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Immunological adjuvants are vaccine components that enhance long-lasting adaptive immune responses to weakly immunogenic antigens. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) is a potent and safe vaccine adjuvant that initiates an early innate immune response by binding to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Importantly, the binding and recognition process is highly dependent on the monomeric state of MPLA. However, current vaccine delivery systems often prioritize improving the loading efficiency of MPLA, while neglecting the need to maintain its monomeric form for optimal immune activation. Here, we introduce a Pickering emulsion-guided MPLA monomeric delivery system (PMMS), which embed MPLA into the oil-water interface to achieve the monomeric loading of MPLA. During interactions with antigen-presenting cells, PMMS functions as a chaperone for MPLA, facilitating efficient recognition by TLR4 regardless of the presence of lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins. At the injection site, PMMS efficiently elicited local immune responses, subsequently promoting the migration of antigen-internalized dendritic cells to the lymph nodes. Within the draining lymph nodes, PMMS enhanced antigen presentation and maturation of dendritic cells. In C57BL/6 mice models, PMMS vaccination provoked potent antigen-specific CD8+ T cell-based immune responses. Additionally, PMMS demonstrated strong anti-tumor effects against E.G7-OVA lymphoma. These data indicate that PMMS provides a straightforward and efficient strategy for delivering monomeric MPLA to achieve robust cellular immune responses and effective cancer immunotherapy.
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BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major clinical and global public health issue, with no specific pharmacological treatment available. Currently, there is a lack of approved drugs for the clinical treatment of NAFLD. Large-leaf yellow tea polysaccharides (YTP) is a natural biomacromolecule with excellent prebiotic properties and significant therapeutic effects on multiple metabolic diseases. However, the specific mechanisms by which YTP regulates NAFLD remain unclear. PURPOSE: This study aims to explore the prebiotic effects of YTP and the potential mechanisms by which it inhibits hepatic cholesterol accumulation in NAFLD mice. METHODS: The effects of YTP on lipid accumulation were evaluated in NAFLD mice through obesity trait analysis and bile acids (BAs) metabolism assessment. Additionally, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed, and high-throughput sequencing was employed to investigate the mechanisms underlying YTP's regulatory effects on gut microbiota and BA metabolism. RESULTS: Our study demonstrated that YTP altered the constitution of colonic BA, particularly increasing the levels of conjugated BA and non-12OH BA, which suppressed ileum FXR receptors and hepatic BA reabsorption, facilitated BA synthesis, and fecal BA excretion. The modifications were characterized by a decrease in the levels of FXR, FGF15, FGFR4, and ASBT proteins, and an increase in the levels of Cyp7a1 and Cyp27a1 proteins. YTP might affect enterohepatic circulation and by the activated the hepatic FXR-SHP pathway. Meanwhile, YTP reshaped the intestinal microbiome structure by decreasing BSH-producing genera and increasing taurine metabolism genera. The correlation analysis implied that Muribaculaceae, Pseudomonas, acterium_coprostanoligenes_group, Clostridiales, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Delftia, Dubosiella, and Romboutsia were strongly correlated with specific BA monomers. CONCLUSIONS: YTP modulates bile salt hydrolase-related microbial genera to activate alternative bile acid synthesis pathways, thereby inhibiting NAFLD progression. These results suggest that YTP may serve as a potential probiotic formulation, offering a feasible dietary intervention for NAFLD.
