Persistence of orally administered Salmonella enterica serovars Agona and Montevideo in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).

The objective of our experiments was to study the persistence and dissemination of orally administered Salmonella in smoltified Atlantic salmon. In experiment 1, salmon kept at 15 degrees C were fed for 1 week with feed contaminated with 96 most-probable-number units of Salmonella Agona per 100 g of feed and then starved for 2 weeks. Samples were taken from the gastrointestinal tract and examined for Salmonella 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 days after the feeding ended. In experiment 2, Salmonella Agona and Montevideo were separately mixed with feed and administered by gastric intubation. Each fish received 1.0 x 10(8), 1.0 x 10(6), or 1.0 x 10(4) CFU. The different groups were kept in parallel at 5 and 15 degrees C and observed for 4 weeks. Every week, three fish in each group were sacrificed, and samples were taken from the skin, the pooled internal organs, the muscle, and the gastrointestinal tract and examined for the presence of Salmonella. The results from the two experiments showed that the persistence of Salmonella in the fish was highly dependent on the dose administered. Salmonella was not recovered from any of the fish that were fed for 1 week with the lowest concentration of Salmonella. In the fish given the highest dose of Salmonella, bacteria persisted for at least 4 weeks in the gastrointestinal tract as well as, to some extent, the internal organs. The present study shows that under practical conditions in Norway, the risk of Salmonella in fish feed being passed on to the consumer of the fish is negligible.

Investigation into the susceptibility of saithe Pollachius virens to infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) and their potential role as a vector for viral transmission.

Wild-caught saithe Pollachius virens were experimentally exposed to an isolate of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) of Norwegian origin. Mortality attributable to ISAV did not occur following exposure by intra-peritoneal (i.p.) injection of virus or by cohabitation with ISAV-infected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Despite the individual testing of 120 ISAV-exposed saithe, ISAV was not detectable using RT-PCR, the most sensitive ISAV diagnostic tool demonstrated to date. Furthermore, saithe exposed to ISAV-infected salmon were not capable of transmitting virus when transferred to tanks containing naïve salmon. Thus saithe appear to be resistant to this Norwegian isolate of ISAV and incapable of supporting its replication. Saithe which co-exist with salmon in and around aqua-culture facilities are considered unlikely to have a significant impact on the epizootiology of ISAV.

[Deserved punishment? Legal settlement 1945-50. Sociomedical aspects]. / Straff som fortjent? Rettsoppgjøret 1945-50. Sosialmedisinske betraktninger.

Following the German occupation during the Second World War, about 92,000 Norwegian citizens were charged with treason and 18,000 sentenced to imprisonment. The prosecution of offenders turned out to be far more extensive and lead to higher social cost than anticipated at the outset. Norway's pre-war prisons were designed to accommodate about 2,000 inmates. With a wave of arrest amounting to 14,000 within a few weeks, it was necessary to establish temporary jails and prison camps staffed by inexperienced guards seconded from the resistance movement and Norwegian military personnel trained in Sweden during the war. A number of infringements of prisoners' civil rights occurred and are recorded in a report from the Director General of Public Prosecution. Medical supervision was very incomplete and accidental. The main prison camp was one of the few regular medical services. Despite the general partial amnesty of 1948, most of the prisoners released during the first post-war years had great problems assimilating into society. As additional punishment, most lost their jobs and certain citizen's rights for a number of years, others had homes and property confiscated, and many became welfare cases.

[The hospital at Ilebu prison. From sentences 1945-50]. / Sykehuset ved Ilebu landssvikfengsel. Fra rettsoppgjøret 1945-50.

Ilebu Prison held the majority of men sentenced for treason in Norway after the Second World War. About one third of all prisoners convicted of treason served their sentence at Ilebu, which was one of the few prisons or camps which had a well organised hospital with a patient registration protocol. The protocols were recently (1995) brought to light; complete case records are stored in the National Archive. We have gone through a number of the case records and compared them with the protocols. The typical patient at Ilebu in 1945 was below 39 years of age, whereas in 1949 those over 40 were in majority. Average age and length of stay increased over the years as the oldest convicts also got the longest sentences. High age and long sentences contributed to increased morbidity, mental and psychosomatic disease as well as functional illness. The most common reason for admission was infectious disease. Ilebu Prison escaped serious epidemics, most likely because of good facilities for isolation as well as vaccination. However, the large number of prisoners suffering from tuberculosis was a cause for concern.

[Cobalt mining factory--diagnoses 1822-32]. / Blaafarvevaerket--diagnoser 1822-32.

The cobalt mining company at Modum in Norway had its own health service. The doctors kept records of all patient contacts. Recently discovered material from the 1822-32 period shows that gastrointestinal diseases, injuries and respiratory diseases made up the majority of patient contacts, in addition to unspecified infections.