Global scoping review of HIV prevention research with transgender people: Transcending from trans-subsumed to trans-centred research.

INTRODUCTION: Globally, transgender populations are disproportionally impacted by HIV and effective HIV prevention interventions targeting these populations are critically needed. Such interventions require research focused on the specific needs and experiences of transgender people. This methodological review aims to determine the extent to which HIV prevention research has included transgender participants by subsuming them into non-transgender populations, or by centring them either in comparison with other groups or as the sole focus of research. METHODS: We searched five electronic databases (e.g. SCOPUS) for empirical studies that focused on HIV prevention and included transgender participants, published through 31 December 2020. For each study, we extracted information on: (a) types of inclusion of transgender participants; (b) total sample size and number/percentage of transgender participants; (c) country(ies) where study was conducted; (d) HIV research topics; (e) methods (i.e. quantitative, qualitative or mixed-methods research) and (f) gender identity of transgender participants. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Of 667 HIV prevention studies included in the review, 38.5% subsumed transgender participants into cisgender populations (most frequently combining transgender women with cisgender men who have sex with men), 20.4% compared transgender and cisgender participants and 41.1% focused exclusively on transgender populations. Our global scoping review also revealed that these three types of transgender inclusion in HIV prevention research vary greatly over time, place and thematic areas. Transgender women are the focus of the majority of reviewed studies, whereas transgender men and gender expansive people are rarely included as participants. CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion of transgender persons as participants in HIV prevention research has significantly increased, particularly in the last decade. Further research centred on transgender participants and their experiences are needed to develop effective HIV prevention interventions for transgender populations. We advocate for HIV prevention research to move from subsuming transgender people, to trans-centred research that asks questions that focus on their specific needs and experiences. We provide recommendations to move from trans-subsumed to trans-centred HIV prevention research.

Sex Education in the Spotlight: What Is Working? Systematic Review.

Adolescence, a period of physical, social, cognitive and emotional development, represents a target population for sexual health promotion and education when it comes to achieving the 2030 Agenda goals for sustainable and equitable societies. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of what is known about the dissemination and effectiveness of sex education programs and thereby to inform better public policy making in this area. Methodology: We carried out a systematic review based on international scientific literature, in which only peer-reviewed papers were included. To identify reviews, we carried out an electronic search of the Cochrane Database Reviews, ERIC, Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, Scopus and PsycINFO. This paper provides a narrative review of reviews of the literature from 2015 to 2020. Results: 20 reviews met the inclusion criteria (10 in school settings, 9 using digital platforms and 1 blended learning program): they focused mainly on reducing risk behaviors (e.g., VIH/STIs and unwanted pregnancies), whilst obviating themes such as desire and pleasure, which were not included in outcome evaluations. The reviews with the lowest risk of bias are those carried out in school settings and are the ones that most question the effectiveness of sex education programs. Whilst the reviews of digital platforms and blended learning show greater effectiveness in terms of promoting sexual and reproductive health in adolescents (ASRH), they nevertheless also include greater risks of bias. Conclusion: A more rigorous assessment of the effectiveness of sexual education programs is necessary, especially regarding the opportunities offered by new technologies, which may lead to more cost-effective interventions than with in-person programs. Moreover, blended learning programs offer a promising way forward, as they combine the best of face-to-face and digital interventions, and may provide an excellent tool in the new context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Preventing Violence toward Sexual and Cultural Diversity: The Role of a Queering Sex Education.