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Ácidos y Sales Biliares , Trasplante de Microbiota Fecal , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Polisacáridos , Té , Animales , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/prevención & control , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos y Sales Biliares/metabolismo , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Masculino , Ratones , Té/química , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Prebióticos , Factores de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares/metabolismo , Amidohidrolasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) significantly predisposes individuals to diabetes and is a prognostic factor for the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of (-)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG) in alleviating signs of MetS-associated DN in db/db mice. We administered GCG and monitored its effects on several metabolic parameters, including food and water intake, urinary output, blood glucose levels, glucose and insulin homeostasis, lipid profiles, blood pressure, and renal function biomarkers. The main findings indicated that GCG intervention led to marked improvements in these metabolic indicators and renal function, signifying its potential in managing MetS and DN. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed substantial modifications in gene expression, notably the downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes such as S100a8, S100a9, Cd44, Socs3, Mmp3, Mmp9, Nlrp3, IL-1ß, Osm, Ptgs2, and Lcn2 and the upregulation of the anti-oxidative gene Gstm3. These genetic alterations suggest significant effects on pathways related to inflammation and oxidative stress. In conclusion, GCG demonstrates therapeutic efficacy for MetS-associated DN, mitigating metabolic disturbances and enhancing renal health by modulating inflammatory and oxidative responses.
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Endemic fluorosis has gained increasing attention as a public health concern, and the escalating risk of colitis resulting from excessive fluoride intake calls for effective mitigation strategies. This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the alleviation of fluoride-induced colitis by Tea polysaccharides (TPS). Under conditions of excessive fluoride intake, significant changes were observed in the gut microbiota of rats, leading to aggravated colitis. However, the intervention of TPS exerted a notable alleviating effect on colitis symptoms. Antibiotic intervention and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments provided evidence that TPS-mediated relief of fluoride-induced colitis is mediated through its effects on the gut microbiota. Furthermore, TPS supplementation was found to modulate the structure of gut microbiota, enhance the relative abundance of Limosilactobacillus vaginalis in the gut microbiota, and promote the expression of short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) receptors in colonic tissue. Notably, L. vaginalis played a significant role in alleviating fluoride-induced colitis and facilitating the absorption of butyric acid in the rat colon. Subsequent butyric acid intervention experiments confirmed its remarkable alleviating effect on fluoride-induced colitis. Overall, these findings provide a potential preventive strategy for fluoride-induced colitis by TPS intervention, which is mediated by L. vaginalis and butyric acid.
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Ácido Butírico , Colitis , Fluoruros , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Polisacáridos , Té , Animales , Ácido Butírico/metabolismo , Fluoruros/toxicidad , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Colitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Colitis/prevención & control , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Masculino , Té/química , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Colon/metabolismo , RatasRESUMEN
Large-leaf yellow tea (LYT)-derived peptides (TPP) are rich in amino acids required for damage repair, such as Glu, Arg, and Pro, and can be used to alleviate acute colitis. However, its effect and mechanisms against colitis remain unclear. This study utilized TPP to intervene in dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 J mice. Results confirmed that TPP ameliorated acute colitis symptoms by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, restoring gut microbiota dysbiosis, particularly by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria Akkermansia and Lactobacillus while declining harmful microbiota Escherichia-Shigella. Besides, TPP intervention reshaped the gut microbiota phenotype by increasing the aerobic phenotype and reducing the potentially pathogenic phenotype. Levels of short-chain fatty acids, including acetic acid, propanoic acid, isobutyric acid, and butyric acid, were also enhanced in a dose-dependent manner to help restore gut microbiota equilibrium. This study supports using TPP as a viable plant protein-derived dietary resource for alleviating inflammatory bowel disease.
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Colitis , Sulfato de Dextran , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Péptidos , Animales , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Colitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Colitis/microbiología , Sulfato de Dextran/efectos adversos , Ratones , Péptidos/administración & dosificación , Péptidos/farmacología , Péptidos/química , Masculino , Humanos , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/administración & dosificación , Té/química , Camellia sinensis/química , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
Chemotherapy, the most common class of anticancer drugs, is considerably limited owing to its adverse side effects. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the protective effect and mechanism of action of large-leaf yellow tea polysaccharides (ULYTP-1, 1.29 × 104 Da) against chemotherapeutic 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu). Structural characterisation revealed that ULYTP-1 was a ß-galactopyranouronic acid. Furthermore, ULYTP-1 promoted autolysosome formation, activating autophagy and reducing the oxidative stress and inflammation caused by 5-Fu. Our in vivo study of 4 T1 tumour-bearing mice revealed that ULYTP-1 also attenuated 5-Fu toxicity through modulation of the gut microbiota. Moreover, ULYTP-1 effectively protected immune organs and the liver from 5-Fu toxicity, while promoting its tumour-inhibitory properties. The current findings provide a new strategy for optimising chemotherapy regimens in the clinic.
