKI. The findings provide valuable insights into the characteristics and prognosis of this patient population, contributing to a better understanding of NS with AKI in adults.

A Case of Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome with Hypoplasia of the Kidney: An Unusual Association.

Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome (DDMS) is a rare neuro-osteal syndrome of childhood and a constellation of cerebral hemiatrophy, facial asymmetry, seizures, osseous changes, and hemiplegia. It commonly presents with seizures and hemiplegia. The involvement of the kidney in DDMS is not known in the available literature, except in a case report that described ectopic kidney in DDMS. We present the case of a 15-year-old boy who presented with recurrent seizures, right facial palsy, left hemiparesis, and advanced renal failure. The neuroimaging revealed diffuse right cerebral atrophy, dilatation of the ipsilateral lateral ventricle, and ipsilateral thickening of the calvaria. The nephrological evaluation suggested the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease stage VD, probably secondary to congenital hypoplasia of the kidney.

Outcome of COVID-19 in Kidney Transplant Patients from Eastern India: A Single Center Study.

Introduction: COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) had been associated with high incidence of acute kidney injury and higher mortality. Management of these patients is still evolving. Methods: A retrospective observational study was done that included all KTR aged ≥18 years and ≤65 years who had COVID-19 diagnosis via RTPCR test between 1 June 2020 and 30 May 2021. Severity of COVID-19 was determined as per the guidelines given by Government of India. Acute kidney injury was defined according to KDIGO guideline. Data was collected and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 (Chicago, SPSS Inc.). Results: Out of 34 patients, 29 were men. Median age of patients was 39.9 years and median time since transplantation was 34 months. Presenting symptoms were fever (100%), cough (79.4%), gastrointestinal symptoms (23.5%), and dysgeusia/anosmia (23.5%). COVID-19 was severe in 17.6%, moderately severe in 32.4%, and mild in 50% of patients. Time since transplantation, duration of symptoms, hospital stay and inflammatory markers like CRP, LDH, ferritin and d-dimer were significantly associated with disease severity (P < 0.05). Steroids were increased in 55%, antiproliferative agents stopped in 97%, and calcineurin inhibitors stopped in 26% of patients. 70.6% of the patients were managed in home isolation. Acute kidney injury occurred in 58.8% cases. 75% of the AKI patients recovered by 28 days after discharge. Conclusion: Our study showed that outcome of COVID-19 in kidney transplant patients was reasonably good.

Minimal change disease (MCD) following vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a young Indian male: A case report.

Various vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been developed amidst the ongoing pandemic. Few cases of glomerulonephritis after COVID-19 vaccination have been reported globally. We present a case of nephrotic syndrome due to minimal change disease (MCD) most likely associated with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. A 24-year-old male presented with anasarca and frothy urine after receiving the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. On admission, the patient had normal serum creatinine with 24-h urinary protein excretion of 4.1 g/day and severe hypoalbuminemia. Kidney biopsy revealed nonproliferative glomerular morphology with relatively unremarkable-appearing glomeruli on light microscopy and diffuse effacement of the odocyte foot processes on electron microscopy, consistent with diagnosis of MCD. This case highlights the risk of new-onset nephrotic syndrome due to MCD after COVID-19 vaccination.

Effect of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Transplantation and Nephrology in India: A Nationwide Report From India.

BACKGROUND: The effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on a developing nation is sparsely reported and, more importantly, the discrepancies in public and private sectors are underexplored. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated the data on the effect of COVID-19 on renal transplantation between 2019 and 2020 in a nationwide analysis from 8 public and 10 private sector hospitals of India. RESULTS: On comparing the yearly data, the number of living-related transplants and deceased donor transplants declined by 48% (2610 vs 1370) and 49% (194 vs 99), respectively. The outpatient numbers and in-center admissions decreased by 40.4% (616,741 vs 367,962) and 30.8 % (73,190 vs 49,918). respectively. There was no increase in the number of renal or graft biopsies in the COVID-19 era. The number of waitlisted patients on hemodialysis was higher in public (304,898 vs 338,343) when compared with private (163,096 vs 150,292) in the last 2 years. Similarly, the number of waitlisted patients on peritoneal dialysis (4655 vs 3526) was higher in the public sector compared with private sector (932 vs 745). The decline in living transplants during the pandemic was higher in public sectors (58%) compared with the private (49%). However, the decline in deceased donation was higher in private (57.9%) relative to public (50.6%). CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 has adversely affected the transplantation activities across the Indian transplantation centers, with a disproportionately higher impact on waitlisted patients in public sector programs. A sound prioritization of health care resources is mandated to safeguard the most deprived and high-risk waitlisted patients during the pandemic.

Is Early COVID-19 in Kidney Transplant Recipients Concerning Enough to Halt Transplantation? A Multicenter Comparative Analysis from India.

BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on the incidence and outcome of early coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in kidney transplantation recipients (KTR). METHODS: A retrospective multicenter research study was conducted across 12 centers in India. We explored the symptomatology, demographic, laboratory findings, and outcome of COVID-19 within 30 days of transplantation. The outcome was compared with the overall KTR and waitlisted patients acquiring COVID-19. RESULTS: The incidence of early COVID-19 was 2.6% (n = 22) for the cumulative 838 renal transplants performed since nationwide lockdown in March 2020 until May 2021. Overall, 1049 KTR were diagnosed with COVID-19 and 2% of those had early COVID-19. The median age of the early COVID-19 cohort was 43 (31-46) years. COVID-19 severity ranged from asymptomatic (18.2%), mild (59.1%), moderate (9.1%), and severe (13.6%). Among clinical symptoms, dyspnea and anosmia were frequent, and in laboratory parameters, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and D-dimer were higher in patients requiring oxygen. The mortality in early COVID-19 was not higher than overall KTR (4.5% vs 8.5%; P = 1). COVID-19 severity (23.9% vs 15.7%; P = .0001) and mortality (15.5% vs 8.5%; P = .001) among waitlisted patients (n = 1703) were higher compared with overall KTR. CONCLUSIONS: We report higher burden of COVID-19 in waitlisted patients compared with KTR and a favorable outcome in early COVID-19 in KTR. Our report will help the transplant physicians in dealing with the ongoing dilemma of halting or resuming transplantation in the COVID-19 era.