BACKGROUND: The prevailing sex education (SE) model falls within a neoliberal prevention- and risk-oriented paradigm. This model ignores the identity dimension of sexuality, is based on the cis-heteronormative and ethnocentric matrix and stigmatizes sexual and cultural diversity; this has significant consequences for sexually and culturally diverse adolescents and youth. In this study, we explored the potential of the identity dimension of SE to prevent violence toward sexual and cultural diversity. Specifically, our objective was to identify the influence of heteronormative and ethnocentric variables on violence exerted against trans* and gender-diverse people and people from minority ethnic groups. METHODS: A total of 623 Spanish adolescents with a mean age of 14.73 years and an age range of 13 to 18 years participated in the study. Students completed a questionnaire that included measures regarding violence toward sexual and cultural diversity, gender stereotypes, sexist attitudes and rejection of sexual and cultural diversity. We performed two hierarchical linear regression models. RESULTS: Students who exerted the highest amount of violence toward trans* and gender-diverse people were those who showed the lowest endorsement of expressive traits and the highest endorsement of instrumental traits as well as the highest level of hostile sexist, heteronormative and hostile racist attitudes (the five predictor variables explained 29.1% of the variance of gender-bashing). These same variables-except expressiveness-and benevolent sexism explained 46.1% of the variance of rejection of minority ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for a comprehensive, intercultural, critical and queer SE aimed at transforming the classroom into a space that promotes social transformation through an educational practice that is transgressive and critical of cis-heteronormativity and normative ethnocentrism.

Latina and Caribbean Immigrant Women's Experiences With Intimate Partner Violence: A Story of Ambivalent Sexism.

Despite extensive descriptive work on intimate partner violence (IPV) among Latina and Caribbean immigrant women (LCIW), culturally appropriate interventions for primary and secondary prevention of IPV for this population remain lacking. Developing culturally appropriate and effective prevention interventions for abused LCIW requires a more nuanced understanding regarding the dynamics of cultural values, immigration status, and manifestations of IPV. The purposes of this study were to examine LCIW's experiences of domestic violence, using a gender stereotype framework, and to describe how ascribing to gender stereotypes perpetuates and normalizes experiences of abuse. Thirty semistructured individual interviews were conducted with LCIW (a) who were at least 18 years old and (b) who had experienced abuse from an intimate partner within the last 2 years. Overall, women described themselves as communal-being caretakers, submissive, and dependent on men. From their perspective, they described their male abusers as being controlling, angry, and violent. The risk for experiencing violence increased when women defied their prescriptive gender roles by seeking employment and by developing their social networks and activities. Substance abuse and alcohol misuse also compounded their partners' abusive behaviors. Despite some women experiencing more abuse after migration to the United States, coming to the United States exposed them to other opportunities and ways of being a woman, which facilitated an awareness about their abuse and was a motivator for help-seeking and ending abuse. Our findings highlight the importance of addressing traditional gender stereotypes for secondary prevention of IPV.

Adverse childhood experiences among Latina women and its association with mastery of stress and health.

BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experience (ACE) and intimate partner violence (IPV) have sustained, deleterious effects on physical and mental health. Few studies have examined how to help Latina survivors of ACEs and/or IPV regain control of their health. OBJECTIVE: To inform interventions for this population, we examined whether mastery of stress and patient activation mediate the relationship between a history of ACE and/or IPV and mental and physical health. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: We recruited 235 Latina women (M age = 29.6, SD = 5.75) from primary care clinics. METHOD: For this cross-sectional study, we used linear regressions to examine the association between ACEs, history of IPV, and health, and the sobel's test to determine whether patient activation and mastery of stress mediated the relationships between ACEs, IPV, and health. RESULTS: Most women reported at least one ACE (61.7%, n = 137) and 22.2% (n = 55) reported a history of IPV. Mastery of stress mediated the relationship between ACE and physical health (b= -3.16 p = .002) and mental health (b= -3.83, p < .001). Mastery of stress also mediated the relationship between history of IPV and physical health (b= -2.62, p = .008) and mental health (b= -2.74, p = .006). Patient activation was not associated with a history of trauma or mental health. CONCLUSION: While past experiences of trauma cannot be changed, results from this study suggest that improving an individual's mastery of stress may be a point of intervention for improving mental and physical health among survivors of ACEs and IPV.

Evolution of quality of life and health-related behaviors among Spanish university students.

