The effect of soybean soapstock on the quality parameters and fatty acid composition of the hen egg yolk.

The effects of increasing proportions of soybean soapstock (SSS) in laying hen diets on egg quality parameters and on the fatty acid (FA) composition of the yolk were studied. One hundred sixty Babcock B-300 x laying hens, 20 wk of age, were allotted to 5 dietary treatments comprising a control diet (D5) with soybean oil at 100% or SSS in proportions of 25% (D1), 50% (D2), 75% (D3), and 100% (D4) replacing the oil source in commercial-type diets throughout the 15-wk laying period. Egg quality parameters were recorded weekly. Four pooled yolks for each treatment were collected at 0, 9, and 15 wk, and their FA profiles were determined. Egg weight, shell thickness, shape index, and Haugh unit were not influenced by dietary treatment. The concentrations of saturated FA (SFA) in yolks were generally kept at a constant level, regardless of the percentage of SSS in the hen diets. Total monounsaturated FA (MUFA) content did not vary over the course of the experiment, except for C14:1. After 15 wk of feeding, the total polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) n-3 increased in yolks of all diets. Among the long-chain PUFA, the percentage of C20:4 (arachidonic acid) was less affected. Inclusion of 100% SSS allowed production of eggs with similar PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 ratios when compared with eggs from hens fed D5. As SSS represents one-third of the oil cost, its inclusion in layer diets could represent an important economic benefit.

Organochlorine pesticide residues in cow's milk from a tropical region of Mexico.

A monitoring study was conducted to assess the magnitude of DDT [(1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane)] and HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) contamination of bovine milk from the central tropical region of Mexico as the chemicals are extensively used in livestock and public-health programmes. Among pesticide residues analysed, the milk samples collected from Tlalixcoyan showed a mean level of gamma-HCH (0.128 mg x kg(-1)), which was significantly higher than residues in milk samples from Medellin (0.049 mg x kg(-1)) and Paso San Juan (0.022 mg x kg(-1)). The mean level of pp'-DDE in Medellin samples (0.039 mg x kg(-1)) was significantly higher than in Paso San Juan (0.018 mg x kg(-1)) and Tlalixcoyan (0.024 mg x kg(-1)) milk samples. The pp'-DDT mean level from Medellin milk samples (0.089 mg x kg(-1)) was significantly higher than the levels detected in the other two areas. The highest mean Sigma-DDT level detected in Medellin samples (0.146 mg x kg(-1)) was three times the FAO/WHO tolerance level. The highest acceptable daily intakes calculated for Sigma-DDT were 0.017 microg x kg(-1) bw day(-1) for adults and 0.530 microg x kg(-1) bw day(-1) for infants; for gamma-HCH residues, they were 0.021 microg x kg(-1) bw day(-1) for adults and 0.666 microg x kg(-1) bw day(-1) for infants, indicating that infants are more exposed to pesticide residues. Results indicate that cattle exposure to HCH and DDT results in high levels in dairy milk and a potential health risk for consumers.

The effect of acidified soapstocks on feed conversion and broiler skin pigmentation.

The effect of different soapstocks (corn, sunflower, canola, and soybean) on productive performance and skin broiler pigmentation was investigated. Soapstock was added to reach 1.0% polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet. The addition of soybean soapstock significantly improved live body weight gain of the birds from 1 to 7 wk of age. A live body weight gain of 1,736 g/bird was calculated for broilers fed with the soybean soapstock diet. Feed conversion was significantly higher for broilers fed with the soybean soapstock diet, and no negative effect was observed. Compared to broilers fed with Pixtafil (100.0% pigmentation), those fed soybean soapstock (when added as a supplement of 1.0% polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet) reached 48.0% pigmentation, and those fed corn soapstock reached only 7.3%. When the diets were complemented with Pixtafil to reach 100% of calculated pigmentation, the soybean soapstock diet reached 100.8% pigmentation compared to a canola soapstock diet that reached 72.0% pigmentation. Acidified soybean soapstock could be a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids and of xantophyl pigments in broiler feeding.

Epidemiology of children's fractures.