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Fluorouracilo , Polisacáridos , Animales , Ratones , Línea Celular Tumoral , Fluorouracilo/uso terapéutico , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Autofagia , TéRESUMEN
Green tea catechins (GTCs) are dietary polyphenols with broad bioactivities that undergo extensive microbial metabolism in the human gut. However, microbial-transferred metabolites and their health benefits are not fully understood. Herein, the microbial metabolism of GTCs by human fecal microbiota and dynamic alteration of the microbiota were integrally investigated via in vitro anaerobic fermentation. The results showed that the human gut microbiota exhibited a strong metabolic effect on GTCs via UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. A total of 35 microbial-transferred metabolites were identified, far more than were identified in previous studies. Among them, five metabolites, namely EGCG quinone, EGC quinone, ECG quinone, EC quinone, and mono-oxygenated EGCG, were identified for the first time in fermented GTCs with the human gut microbiota. Consequently, corresponding metabolic pathways were proposed. Notably, the antioxidant, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the GTCs sample increased after fermentation compared to those of the initial unfermented sample. The results of the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the GTCs significantly altered gut microbial diversity and enriched the abundancy of Eubacterium, Flavonifractor, etc., which may be further involved in the metabolisms of GTCs. Thus, these findings contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between GTCs and gut microbiota, as well as the health benefits of green tea consumption.
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To investigate the efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and its underlying mechanism in preventing bisphenol-A-induced metabolic disorders, in this study, a mice model of metabolic disorders induced by BPA was developed to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of EGCG using microbiomes and metabolomics. The results showed that EGCG reduced body weight, liver weight ratio, and triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in mice by decreasing the mRNA expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis (Elov16) and cholesterol synthesis (CYP4A14) and increasing the mRNA expression of genes related to fatty acid oxidation (Lss) and cholesterol metabolism (Cyp7a1). In addition, EGCG normalized BPA-induced intestinal microbial dysbiosis. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that low-dose EGCG was more effective than high-dose EGCG at affecting the biosynthesis of L-cysteine, glycerophosphorylcholine, and palmitoleic acid. These results provide specific data and a theoretical basis for the risk assessment of BPA and the utilization of EGCG.
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Compuestos de Bencidrilo , Catequina/análogos & derivados , Enfermedades Metabólicas , Fenoles , Ratones , Animales , Colesterol , ARN Mensajero , Ácidos GrasosRESUMEN
Long-term high-fat diet (HFD) will induce dysbiosis and a disturbance of intestinal homeostasis. Large yellow tea polysaccharide (LYP) has been shown to improve obesity-associated metabolic disease via modulation of the M2 polarization. However, the contribution of LYP to intestinal barrier impairment and improvement mechanisms in obesity caused by an HFD are still not clear. In this study, we evaluated the impacts of LYP on the mucosal barrier function and microbiota composition in HFD-feeding mice. Results exhibited that dietary LYP supplement could ameliorate the physical barrier function via maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity and elevating tight-junction protein production, strengthen the chemical barrier function via up-regulating the levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 and increasing mucin-producing goblet cell numbers, and enhance the intestinal immune barrier function though suppressing immune cell subsets and cytokines toward pro-inflammatory phenotypes. Moreover, LYP reshaped the constitution and metabolism of intestinal flora by enriching probiotics that produce short-chain fatty acids. Overall, LYP might be used as a critical regulator of intestinal homeostasis to improve host health by promoting gut barrier integrity, modulating intestinal immune response, and inhibiting bowel inflammation.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Ratones , Animales , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Disbiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Obesidad/etiología , Obesidad/genética , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Homeostasis , Té , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