At the beginning of their academic studies (testing phase), the quality of life and certain health-related behaviors were evaluated. Four years later (retest phase), they were reevaluated. Between the two evaluation periods, a health promotion (HP) program was applied. The battery of instruments included measures: health-related quality of life (HRQOL), alcoholic and nicotine dependence, eating habits, physical activity, and sexual behaviors. It also included a number of sociodemographic data. The results show that, in general, the students reported adequate levels of HRQOL, and there were no important differences between the two evaluation moments. Regarding dietary behavior, no significant changes were detected in the pattern of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, which remained at an average level of adequacy. On the contrary, significant decreases were detected in relation to alcohol and tobacco dependence as well as significant increases in physical activity levels. Lastly, with regard to sexual behavior, although certain aspects of improvement were perceived, there is a need to increase awareness of the systematic use of condoms. In conclusion, this study provides relevant information that will serve as a starting point for monitoring changes in health behaviors and for the design and implementation of HP actions directed at university students.

Objectifying Women's Bodies Is Acceptable from an Intimate Perpetrator, at Least for Female Sexists.

Objectification of the female body is generating much research. Nevertheless, this has revealed little about whether women's evaluations depend on the level of psychological intimacy with the perpetrator of that objectification. Intimacy theory predicts that objectifying comments would seem more acceptable coming from a close partner, especially for sexist women. The present study begins to fill these gaps by analyzing responses from 301 heterosexual/bisexual adult women in the United States (M age = 37.02, range = 18-72) to appearance and sexual body comments made by four different male perpetrators: strangers, colleagues, friends, or partners. Measures assessed women's perceptions of objectification, as well as reported enjoyment of these comments. As long as they were not negative, comments from heterosexual partners were perceived as the least objectifying and enjoyed the most; comments from colleagues, strangers, and friends were linked with greater objectification and less enjoyment. Additionally, sexist attitudes toward men and women-but more clearly toward men-linked with objectification and enjoyment. Future research directions and practical implications are discussed.

Del sexting al cibercontrol en las relaciones de pareja de adolescentes españoles: análisis de sus argumentos / From sexting to cybercontrol among dating teens in Spain: an analysis of their arguments

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio consiste en profundizar en el fenómeno del sexting y en sus dinámicas de ciberviolencia dentro de las relaciones de pareja de adolescentes, para ello, se van a analizar los comportamientos de sexting, las estrategias empleadas, las justificaciones y las consecuencias del sexting en función del género y el lugar de procedencia. Mediante una metodología cualitativa se realizaron 20 grupos de discusión en los que participaron 222 adolescentes, un 54% chicas y un 46% chicos, con un rango de edad de los 14 a los 18 años de centros educativos de educación secundaria de España. Los resultados evidencian que el sexting es una práctica habitual en los adolescentes y también en el marco de una relación de pareja. Los que más contenido de sexting envían son los chicos y las chicas del medio urbano y los chicos del ámbito semi-rural y rural. Entre los motivos principales de los chicos para practicar sexting están lograr una relación sexual, mientras que las justificaciones de las chicas son tener o mantener una relación afectiva de pareja. Además, las peores consecuencias del sexting son para las chicas. Tanto chicos como chicas afirman ejercer violencia de control en línea sobre sus parejas afectivas, aunque son las chicas quienes más lo manifiestan. La desconfianza y los celos hacia la pareja son los principales motivos para ejercer este cibercontrol.

Abstract The goal of this study is to examine in greater depth the phenomenon of sexting and its dynamics of cyberviolence in teens' relationships. For this purpose, sexting behaviors, the strategies employed, and the justifications and consequences of sexting as a function of gender and place of origin will be analyzed. Using a qualitative methodology, 20 focus groups were performed, involving 222 teenagers, 54% girls and 46% boys, ranging in age from 14 to 18 years, from schools of Secondary Education (Spain). The results show that sexting is a common practice in adolescents of both genders and also in the context of a relationship. Boys and girls from the urban environment and boys from the rural and semi-rural area send more sexting contents. Boys' main reasons for sexting are to achieve a sexual relationship, whereas the girls' justifications are to have or maintain an emotional relationship. In addition, girls suffer the worst consequences of sexting. Both boys and girls cibercontrol their affectiva partners, though girls expressed it more. Jealousy and distrust of the partner are the main reasons for exercising this cybercontrol.

