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For the upcycling of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET), encompassing both colored and fabric PET materials, we investigated the Ir(triNHC)-catalyzed dehydrogenative coupling of PET and methanol, leading to the production of sodium lactate with good yields. We proposed a sustainable method for isolating lactic acid from the catalytic reaction mixture of sodium lactate and regenerating the base using bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED). This isolation method demonstrated high effectiveness, achieving isolation of lactic acid while maintaining economic feasibility at $ 0.10â perâ kg of lactic acid, and enabling sustainable NaOH regeneration with complete resource circulation. We assessed the recyclability of the catalyst and elucidated the mechanism involving base-mediated depolymerization and catalyst-promoted dehydrogenation, highlighting the importance of triNHC ligands in enhancing catalytic activity.
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Rhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) Makino is known to have a seed dispersal that is thick and stony (endocarp + seeds) and has potential as a landscaping tree seed. In several Rosaceae species, seeds are covered with a hard endocarp, making the internal seeds water-impermeable and germination difficult. Here, we analyzed the morphoanatomical traits and germination properties of R. scandens seeds. To identify ideal seed propagation conditions, we immersed R. scandens seeds in sulfuric acid for varying durations and subjected them to phytohormone (gibberellic acid A3 and fluridone) and a cold stratification (CS) (5 °C) treatment after endocarp removal (ER). The R. scandens stony seeds did not increase in mass by ≥25.0%. Following ER, the seed mass increased by ≥50.0% with water absorption when compared to the initial dry mass. Seed surfaces showed damage and cracks through scarification after 1 h of immersion in sulfuric acid, failing to germinate. A combination of ER, phytohormone treatment, and CS improved seed germination compared to ER alone (26.0 ± 5.3%). Overall, R. scandens seeds showed a dispersal with a hard endocarp from the parent plant, and a pre-treatment with ER, phytohormones, and CS was required for effective seed propagation.
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Ir(triNHC) complexes catalyzed glycerol and alcohol dehydrogenative coupling, yielding diverse α-hydroxy acids. Unlike conventional conditions, Ir(triNHC) facilitated additional C-C bond formation after lactic acid production from glycerol, exhibiting high TOFs. This protocol successfully converted 1,2-propanediol and sorbitol into α-hydroxy acids, highlighting biomass-derived sources' potential as valuable platform chemicals.
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BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), and its pathogenicity is associated with its ability to evade the host defense system. The secretory form of the chorismate mutase of M. tuberculosis (TBCM, encoded by Rv1885c) is assumed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of TB; however, the mechanism remains unknown. METHODS: A tbcm deletion mutant (B∆tbcm) was generated by targeted gene knockout in BCG to investigate the pathogenic role of TBCM in mice or macrophages. We compared the pathogenesis of B∆tbcm and wild-type BCG in vivo by measuring the bacterial clearance rate and the degree of apoptosis. Promotion of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway was evaluated in infected bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) by measuring apoptotic cell death, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and translocation of pore-forming proteins. Immunocytochemistry, western blotting and real-time PCR were also performed to assess the related protein expression levels after infection. Furthermore, these findings were validated by complementation of tbcm in BCG. RESULTS: Deletion of the tbcm gene in BCG leads to reduced pathogenesis in a mouse model, compared to wild type BCG, by promoting apoptotic cell death and bacterial clearance. Based on these findings, we found that intrinsic apoptosis and mitochondrial impairment were promoted in B∆tbcm-infected BMDMs. B∆tbcm down-regulates the expression of Bcl-2, which leads to mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), culminating in cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Consistent with this, transcriptome profiling also indicated that B∆tbcm infection is more closely related to altered mitochondrial-related gene expression than wild-type BCG infection, suggesting an inhibitory role of TBCM in mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, genetic complementation of B∆tbcm (C∆tbcm) restored its capacity to inhibit mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate the contribution of TBCM to bacterial survival, inhibiting intrinsic apoptotic cell death of macrophages as a virulence factor of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains, which could be a potential target for the development of TB therapy.