Dietary habits and exercise play an important role in the well-being of human health. Currently, how long of drinking tea combined with exercise could efficiently ameliorate hepatic steatosis and obesity still needs to be investigated. Here, short-term and long-term green tea drinking combined with exercise were studied to improve hepatic steatosis and obesity in high-fat diet-induced (HF) mice. Our results showed that Yunkang 10 green tea (GT) combined with exercise (Ex) exhibited synergistic prevention effects on ameliorating hepatic steatosis and obesity. Especially, 22-week intervention with GT or Ex improved all symptoms of obesity, which indicated that long-term intervention exhibited profound preventive effects than the short term. Moreover, the combined intervention of 22 weeks inhibited the activation of NF-κB pathway and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, which suggests that tea combined exercise may improve liver steatosis mainly by inhibiting inflammation. The key molecules for regulating lipid and glucose metabolism SCD1 were obviously downregulated, and GLU2 and PPARγ were significantly upregulated by GT and exercise in the liver of high-fat diet-induced mice. This study demonstrated that long-term intervention with GT and exercise effectively relieved hepatic steatosis and obesity complications by ameliorating hepatic inflammation, reducing lipid synthesis, and accelerating glucose transport.
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Obesity-induced metabolic syndrome is strongly associated with infiltrated adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs). Large yellow tea, a traditional functional beverage in China, has been shown to possess anti-obesity effects. However, the effect of large yellow tea polysaccharides (LYPs) against obesity-associated metabolic syndrome and their underlying mechanisms remain unclear and must be extensively investigated. In this study, we investigated the ameliorative effect of LYPs on metabolic syndrome using a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. Our results indicated that LYPs significantly alleviated weight gain, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Moreover, LYPs restored the homeostasis of energy metabolism and pancreatic ß-cell function. Notably, LYPs promoted M2 polarization of ATMs by regulating the expression of genes and specific cytokines involved in the assembly and secretion of M2 polarization. The improved metabolic syndrome of LYPs might be associated with the modulation of macrophage polarization. These findings suggest that LYPs might be a novel potential therapeutic agent to prevent or treat HFD-induced metabolic disorders by regulating M2 polarization.
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Resistencia a la Insulina , Síndrome Metabólico , Ratones , Animales , Síndrome Metabólico/metabolismo , Té/metabolismo , Inflamación/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Obesidad/genética , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
The tea plant accumulates elevated levels of fluoride (F) from environmental sources. Drinking tea containing high F levels poses a potential threat to human health. Selenium (Se) was applied by foliar spray to investigate its effects on F accumulation and physiology in tea plant. Foliar application of different forms of Se, i.e., Na2SeO3, Kappa-selenocarrageenan, Selenomethionine and Nanoselenium, reduced F content in tea leaves by 10.17 %-44.28 %, 16.12 %-35.41 %, 22.19 %-45.99 % and 22.24 %-43.82 %, respectively. Foliar spraying Se could increase F accumulation in pectin through increasing pectin content and pectin demethylesterification to bind more F in the cell wall, which decreased the proportion of water-soluble fluoride in tea leaves. Application of Se significantly decreased the contents of chromium (39.6 %-72.0 %), cadmium (48.3 %-84.4 %), lead (2.2 %-44.4 %) and copper (14.1 %-44.6 %) in tea leaves. Foliar spraying various forms of Se dramatically increased the Se content and was efficiently transformed into organic Se accounting for more than 80 % in tea leaves. All Se compounds increased peroxidase activity by 3.3 %-35.5 % and catalase activity by 2.6 %-99.4 %, reduced malondialdehyde content by 5.6 %-37.1 %, and increased the contents of chlorophyll by 0.65 %-31.8 %, carotenoids by 0.24 %-27.1 %, total catechins by 1.6 %-21.0 %, EGCG by 4.4 %-17.6 % and caffeine by 9.1 %-28.6 %. These results indicated that Se application could be served as a potential efficient and safe strategy diminishing the concentration of F in tea leaves.