A qualitative approach to the study of the characteristics of individuals convicted of road traffic offences.

Significant changes have been applied to the regulation of criminal law concerning road traffic in Spain, in a similar way to many of the countries surrounding us. This has led to a gradual increase in the number of individuals who are convicted with custodial sentences or sentenced to community service. Nevertheless, the available data on the psychosocial traits of road traffic offence convicts is highly limited. The objective of this qualitative study is to provide more insight into those convicted of road traffic offences through the use of focus groups, thus enabling the analysis of their attitudes towards sentences related to road safety offences, opinions regarding their driving styles, the profile of convicts of road traffic offences and how they feel about being labelled as delinquents. The results of this study are particularly relevant with regards to improving the rehabilitation process of convicts of road safety offences.

El Sexting a través del discurso de adolescentes españoles / Sexting through the Spanish adolescent discourse

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue indagar en las prácticas de sexting en un grupo de adolescentes españoles y contribuir así a su mejor comprensión a través de una investigación novedosa en España. Se pretende descubrir los conocimientos que los/las adolescentes tienen sobre el fenómeno del sexting y averiguar en sus comportamientos y motivaciones hacia el sexting, revelando si perciben consecuencias de este tipo de conducta. A través de la aproximación cualitativa se realizaron ocho focus group, conformados por 89 adolescentes, que tenían entre 14 y 18 años. Entre los resultados se destacan el desconocimiento del concepto de sexting, llegando incluso a confundirlo con el acoso y el chantaje. Aunque solo un quinto de los y las participantes reconoce practicar sexting, admiten que es una práctica muy frecuente entre la gente de sus edades, especialmente entre las chicas. Los motivos que aluden para justificar su participación en comportamientos de sexting son fundamentalmente de carácter sexual, mientras que señalan que la gente de sus edades sextea por diversión, aburrimiento o por estar de moda. Asimismo, reconocen que hay ciertos riesgos derivados de las conductas de sexting, que afectan más negativamente a las chicas. Además, la gran parte de los/las jóvenes son conocedores de situaciones entre sus iguales de coacciones y chantajes para enviar contenido erótico-sexual, así como de otras realidades como el ciberacoso y el ciberstalking.

Abstract The objective of this research was to investigate the practices of sexting in a group of Spanish adolescents and thus contribute to their better understanding through a novel research in Spain. The aim is to discover the knowledge that adolescents have about the phenomenon of sexting and to investigate their behaviors and motivations towards sexting, revealing if they perceive consequences of this type of behavior. Through the qualitative approach, eight focus groups were made, composed of 89 adolescents, from 14 to 18 years old. Among the results they emphasize the ignorance of the concept of sexting, even confusing it with harassment and blackmail. Although only a fifth of the participants recognize practicing sexting, they admit that it is a very frequent practice among people of their age, especially among girls. The reasons they allude to justify their participation in sexting behaviors are fundamentally sexual in nature, while they point out that people of their age carry out sexting behavior for fun, boredom or for being fashionable. They also recognize there are certain risks derived from sexting behaviors, which affect girls more negatively. In addition, most young people are aware of situations of coercion and blackmail among their peers to send erotic-sexual content, as well as other realities such as cyberbullying and cyberstalking.