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Corismato Mutasa , Mycobacterium bovis , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis , Animales , Ratones , Apoptosis/genética , Corismato Mutasa/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/microbiología , Mitocondrias/genética , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Tuberculosis/genética , Tuberculosis/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Korean bellflower (Campanula takesimana Nakai) is a rare and perennial herb with medicinal and ornamental values, is endemic to the Ulleung Island of Korea. In this study, we investigated the dormancy-release and germination characteristics of C. takesimana (Campanulaceae) seeds by subjecting them to varying temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25°C and diurnal/nocturnal temperatures of 15/6, 20/10, and 25/15°C), cold stratification periods (0, 4, 8, or 12 weeks at 5°C), and gibberellic acid (GA3) concentrations (0, 10, 100, or 1,000 mg·L-1 at 15/6°C and 25/15°C) to identify the ideal seed propagation conditions. The seeds were stimulated to germinate (at 25°C, 12-h photoperiod with fluorescent lamps at 40 ± 10 µmolâm-2âs-1) after cold stratification. To examine the germination characteristics, the seeds were tested for water imbibition and found to readily absorb water. The seeds exhibited underdeveloped embryos during dispersal, showed final germination of 37.00% ± 4.43 at 25°C and were not influenced by temperature. The seeds subjected to 0, 4, 8, or 12 weeks of cold stratification germinated at a success rate of 22.00% ± 4.76, 87.00% ± 6.80, 79.00% ± 2.52, and 77.00% ± 1.91, respectively. Additionally, the germination characteristics, which were based on final germination, mean germination time, and germination velocity (Timson index), were significantly greater in the seeds pretreated with 1,000 mg·L-1 GA3 at 25/15°C than in seeds pretreated with 0 mg·L-1 GA3. Overall, the seeds broke dormancy with GA3 and short-term cold stratification. Therefore, we concluded that C. takesimana seeds have non-deep, simple, morphophysiological dormancy, and pretreatment with cold stratification and GA3 is required for effective seed propagation.
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Campanulaceae , Codonopsis , Temperatura , Semillas/fisiología , Agua , República de Corea , Germinación/fisiología , Latencia en las Plantas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Bacterial leaf blight of carrots caused by Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae (Xhc) is an important worldwide seed-borne disease. In 2012 and 2013, symptoms similar to bacterial leaf blight were found in carrot farms in Jeju Island, Korea. The phenotypic characteristics of the Korean isolation strains were similar to the type strain of Xhc. Pathogenicity showed symptoms on the 14th day after inoculation on carrot plants. Identification by genetic method was multi-position sequencing of the isolated strain JJ2001 was performed using four genes (danK, gyrB, fyuA, and rpoD). The isolated strain was confirmed to be most similar to Xhc M081. Furthermore, in order to analyze the genetic characteristics of the isolated strain, whole genome analysis was performed through the next-generation sequencing method. The draft genome size of JJ2001 is 5,443,372 bp, which contains 63.57% of G + C and has 4,547 open reading frames. Specifically, the classification of pathovar can be confirmed to be similar to that of the host lineage. Plant pathogenic factors and determinants of the majority of the secretion system are conserved in strain JJ2001. This genetic information enables detailed comparative analysis in the pathovar stage of pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, these findings provide basic data for the distribution and diagnosis of Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae, a major plant pathogen that infects carrots in Korea.