Fractures constitute 10% to 25% of all pediatric injuries and are more common in boys than in girls, and after age 13 or 14 years are twice as common. The results from an epidemiologic study in Malmö indicate that a child's risk of sustaining a fracture is 42% in boys and 27% in girls from birth to age 16 years. Fractures of the distal end of the radius are the most common injury, followed by fractures of the phalanges of the hand. From 1950 to 1979 there was a twofold increase in the risk of fracture, due to an increase in light-energy trauma, mainly sporting activities. Since the end of the 1970s there has been no further increase in the fracture risk. The data also indicate that preventive measures have been effective in decreasing severe accidents.

Traumatic hip dislocation with spontaneous reduction and capsular interposition. A report of 2 children.

We present 2 cases of posterolateral hip dislocation in children followed by spontaneous reduction and interposition of soft tissue. After reduction of a dislocated hip joint, interposition of soft tissues or fracture fragments must be excluded. When reduction has occurred spontaneously, the condition may be misjudged, correct treatment delayed and the hip joint permanently damaged, as occurred in one of our cases. In the second case, prompt surgery was undertaken and the patient recovered completely.

Pain drawing and myelography in sciatic pain.

In order to assess the predictive value of pain drawings of sciatic pain, 81 patients admitted because of symptoms and signs of lumbar disc herniation were asked to chart their pain on a schematic body drawing prior to myelography. There were no differences in sexes, ages, or pain duration between the group of 37 patients with a herniated lumbar disc compared to the 44 patients with a normal myelogram. From the features of the pain drawing alone, it was possible to predict the presence or absence of a herniated disc with a high statistical significance (p less than 0.001). Patients with a disc herniation rarely had pain in the upper trunk or arms (three of 37) compared with the normal group (23 of 44). Only one of nine patients with pain in the groin had disc herniation, and the same was true concerning pain in the iliac crest. Three patients without pain below the knee had no prolapsed disc. The Ransford score was significantly higher in patients with nondiscogenic sciatica, but there was no difference between the groups in the number of types of pain sensation.

Transient synovitis of the hip. Its incidence, epidemiology and relation to Perthes' disease.

In a prospective five-year study, 294 episodes of acute transient synovitis of the hip were diagnosed in 275 children. The average annual incidence was 0.2% and the accumulated risk of suffering at least one episode was 3%. The risk of recurrence was 20 times greater than the risk of having a single episode. Perthes' disease was diagnosed from one to five months after the acute attack of synovitis in 10 cases (3.4%). Review of the initial radiographs revealed signs of avascular necrosis in three of the 10 cases, and an increased joint space in five. Only two cases had had completely normal radiographs. The value of routine radiographs taken after three months was minimal. Factors associated with the incidence of Perthes' disease included prolonged time in traction before the range of hip movement became normal, increase in joint space on the initial radiographs and the recurrence of hip symptoms after initial relief.

Late results in 65 physeal ankle fractures.

Fifty-nine Salter-Harris III and IV lesions of the medial malleolus, Tillaux fractures, and triplane fractures were examined after 9 (3-32) years to assess the frequency of late symptoms, deformity, joint incongruity, and secondary arthrosis. Six out of 18 Salter-Harris III and IV lesions of the medial malleolus were reduced open, none of which had any signs of growth disturbance, whereas 1 case, left with a 3-mm residual dislocation, had 5 degrees of anterior angulation. Of the 17 Tillaux fractures, ten were not reduced and two of these gave slight symptoms, whereas five openly reduced fractures were asymptomatic at follow-up. Out of 18 triplane fractures, not reduced, two gave slight ankle pain and another had 6 degrees of anterior angulation, whereas three of ten reduced fractures were symptomatic. The overall results were good and no case of arthrosis, defined as reduction of the joint space, was found in any of the fracture groups despite a follow-up of 12 or more years in one third of the cases.

Elbow fractures in children. An epidemiological analysis of 589 cases.

The radiographs of 589 elbow fractures in children under the age of 16 years were reviewed. The most common fractures were: supracondylar fracture of the humerus -55 per cent, fracture of the radial neck -14 per cent, and fracture of the lateral humeral condyle -12 per cent. One fifth of all fractures of the olecranon were associated with another elbow fracture; most often a fracture of the medial epicondyle. The average annual incidence of elbow fractures in the age group studied was 12 per 10.000 (10.0-14.7) without a significant change of the incidence between 1950 and 1979. Supracondylar and lateral condylar fracture of the humerus and fracture of the olecranon occurred more often in boys. Fractures of the lateral humeral condyle were more often caused by higher energy levels than the other fracture groups.