Violencia en parejas transexuales, transgénero e intersexuales: una revisión bibliográfica / Violence in transsexual, transgender and intersex couples: a systematic review

La violencia de pareja afecta a personas transexuales, transgénero e intersexuales y así se visibiliza en investigaciones a nivel nacional e internacional. En este estudio teórico se ha llevado a cabo una revisión sistemática de las investigaciones realizadas con estos colectivos. Se realiza una revisión exhaustiva de las principales bases de datos con el fin de identificar todos los estudios relativos a esta temática. Se obtiene un total de 28 investigaciones sobre violencia en parejas transexuales, transgénero e intersexuales. De las cuales se ha analizado el tipo de muestra, el método e instrumento utilizado, así como sus principales resultados. Los resultados ponen de relieve que la aproximación de estudio más frecuentemente utilizada es la de tipo cuantitativo, especialmente centrada en el colectivo transexual. En relación a la prevalencia se observa una gran variabilidad, con un rango del 18 al 80%, constituyendo un problema de salud pública. Las mujeres trans son las que sufren más significativamente esta violencia, siendo más frecuentemente el miembro normativo de la pareja quien la ejerce. El heterosexismo y la transfobia se han identificado como factores de riesgo. Finalmente se plantea la importancia de incorporar el abordaje de la violencia en relaciones de pareja donde al menos uno de los miembros es transexual, transgénero o intersexual en los programas de prevención de violencia de género.

Intimate partner violence affects transsexual, transgender and intersex individuals and has been approached by national and international research. This theoretical study has carried out a systematic review of research conducted with these groups. An exhaustive review of the main databases was performed to identify all the studies that focus on this subject. Overall, 28 studies were obtained on violence in transsexual, transgender and intersex couples. In each study, we analyzed the type of sample, method and instrument that were used, as well as the main results. The results highlight that the quantitative approach is the most common one, focusing especially on the transsexual community. Concerning prevalence, we observed a great variability, ranging from 18 to 80%, constituting a public health problem. Trans women are the ones who most suffer this type of violence, and the "gender-normative" member of the couple is most frequently the aggressor. Heterosexism and transphobia were identified as risk factors. Finally, the importance of including intimate partner violence in relationships in which at least one of the members is transsexual, transgender or intersex in gender violence prevention programs is highlighted.

Spanish adolescents' attitudes toward transpeople: proposal and validation of a short form of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale.

The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a short form of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale and assess adolescents' attitudes toward transpeople. A total of 800 Spanish adolescents aged between 14 and 18 years (50.70% girls, 49.30% boys) completed the Spanish version of the scale and other related questionnaires. The short form of the scale is composed of 12 items clustered into two factors (Transphobia/Genderism and Gender Bashing) that explain 54.22% of the variance. All the items showed good discriminating power, and the present scale demonstrated adequate reliability and validity. In the study, boys exhibited significantly more negative attitudes toward transpeople than girls did, both in the affective/cognitive dimension (Transphobia/Genderism) and in the behavioral dimension (Gender Bashing). Moreover, adolescents showed significantly more negative attitudes toward gender-nonconforming men than toward gender-nonconforming women. These results are discussed in terms of their relevance to the maintenance of discriminatory attitudes toward sexual diversity.

Cognitive Performance in Men and Women Infected with HIV-1.

Introduction. Very few studies have examined the neuropsychological performance of HIV-positive women, and even fewer have attempted a comparison of cognitive functioning by gender. The aim of this study was to describe the nature of the neuropsychological performance of HIV seropositive patients by gender. Methods. A clinical sample made up of 151 subjects was recruited to participate in this study. All of the subjects underwent the same assessment process, consisting of a neuropsychological evaluation and an interview to gather sociodemographic, toxicological, and clinical data. Results and Discussion. Despite the fact that men obtained higher scores in visual memory, attention/psychomotor speed, and abstract reasoning/verbal intelligence, these differences were not statistically significant. In contrast, significant differences were found depending on subjects' serological status. Seropositive participants' neuropsychological performance was significantly lower than that of the seronegative participants in all of the areas assessed as follows: (1) visual memory; (2) attention/psychomotor speed; (3) abstract reasoning/verbal intelligence; (4) verbal memory for texts; (5) verbal memory for digits and words. Conclusions. The results from this study reveal no significant gender differences in the cognitive performance of patients infected with HIV-1.

Bullying among Spanish secondary education students: the role of gender traits, sexism, and homophobia.