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Fire blight is one of the destructive plant diseases caused by Erwinia amylovora and causes enormous economic losses worldwide. Fire blight was initially reported in apples, pears, and Chinese quince (Park et al. 2016; Myung et al. 2016a, 2016b) in Korea, but recent studies have reported new hosts such as apricot (Lee et al. 2021) and mountain ash (Lim et al, 2023). These reports indicate that fire blight is likely to disperse to new hosts in Korea. During the nationwide survey in June 2021, we observed typical symptoms of blossom blight and shoot blight on a Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge) just near an orchard (37°09'21.7"N, 127°35'02.6"E) in Icheon, Gyeonggi Province, where fire blight of Asian pear occurred. For identifying its causal agent, bacterial isolates were recovered after incubating at 28 â for 24 hours on tryptic soy agar (TSA) medium (BD Difco, USA) from blighted leaves and shoots that were surface sterilized with 70% alcohol for 30 sec and homogenized in 500 µl of 10mM MgCl2. Pure cultures of white to mucoid colonies were grown on mannitol glutamate yeast extract (MGY) medium, a semi-selective medium for E. amylovora (Shrestha et al, 2003). Two isolates produced 1.5 kb amplicon through colony PCR using amsB primers (Bereswill et al. 1995). Two strains (CPFB26 and CPFB27) from the Chinese hawthorn produced amplicons identical to that from the TS3128 strain of E. amylovora, isolated from the pear tree and identified in 2016 (Park et al. 2016). For the partial 16s rRNA sequences, the total DNA of these two strains was extracted using the Wizard DNA prep kit (Promega, USA), and PCR was performed using fD1 (5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3') and Rp2 (5'-ACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3') primer sets and further sequenced (Weisburg et al. 1991). These sequences belonged to the E. amylovora clade and were identified as E. amylovora in phylogenetic analysis (GenBank accession no. OP753569 and OP753570). Based on BLASTN analysis, CPFB26 and CPFB27 showed 99.78% similarity to the sequences of the E. amylovora strains TS3128, CFBP 1430, and ATCC 49946. To confirm pathogenicity of the isolates, 10 ã bacterial suspensions (1.5 â ¹ 108 CFU/ml) was injected through the veins of the upper 2nd leaf of 3-month-old clone of apple rootstock (Malus domestica cv. M29) and incubated for six days at 28 â in a chamber with 12 hours of light per day. Petioles and stems turned red hue, and the shoots finally blighted. To complete Koch's postulates, colonies were recovered on TSA medium from the inoculated apple rootstocks and verified through colony PCR for the amsB and A/B primer set (Powney et al. 2011). Hawthorn has been reported as an epidemiologically important alternate host plant of fire blight (van der Zwet et al. 2012). This study is the first to report fire blight caused by E. amylovora in Chinese hawthorn in Korea. Because Chinese hawthorn is natively distributed in Korea and is widely used as a landscaping tree (Jang et al. 2006), the findings of this study suggest that early monitoring could prevent the spread of fire blight through natural hosts.
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Introduction: Skin vaccination using dissolving microneedle patch (MNP) technology for transdermal delivery is a promising vaccine delivery strategy to overcome the limitations of the existing vaccine administration strategies using syringes. To improve the traditional microneedle mold fabrication technique, we introduced droplet extension (DEN) to reduce drug loss. Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem worldwide, and BCG revaccination had failed to increase the protective efficacy against tuberculosis. We developed an MNP with live Mycobacterium paragordonae (Mpg) (Mpg-MNP) as a candidate of tuberculosis booster vaccine in a heterologous prime-boost strategy to increase the BCG vaccine efficacy. Materials and methods: The MNPs were fabricated by the DEN method on a polyvinyl alcohol mask film and hydrocolloid-adhesive sheet with microneedles composed of a mixture of mycobacteria and hyaluronic acid. We assessed the transdermal delivery efficiency by comparing the activation of the dermal immune system with that of subcutaneous injection. A BCG prime Mpg-MNP boost regimen was administered to a mouse model to evaluate the protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis. Results: We demonstrated the successful transdermal delivery achieved by Mpg-MNP compared with that observed with BCG-MNP or subcutaneous vaccination via an increased abundance of MHCII-expressing Langerin+ cells within the dermis that could migrate into draining lymph nodes to induce T-cell activation. In a BCG prime-boost regimen, Mpg-MNP was more protective than BCG-only immunization or BCG-MNP boost, resulting in a lower bacterial burden in the lungs of mice infected with virulent M. tuberculosis. Mpg-MNP-boosted mice showed higher serum levels of IgG than BCG-MNP-boosted mice. Furthermore, Ag85B-specific T-cells were activated after BCG priming and Mpg-MNP boost, indicating increased production of Th1-related cytokines in