Bone mineral content in preterm infants at age 4 to 16.

Using photon absorptiometry the forearm bone mineral content (BMC) was determined in 75 children aged 4 to 16, who all had a low birth weight. Forty-five of them were born preterm AGA (27 boys, 18 girls, mean weight 1 580 g; range 920-2 060 g) and 30 preterm SGA (17 boys, 13 girls, mean weight 1510; range 940-2130 g). The results were compared with a control group of children of the same age, and analyses of covariance with age, height and weight as the covariant factors were performed. The BMC, weight and height did not differ between the children born AGA or SGA. Irrespective of AGA or SGA, the BMC was significantly decreased in boys but the difference was less pronounced and less significant when height and weight were used as covariant factors. Boys who had been born preterm had a less BMC than the control boys for their age but they were also somewhat shorter and lighter than expected with regard to their age.

Children's ankle fractures. Classification and epidemiology.

In an investigation of childhood and adolescence fractures (age groups 0-16) occurring in Malmö during 1950, 1955, 1960, 1965, 1970 and 1975-79, a total of 8682 were found. Four per cent or 373 ankle fractures were classified according to their roentgenological appearance. Avulsion fractures of the tip of the lateral malleolus were the most frequent, followed by fractures involving the distal fibular physis. Triplane and Tillaux fractures were the third and fourth most common fracture groups. Tillaux fractures were more common in girls (0.01 greater than P greater than 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the sexes in the other fracture groups or in the whole series. Most injuries were caused by low energy trauma. A foot caught in a bicycle wheel resulted more often in an epiphyseal fracture of the lateral malleolus than any other type of fracture. Otherwise no other etiological factor caused a significant number of cases in any fracture group. There was a seasonal variation with twice as many fractures during April and September as compared with July and December. The incidence showed a steady increase during growth which ceased after the early teens due to a lower incidence among girls in the age groups 15-16. The incidence increased significantly during the 30 years covered by this study.

Fracture patterns in children. Analysis of 8,682 fractures with special reference to incidence, etiology and secular changes in a Swedish urban population 1950-1979.

Age, sex, type of fracture and the circumstances causing the injury were studied in altogether 8,682 fractures in children, aged 0 - 16, which had occurred 1950, 1955, 1960, 1965, 1970 and 1975 - 1979. For studies of incidence, the years 1975 - 1979 were chosen and for secular trend studies 1950, 1955, 1960, 1965, 1970 and 1975 - 1979. The following conclusions may be drawn: 1. The risk of fracture increased with age up to age 11 - 12 in girls and 13 - 14 in boys. 2. The accumulated risk of fracture was 27 per cent in girls and 42 per cent in boys. 3. Fractures were more common in boys of all age groups. 4. Over the last three decades the risk of fracture was doubled in boys as well as in girls. 5. Over the years more and more fractures were caused by slight trauma whereas the more severe trauma - even if increasing somewhat in risk - contributed a smaller fraction of the injuries. 6. For the various types of fracture the pattern of change could differ - some increased in incidence, whereas some remained unchanged or even decreased. 7. All types of trauma - horse riding accidents excluded - were more frequent in boys. 8. The most commonly fractured region was the distal end of the forearm followed by the phalanges of the hand and the bones of the carpal-metacarpal region. 9. Playing, sports and traffic, in that order contributed 24, 21 and 12 per cent of those fractures in which the circumstances of the accident could be analysed. 10. Traffic accidents increased with one third in boys as well as in girls. 11. The passive participants in traffic - pedestrians and passengers in motor vehicles - were not more frequently injured during the latter part of the period under observation - a tendency of increase in girls was compensated for by a decrease in boys. 12. Sports and various playing activities as a cause of fracture increased with a factor of five. 13. In the upper limb, the left side was most frequently fractured. 14. The occurrence of fractures varied with the seasons with peak values in May and August and low values in July and December. 15. No fracture type in children could completely meet the criteria of a fragility fracture such as seen in old age. 16. Sustaining one fracture carried an increased risk of an additional fracture especially in the very young children. 17. Fractures not requiring reduction increased the most over the years. 18. The subset of children with various diseases suspected to interfere with skeletal development carried an increased risk of fracture. 19. Some age-related fracture patterns could be traced but they were not very distinct.