The aim of the present study was to assess the combined influence of gender stereotypes, sexism, and homophobia on attitudes toward bullying and bullying behavior. A total of 1,500 Spanish adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age (49.3% girls and 50.7% boys) completed a questionnaire that included measures of bullying, attitudes toward bullying, gender-stereotyped personality traits (instrumentality and expressiveness), hostile and benevolent sexism, and attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. First, the findings demonstrated that boys scored significantly higher on all the variables assessed except on benevolent sexism. Two similar models were obtained for both sexes. Benevolent sexism and, in boys, more positive attitudes toward gay men predicted more negative attitudes toward bullying when mediated by more expressive gender traits. An inverse pattern was also observed: Hostile sexism predicted more favorable attitudes toward bullying when mediated by instrumental gender traits. Attitudes toward bullying were highly correlated with bullying behavior. The five-predictor variables (including attitudes toward bullying) explained 58% of the variance of bullying behavior in girls and 37% of such variance in boys.

Personalidad resistente, calidad de vida y burnout en profesionales de la salud de centros gerontológicos / Hardiness, quality of life and burnout among sociosanitary professionals in gerontological centers

En los últimos años, la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) ha despertado un interés creciente entre los investigadores. Los profesionales sociosanitarios están sometidos a una fuerte presión asistencial por parte de pacientes y familiares, cada vez más críticos y exigentes. Además, diversos factores sociales, tecnológicos y económicos obligan a que se les exija incrementar constantemente su rendimiento laboral sin que casi nunca se piense en su calidad de vida. Pese a ello, existe evidencia de que la insatisfacción laboral influye en la calidad y seguridad de las prestaciones ofrecidas. En el ámbito de la geriatría y la gerontología, el estudio de la CVRS se ha centrado mayoritariamente en pacientes y en cuidadores informales; es muy poco lo publicado con poblaciones de cuidadores formales de personas mayores. El presente estudio ha tenido como finalidad analizar la relación del burnout, la personalidad resistente, el estado de salud y las variables sociodemográficas y laborales con la CVRS en una muestra de cuidadores formales de personas mayores de centros gerontológicos. Los resultados ponen en evidencia la importante relación entre personalidad resistente, burnout, estado de salud actual y ciertas variables sociodemográficas y laborales con la CVRS de estos profesionales...

[Validation of Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (MGH-SFQ) in a Spanish population]. / Validación del Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (MGH-SFQ) en población española.

OBJECTIVE: Due to the lack of psychometric studies using the Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (MGH-SFQ) in Spain, its Spanish validation is proposed in the present study, by analysing its reliability and validity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING: General population. Conducted in 20 provinces. PARTICIPANTS: The sample consisted of 3,050 participants (45.41% men and 54.59% women) and was selected using a quota convenience sampling procedure. They ranged in age from 18 to 83 years-old (M=41.51; SD=13.45). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Spanish versions of the MGH-SFQ, Sexual Assertiveness Scale, Sexual Desire Inventory, and Index of Sexual Satisfaction. RESULTS: The MGH-SFQ showed a single dimensional structure, which explained 71.35% of variance in men and 83.56% in women. Reliability values were .90 and .93, respectively. Convergent validity was adequate as their scores were positively correlated to initiation sexual assertiveness, dyadic sexual desire, and sexual satisfaction. The MGH-SFQ identified that females showed more sexual dysfunctions than males, and detected more sexual dysfunctions as age increases. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish validation of the MGH-SFQ is a reliable and valid self-reporting questionnaire to assess sexual dysfunctions in Spain. Its psychometric goodness of fit, together with its brevity and ease of use, make it a useful instrument to detect overall, as well as particular sexual dysfunctions.