response to M. tuberculosis challenge, which is correlated with enhanced protective efficacy. Discussion: The MNP fabricated by the DEN method maintained the viability of Mpg and achieved effective release in the dermis. Our data demonstrate a potential application of Mpg-MNP as a booster vaccine to enhance the efficacy of BCG vaccination against M. tuberculosis. This study produced the first MNP loaded with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) to be used as a heterologous booster vaccine with verified protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Vacunas contra la Tuberculosis , Tuberculosis , Animales , Ratones , Vacuna BCG , Tuberculosis/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Exploiting the heterologous effects of vaccines is a feasible strategy to combat different pathogens. These effects have been explained by enhanced immune responses of innate immune cells. Mycobacterium paragordonae is a rare nontuberculosis mycobacterium that has temperature-sensitive properties. Although natural killer (NK) cells exhibit heterologous immunity features, the cellular crosstalk between NK cells and dendritic cells (DCs) during live mycobacterial infection has remained elusive. We show that live but not dead M. paragordonae enhances heterologous immunity against unrelated pathogens in NK cells by IFN-ß of DCs in both mouse models and primary human immune cells. C-di-GMP from live M. paragordonae acted as a viability-associated pathogen-associated molecular pattern (Vita-PAMP), leading to STING-dependent type I IFN production in DCs via the IRE1α/XBP1s pathway. Also, increased cytosolic 2'3'-cGAMP by cGAS can induce type I IFN response in DCs by live M. paragordonae infection. We found that DC-derived IFN-ß plays a pivotal role in NK cell activation by live M. paragordonae infection, showing NK cell-mediated nonspecific protective effects against Candida albicans infection in a mouse model. Our findings indicate that the heterologous effect of live M. paragordonae vaccination is mediated by NK cells based on the crosstalk between DCs and NK cells.
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Interferón Tipo I , Mycobacterium , Ratones , Animales , Humanos , Interferón Tipo I/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Inmunidad Heteróloga , Endorribonucleasas/metabolismo , Mycobacterium/metabolismo , Células Asesinas Naturales , Células DendríticasRESUMEN
Fire blight, caused by the bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora, is a highly destructive disease of apple and pear. Because the apple tree gets systemically infected with E. amylovora and eventually dies, E. amylovora is a considerably important pathogen in the orchard that requires long-term management. In addition, it is crucial to prevent the spread of the pathogen by expeditious diagnosis. In this study, via comparative approaches to the genome sequences of the strains of various Erwinia spp., we designed specific primers targeting a hypothetical gene that is single copy and located in the chromosomal DNA of E. amylovora. This primer set specifically amplified the DNA of E. amylovora but no other bacteria, including E. pyrifoliae, Pectobacterium spp., Pantoea spp., and Dickeya chrysanthemi. Furthermore, the SYBR Green-based real-time PCR using the primer set allowed accurate estimation of the population of E. amylovora. Developing a rapid and accurate diagnostic method using the novel primer set enables effective defense against pathogen spread through continuous monitoring and quick response.
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Erwinia amylovora , Malus , Pyrus , Erwinia amylovora/genética , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Malus/microbiología , Pyrus/microbiologíaRESUMEN
We investigated differences in brain activity in response to sleep-related pictures between chronic insomnia disorder (CID) patients and good sleepers (GS), and examined whether brain activity moderated the relationship between depressive symptoms and sleep disturbance in CID patients and GS. This study included 43 patients diagnosed with CID, based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-3, and 42 GS. The participants kept a sleep diary, underwent nocturnal polysomnography to measure sleep parameters, and completed self-report questionnaires to assess sleep and psychiatric symptoms. They underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine differences in brain activity in response to sleep-related pictures compared to neutral pictures. A moderated moderation analysis was performed to investigate the moderating role of brain responses to sleep-related pictures in the association between depressive symptoms and sleep disturbance. Compared to GS, the brain responses to sleep-related stimuli were significantly lower in CID patients in the right lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC). More severe depressive symptoms were significantly associated with longer sleep latency only when LPFC activity was low in CID patients, but not in GS. LPFC hypoactivity in response to sleep-related stimuli in CID patients could moderate the relationship between depression and sleep disturbance.