Better Outcome of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Case Series from Eastern India.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to a global pandemic which is still unfolding. Little is known about the presentation, course of disease, treatment, and outcome in kidney transplant recipients. In this series, we describe nine such patients who presented with COVID-19. The mean age of the patients was 41.22 years. The mean duration of kidney transplantation was 63.22 months. The most common symptom was fever (9/9), followed by malaise (7/9), cough (5/9), dyspnea (4/9), diarrhea (2/9), and hemoptysis (2/9). Five patients developed acute kidney injury. Antiproliferative was stopped in all cases. Three patients needed hospitalization due to hypoxia while others were managed at home. We observed that majority of patients could be managed at home with isolation and self-monitoring. Even patents with moderate-to-severe disease were managed with oxygen supplement, low molecular weight heparin, and remdesivir. All patients recovered without any short-term sequelae in two months follow-up.

Fibrillary glomerulonephritis presenting as crescentic glomerulonephritis in a young female: a case study.

Fibrillary glomerulonephritis (FGN) is a rare disorder accounting for up to 1% of all glomerulonephritis (GN). FGN usually manifests as nephrotic or subnephrotic proteinuria, hematuria, and hypertension in patients after the sixth decade. The overall prognosis of FGN is very poor. Crescentic presentation of FGN is uncommon which may be diagnosed as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) unless electron microscopy and/or special stains are done. We report a case of a young female who presented as RPGN but diagnosis was revised to crescentic FGN after electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining with DNAJB9 stain. Patient remained dialysis-dependent after treatment with steroid and cyclophosphamide for 2 months and progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Crescentic FGN usually does not respond to treatment and invariably progresses to ESRD over few months. This case emphasizes the defining role of electron microscopy and special stains in diagnosing uncommon glomerular diseases.

Acute kidney injury with consumption of raw gall bladder of Indian carp fish (Labeo rohita): A single center study from India.

AIM: This retrospective study examined the clinical presentation and outcome of all patients who presented with acute kidney injury (AKI) following consumption of uncooked fish gallbladder as folk medicine. METHODS: We reviewed all cases admitted at our institute between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2016 following ingestion of fish gallbladder (Indian carp/Labeo rohita). RESULTS: A total 32 of patients were included, with a male: female ratio of 3:1 and mean age 44.34 ± 13.33 years. The mean number of gall bladder consumed was 4.59 ± 4.75. All 32 patients presented with hepatic and renal failure. The mean duration of onset of symptoms following ingestion was 6.47 ± 2.84 h. At the time of admission, urine output was 187.9 ± 141 mL/24 h, serum creatinine 11.66 ± 2.50 mg/dL, serum bilirubin 6.14 ± 3.91 mg/dL, serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) 687 ± 458 IU/L and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) 188 ± 181 IU/L. All but one patient required haemodialysis. Twenty-seven patients were discharged with recovering acute kidney injury while five patients died. Mean duration of hospital stay was 12.94 ± 8.31 days. Mean number of haemodialysis sessions received by patients was 4.59 ± 3.12. Interval between consumption and onset of symptoms, serum bilirubin and SGPT were found to be significantly different between those who survived and died. CONCLUSION: Acute kidney injury associated with ingestion of raw fish gallbladder is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

Analysis of native kidney biopsy: Data from a single center from Bihar, India.

This is a retrospective study of all native kidney biopsies performed at our center between October 1, 2012 and March 31, 2015. Relevant clinical and laboratory variables were recorded. Biopsy samples were processed for light microscopy and immunofluorescence in all cases. Histological classification was adapted from the World Health Organization recommendations. The indications for kidney biopsy were nephrotic syndrome in adults in 190 cases, rapidly progressive renal failure in 43, unexplained renal failure in 25, and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children in 12. The mean age of the patients was 31.48 ± 13.46 years. Male-to-female ratio was 1.87:1. Mean serum creatinine (SCr) of the patients was 2.36 ± 2.07 mg/dL. Primary glomerulonephritis accounted for 88.89% of cases (240) while secondary glomerulonephritis accounted for 7.40% of total cases (20). Interstitial disease accounted for 1.5% and vascular disease for 2.2%. The most common lesion among primary glomerulonephritis was focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (31.11%) followed by diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN) (13.33%) and membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) (12.59%). Among secondary glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis was the most common (5.56%). In patients with SCr 1.4 mg/dL or less (n = 131), FSGS was the most common histology (17.26%) followed by MGN (23.66%) and minimal change disease (7.63%). Whereas, in patients with SCr more than 1.4 mg/dL (n = 139), DPGN was the most common diagnosis (23.74%) followed by FSGS (17.26%) and IgAN (12.23%). Fourteen patients (5.2%) had one or more episode of gross hematuria, three of whom required blood transfusion. The overall FSGS was the most common lesion seen. When we consider only patients with deranged renal function, DPGN was the most common histopathological lesion. The reason for disproportionate high incidence for DPGN is not clear and requires further research.