Influencias socioculturales y conductas alimentarias no saludables en hombres y mujeres de España y México / Sociocultural influences and disordered eating behaviors in men and woman of Spain and Mexico

En este estudio transcultural se evaluó el rol de las influencias socioculturales sobre conductas alimentarias no saludables en dos países hispano-parlantes (España y México). El Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT, por sus siglas en inglés), el Test de Bulimia (BULIT) y el Cuestionario de Influencia del Modelo Estético Corporal (CIMEC) fueron administrados a 862 estudiantes (España, 254 mujeres y 184 varones; México, 243 mujeres y 181 varones). El análisis de los datos reveló no diferencias significativas en los efectos principales de la variable "País"; en los efectos principales de la variable "Género" se encontraron diferencias significativas en las sub-escalas malestar con la imagen corporal (p = . 001), influencia de los mensajes verbales (p = . 035) e influencia de los modelos sociales (p = . 008); y en los efectos principales de la variable "Sintomatología" en todas las sub-escalas (malestar con la imagen corporal, influencia de la publicidad, influencia de los mensajes verbales, influencia de los modelos sociales e influencia de las situaciones sociales). En las interacciones sólo se encontró diferencias en "País x Género" (influencia de la publicidad [p = .029]). Estos datos apoyan las diferencias reportadas entre mujeres y varones; así como subrayan que el efecto de las influencias socioculturales cambian a lo largo del tiempo.los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: 1) identificar y describir algunos de los elementos culturales pertinentes al tratamiento de los TCA en la población latina y, 2) esbozar un modelo de intervención para los TCA que sea culturalmente sensible a la población latina de los Estados Unidos. El desarrollo de intervenciones culturalmente sensibles es un componente importante para reducir la disparidad en los servicios de salud brindados a la población latina residente en los Estados Unidos.

This current cross-cultural study was designed to examine the role of sociocultural influences on disordered eating behaviors in two Spanish-speaking countries (Spain and Mexico). The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), the Bulimia Test (BULIT) and the Questionnaire on Influence on Body Shape Model (CIMEC, in Spanish) were administered to 862 students (Spain, 254 females and 184 males; Mexico, 243 females and 181 males). The data analysis revealed that there were no significant main effects of "Country"; there was significant main effect of "Gender" in the distress due to body image (p = .001), influence of verbal messages (p = .035) and influence of social models subscales (p = .008); and in main effects of "Symptomatology" in all the subscales (distress due to body image, influence of advertising, influence of verbal messages, influence of social models and influence of social situations). In the interactions only was found differences in "Country x Gender" (influence of advertising [p = .029]). These findings support the differences reported between males and females; as well as to underline that the effect of the sociocultural influences appears to change across time as culture change.

[Sexual behavior in a Spanish sample aged 14 to 24 years old]. / Prácticas sexuales de chicos y chicas españoles de 14-24 años de edad.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the sexual behaviors and practices of Spanish adolescents and young adults according to gender. METHOD: Information was gathered by means of a questionnaire administered in participants' homes in the presence of an interviewer. A random sample was used, consisting of 2,171 adolescents and young adults of both sexes, ranging in age from 14 to 24 years old. The participants were from three distinct regions of Spain: Galicia, Madrid, and Andalusia. RESULTS: A total of 1,439 participants (66.3%) reported having been sexually active in the previous 6 months, with no statistically significant differences between male (66.4%) and female (66.2%) respondents. However, significant differences were found between males and females in the following variables: anal intercourse was reported by a higher proportion of males than females, the number of sexual partners reported by females was lower than that reported by males and the frequency of vaginal intercourse reported by females was higher than that reported by males. Condom use in anal intercourse and oral sex was more frequently reported by males than by females. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that sexual behavior differs between genders, with females having a lower number of sexual partners and more frequently using a condom in vaginal intercourse but less frequently in oral sex and anal intercourse. In view of these data, we believe that gender should be taken into account when designing and implementing preventive interventions.