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Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia , Humanos , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño/complicaciones , Depresión/complicaciones , Sueño , PolisomnografíaRESUMEN
STUDY OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the altered neural function involved in emotional interference and its role in linking sleep disturbance and depressive/anxiety symptoms in rotating shift workers. METHODS: Sixty rotating shift workers and 61 controls performed the emotional Stroop task in three blocks (emotional-related, sleep-related, and neutral words) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) assessments. Sleep disturbance and depressive/anxiety symptoms were assessed using self-report measures and sleep diaries. Actigraphy was used to assess the sleep and circadian variables. fMRI scans were performed to compare brain activation during the emotional Stroop task. The proposed moderating models were tested using the PROCESS macro in SPSS software. RESULTS: A significant condition effect on reaction time was detected. Regardless of the group, reaction times were longer in the negative emotional word and sleep-related conditions than in the neutral word condition. Whole-brain analysis revealed that rotating shift workers show greater neural activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) compared with controls while performing the emotional Stroop task with negative emotional words. Sleep disturbance was more strongly associated with depressive symptoms when activation of the left DLPFC was higher during the emotional Stroop task with negative words. CONCLUSIONS: The left DLPFC may play important roles in increased sensitivity to emotional information, possibly due to circadian misalignment, and has moderating effects on the association between sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms in rotating shift workers. These findings will help to identify possible brain regions where interventions can be performed to correct sleep and mood problems in rotating shift workers.
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Depresión , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia , Humanos , Depresión/complicaciones , Depresión/psicología , Emociones/fisiología , Corteza Prefrontal/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Prefrontal/fisiología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/complicaciones , Sueño , Cognición/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important crop grown in Korea primarily for its use in kimchi, and is cultivated on an area of about 23,000ha. In September 2016, radish leaves were observed with yellowing and wilting symptoms in Gangneung (37.55406°N, 128.84871°E) and Jeongseon (37.42895°N, 128.85882°E), Gangwon province, South Korea. Disease incidence was estimated at approximately 10% in two fields, respectively. About 30% of radish plants (cv. Gwangdongyeoreum) with foliar symptoms exhibited vascular discoloration in the roots. Small pieces of discolored root tissue were surface sterilized in 1% NaOCl for 30s, and then rinsed in sterile water. The tissue pieces were placed on water agar and incubated at 25°C for 10 days. Eight isolates were obtained through single spore isolation, and a representative isolate NC16557 (from Gangneung) was selected for identification. After 14 days, colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) were 3.7 cm in diameter and becoming dark due to the formation of microsclerotia. Aerial hyphae were smooth-walled, 3 to 4 µm wide. Conidiophores were erect or slanted, verticillately branched or unbranched, and hyaline. Conidia were hyaline, smooth-walled, non-septate, cylindrical to oval, 4.8 to 6.6 × 2.6 to 3.4 µm (mean 5.7 × 2.9 µm, l/w =2.0, n =80). Microsclerotia were immersed in the agar, composed of rounded, brown-pigmented cells and elongate or irregular in shape, 42 to 60 µm diam. Based on morphology, NC16557 isolate was tentatively identified as Verticillium dahliae (Hawksworth and Talboys, 1970; Isaac, 1967). To confirm taxonomic placement, DNA extracted from mycelia of the same isolate was PCR amplified and sequenced targeting internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA, translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF), actin (ACT), tryptophan synthase (TS), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) genes (Inderbitzin et al., 2011). The sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers MZ723402, and MZ735720-MZ735723, respectively. The sequencing results showed 100% (ITS=479/479, TEF=500/500, ACT=185/185, and TS=295/295) and 99.61% (GPD=257/258) similarity with the sequences of V. dahlia type strain PD322 (LR026889, HQ414624, HQ206921, HQ414909, and HQ414719) by BLAST. Based on the morphology and multigene sequence analysis, the isolate was identified as V. dahliae. Pathogenicity of two isolates (NC16557 and NC16547) was carried out in the greenhouse using ten 10-day-old seedlings (cv. Gwangdongyeoreum) by root-tip cutting and then soaking the roots in a fungal spore suspension of 106 conidia mL-1 for 1 hour. Ten seedlings were treated with sterile distilled water as a control. All plants were placed in the greenhouse at 15°C (night)/25°C (day) with natural light. After 6 weeks, all inoculated plants showed vascular discoloration in the roots while control plants remained asymptomatic. However, the above-ground symptoms of inoculated plants, such as yellowing and wilting, were indistinguishable from control plants. V. dahliae was consistently re-isolated from the symptomatic root tissues and the pathogen identity was confirmed by observing morphological characteristics. Verticillium wilt of radish has been reported from China(Yan et al., 2019). In Korea, this is the first report that V. dahliae causes Verticillium wilt of radish, although Dumin et al. (2020) already reported on Verticillium wilt of Chinese cabbage in Gangwon province, the main production area of Chinese cabbage and radish in summer. With these findings in Chinese cabbage and now radish, it will be critical to identify or develop Verticillium-resistant varieties and other management strategies for the stable production of these crops in Korea.
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Erwinia amylovora and Erwinia pyrifoliae cause fire blight and black-shoot blight, respectively, in apples and pears. E. pyrifoliae is less pathogenic and has a narrower host range than that of E. amylovora. Fire blight and black-shoot blight exhibit similar symptoms, making it difficult to distinguish one bacterial disease from the other. Molecular tools that differentiate fire blight from black-shoot blight could guide in the implementation of appropriate management strategies to control both diseases. In this study, a primer set was developed to detect and distinguish E. amylovora from E. pyrifoliae by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The primers produced amplicons of different sizes that were specific to each bacterial species. PCR products from E. amylovora and E. pyrifoliae cells at concentrations of 104 cfu/ml and 107 cfu/ml, respectively, were amplified, which demonstrated sufficient primer detection sensitivity. This primer set provides a simple molecular tool to distinguish between two types of bacterial diseases with similar symptoms.
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BACKGROUND: Unnecessary and inappropriate laboratory testing accounts for a significant portion of waste in health care utilization. The aim of this study was to examine the diagnostic value of the anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) test by examining the rate of ANA associated rheumatic disease (AARD) diagnosis among ANA tested and ANA positive subjects and positive predictive value (PPV) of ANA test leading to AARD diagnosis in different ANA titers and different subsets of patients in 5 hospitals affiliated with a university. METHODS: We retrospectively extracted data from all subjects who were tested for ANA from year 2010 to 2019. Those who were first evaluated at or referred to rheumatology were further evaluated with extraction of data including ANA titer and ultimate diagnosis. PPVs for ANA test were evaluated after stratification according to clinically relevant key parameters, such as patient age (younger < 65 years vs. older), sex, and requesting department. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2019, A total of 94,153 patients were tested for ANA, of which 13,600 (14.4% of the total) were positive. AARD was diagnosed in only 0.69% among all ANA tested patients and 4.74% among ANA positive patients. The AARD diagnosis rate of ANA positive patients varied widely from 0.1% to 8.7% by requesting department. Using cutoff values above 1:320 yielded PPVs of 15.6 and 7.8% for all AARs and systemic lupus erythematosus. The PPV was significantly higher in young age (< 65 years) and in women, and when it was requested from internal medicine vs other departments. CONCLUSION: AARD was diagnosed in less than 1% of all ANA tested patients in university-affiliated hospitals. This result shows that careful consideration before ordering the screening ANA is needed to improve the utility of the test for providers and patients and to reduce health costs spurred by unnecessary testing and its consequences.
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Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico , Enfermedades Reumáticas , Anciano , Anticuerpos Antinucleares , Femenino , Hospitales Universitarios , Humanos , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/diagnóstico , República de Corea , Estudios Retrospectivos , Enfermedades Reumáticas/diagnóstico , UniversidadesRESUMEN
STUDY OBJECTIVES: In the present study, factors associated with sleep perception were identified by comparing clinical characteristics and polysomnographic variables between insomnia patients with negative and positive sleep state misperception (NSSM and PSSM, respectively). METHODS: Self-reported and objective sleep measures were retrospectively collected, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Depression Inventory, and a questionnaire on "morning feeling" after nocturnal polysomnography in 150 patients with insomnia. Based on the misperception index (MI), participants were classified into NSSM (MI > 0, n = 115) and PSSM (MI < 0, n = 35) groups. RESULTS: The PSSM group had more N3 sleep on nocturnal polysomnography than the NSSM group (P = .002). The NSSM group showed a higher PSQI score (P < .001), longer self-reported sleep-onset latency (SOL) (P = .001), and a greater SOL discrepancy (P = .001). Self-reported feelings of tiredness and morning awakenings in the morning were higher in the NSSM group (P = .029 and P = .038). The MI negatively correlated with a proportion of N3 sleep (P = .005) and positively correlated with PSQI (P < .001), morning awakenings (P = .01), self-reported SOL (P < .001), and SOL discrepancy (P < .001) in patients with insomnia. Multiple regression analysis showed that N3 sleep, PSQI, and morning awakenings were significantly associated with MI in patients with insomnia. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of slow-wave sleep and self-reported measures may be associated with perception of sleep in patients with insomnia. Objective and self-reported characteristics of patients with insomnia should be carefully evaluated and managed because they may influence the perception of sleep. CITATION: Yoon G, Lee MH, Oh SM, Choi J-W, Yoon SY, Lee YJ. Negative and positive sleep state misperception in patients with insomnia: factors associated with sleep perception. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(7):1789-1795.