Uso del preservativo masculino en las relaciones con coito vaginal de jóvenes españoles entre catorce y veinticuatro años / Male condom usage in vaginal intercourse relations by spanish youngsters aged fourteenth to twenty fourth

En la actualidad, el preservativo masculino continúa siendo el principal método para prevenir enfermedades de transmisión sexual, incluido el VIH/SIDA. El objetivo de este estudio transversal analítico-descriptivo es evaluar la frecuencia de uso de dicho preservativo en las relaciones sexuales coito-vaginales de jóvenes españoles con edades entre 14 y 24 años, e identificar las variables relacionadas con los factores que predisponen, facilitan y refuerzan su utilización. La muestra estuvo integrada por 2.171 jóvenes de las comunidades de Galicia, Madrid y Andalucía. El 50,4% de los jóvenes encuestados manifestaron haber tenido relaciones coitovaginales en los últimos seis meses. Se encontró que ser mayor de 18 años y tener más actividad sexual se asocia a menor frecuencia de uso del preservativo. Se tomó como referencia el modelo Precede; los análisis de regresión logística identificaron como predictores confiables: la intención de conducta de no riesgo y la habilidad autopercibida para usar el preservativo masculino con la pareja habitual (dentro del grupo de factores predisponentes); uso del preservativo masculino la primera vez que mantuvo relaciones coito-vaginales, hablar con la pareja sobre las prácticas sexuales por llevar a cabo, hablar con la pareja sobre los métodos de prevención que se van a utilizar y la baja frecuencia de relaciones con penetración vaginal (dentro del grupo de factores facilitadores); y haber sentido agobio, culpa o arrepentimiento por no tomar precauciones tras alguna práctica coito-vaginal (dentro del grupo de factores reforzantes). Los resultados de este estudio confirman la utilidad del modelo Precede para efectuar el diagnóstico de la conducta sexual.

The male condom continues to be the primary method of preventing sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. This is a transversal descriptive research, their objective is assess the frequency of use of the male condom in sexual relations involving vaginal penetration using a sample of young Spanish men from 14 to 24 years of age. We attempt to identify reliable predictors for condom use, factors that predispose, facilitate and reinforce its consistent use. The sample was made up of 2.171 young belonging to three regions in Spain (Galicia, Madrid and Andalusia) among the ages of 14 and 24. A 50,4 % of the young men polled expressed having had vaginal intercourse in the previous six months. Participants who were 18-year-old and older as well as those who engaged more frequently in sexual activity were less likely to use the male condom at all times. Taking the Precede model as a point of reference, the models of logistic regression identified the following variables as reliable predictors: a declared intention of partaking in non-risk conduct with a stable partner and the self-perceived skill at using the male condom with a stable partner (within the group of predisposing factors); having used the male condom the first time they engaged in vaginal intercourse, the habit of speaking to one's partner about sexual practices, speaking to one's partner about prevention methods to use, and low frequency of sexual relations with vaginal penetration (within the group of facilitating factors); having felt a sense of guilt or repentance for not taking precautions after engaging in vaginal intercourse (within the group of reinforcing factors). In conclusion the results of this study confirm the utility of the Precede model to carry out the diagnosis of the sexual behaviour.

Assessing female condom acceptability among heterosexual Spanish couples.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the acceptability of the female condom in a sample of young heterosexual Spanish couples. METHODS: The sample was made up of 45 couples (90 participants) from Spain. The age range was from 19 to 42 years. The study was carried out in three stages: pre-trial, post-trial, and follow-up (one year later). RESULTS: Before the intervention, 88 participants (97.8%) had heard about the female condom, although 73 participants (81.2%) claimed to know very little about the method, and barely one-third had seen one. The appraisals after the trial period reveal differing levels of satisfaction with the method, with no significant differences found by gender. Those participants who used a greater number of condoms during the trial period pointed out more positive points about the method, but also more negative points. Of the 17 couples who continued to participate in the follow-up stage (one year after the trial stage), only one (5.9%) still used the female condom. However, 10 men (58.8%) and 8 women (47.1%) expressed a willingness to use it in the future, and 12 women (70.6%) and 11 men (64.7%) had told friends and acquaintances about it. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that although the female condom is considered to be a useful method, it is still largely unknown and requires further promotion if it is to be used by young couples.