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Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño , Humanos , Percepción , Polisomnografía , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sueño , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño/complicacionesRESUMEN
Ir(NHC) (NHC, N-heterocyclic carbene)-catalyzed dehydrogenative coupling of sustainable ethylene glycol and various bioalcohols can produce industrially valuable α-hydroxy acids (AHAs). This study is the first to report the sustainable synthesis of higher Cn AHAs, in addition to glycolic acid (C2 AHA) and lactic acid (C3 AHA). This catalytic system can be recycled to the seventh cycle while maintaining good yields. A reaction mechanism, including facile dehydrogenation of each alcohol and fast cross-coupling of dehydrogenated aldehydes forming products, was proposed based on 18O- and 2H-labeling experiments and electron spray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and NMR spectral analyses.
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Alcoholes , Glicol de Etileno , Aldehídos , Catálisis , HidroxiácidosRESUMEN
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has led to many cases and deaths worldwide. Therefore, a number of vaccine candidates have been developed to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Of these, to date, 21 vaccines have received emergency approval for human use in at least one country. However, the recent global emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has compromised the efficacy of the currently available vaccines. To protect against these variants, the use of vaccines that modulate T cell-mediated immune responses or innate immune cell memory function, termed trained immunity, is needed. The major advantage of a vaccine that uses bacteria or viral systems for the delivery of COVID-19 antigens is the ability to induce both T cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. In addition, such vaccine systems can also exert off-target effects via the vector itself, mediated partly through trained immunity; compared to other vaccine platforms, suggesting that this approach can provide better protection against even vaccine escape variants. This review presents the current status of the development of COVID-19 vaccines based on recombinant viral and bacterial delivery systems. We also discuss the current status of the use of licensed live vaccines for other infections, including BCG, oral polio and MMR vaccines, to prevent COVID-19 infections.
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COVID-19 , Pandemias , Bacterias , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Humanos , Pandemias/prevención & control , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Desarrollo de VacunasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effects of anterior insula (AI) activation on the association between stress and sleep disturbance as a neurobiological basis of the trait-like degree of sleep reactivity to stress. Additionally, it examined the effects of AI activity on the association between sleep disturbance and depression. METHODS: The participants were 48 adults. To assess AI activation in response to sleep-related stimuli (SS) compared to neutral stimuli (NS), we extracted mean AI parameter estimates for the SS-NS contrast. We examined whether the interaction between life stress and AI activation would predict sleep disturbance and whether the interaction between sleep disturbance and AI activation would predict depression. RESULTS: At higher levels of bilateral AI activation in response to SS, higher levels of stress were associated with greater sleep disturbance (left AI x stress: b = 1.07, SE = 0.44, p < 0.05; right AI x stress: b = 1.05, SE = 0.48, p < 0.05). In addition, at higher levels of right AI activation, higher levels of sleep disturbance were associated with more severe depressive symptoms (right AI x sleep disturbance: b = 2.55, SE = 1.10, p < 0.05). LIMITATION: This study assessed sleep quality and depressive symptoms based on self-reported questionnaires. CONCLUSION: This study revealed moderating effects of AI activation on the association between negative life stress and sleep disturbance. Additionally, AI activation strengthened the association between sleep disturbance and depression. AI activation may reflect a crucial etiological diathesis for insomnia and stress-related disorders.