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Camellia sinensis , Selenio , Humanos , Selenio/metabolismo , Fluoruros/análisis , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Camellia sinensis/química , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Té , Pectinas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Theaflavins (TFs), the primary bioactive components in black tea, are poorly absorbed in the small intestine. However, the biological activity of TFs does not match their low bioavailability, which suggests that the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in their biotransformation and activities. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biotransferred metabolites of TFs produced by the human gut microbiota and these metabolites' function. We profiled the microbial metabolites of TFs by in vitro anaerobic human gut microbiota fermentation using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. A total of 17 microbial metabolites were identified, and their corresponding metabolic pathways were proposed. Moreover, full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the TFs altered the gut microbiota diversity and increased the relative abundance of specific members of the microbiota involved in the catabolism of the TFs, including Flavonifractor_plautii, Bacteroides_uniformis, Eubacterium_ramulus, etc. Notably, the antioxidant capacity of the TF sample increased after fermentation compared to the initial sample. In conclusion, the results contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the microbial metabolites and antioxidant capacity of TFs.
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Camellia sinensis , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Cromatografía Liquida , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/análisis , Té/química , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , ARN Ribosómico 16S/análisis , Heces/química , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Camellia sinensis/genéticaRESUMEN
Tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been widely recognized for antiobesity effects. However, the molecular mechanism of lipidomic pathway related to lipid-lowering effect of EGCG is still not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanism of EGCG activated hepatic lipidomic pathways on ameliorating obesity-related complications by using newly developed leptin receptor knockout (Lepr KO) rats. Results showed that EGCG supplementation (100 mg/kg body weight) significantly decreased total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels both in the serum and liver, and significantly improved glucose intolerance. In addition, EGCG alleviated fatty liver development and restored the normal liver function in Lepr KO rats. Liver lipidomic analysis revealed that EGCG dramatically changes overall composition of lipid classes. Notably, EGCG significantly decreased an array of triglycerides (TGs) and diglycerides (DGs) levels. While EGCG increased 31 glycerophospholipid species and one sphingolipid species levels, such as phosphatidylcholines (PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), phosphatidylserines (PSs) and phosphatidylinositols (PIs) levels in the liver of Lepr KO rats. Moreover, 14 diversely regulated lipid species were identified as potential lipid biomarkers. Mechanistic analysis revealed that EGCG significantly activated the SIRT6/AMPK/SREBP1/FAS pathway to decrease DGs and TGs levels and upregulated glycerophospholipids synthesis pathways to increase glycerophospholipid level in the liver of Lepr KO rats. These findings suggested that the regulation of glycerolipids and glycerophospholipid homeostasis might be the key pathways for EGCG in ameliorating obesity-related complications in Lepr KO rats.
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Catequina , Receptores de Leptina , Ratas , Animales , Receptores de Leptina/genética , Polifenoles/metabolismo , Lipidómica , Obesidad/complicaciones , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Obesidad/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Catequina/farmacología , Catequina/metabolismo , Triglicéridos/metabolismo , Colesterol/metabolismo , Té , Glicerofosfolípidos/metabolismoRESUMEN
This study developed a simple, rapid, stable, and reliable technique for acrylamide (AAm) detection through surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on an AgNPs substrate with an aggregating agent. Specifically, the agglomeration effects of five types of salt solutions (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, Na2SO4, and MgSO4) were investigated at different concentrations and optimized using an orthogonal experiment. The optimal amounts of the aggregating agent, analytes, and AgNPs were 4, 4, and 12 µL, respectively. A linear relationship (peak area I1449 = 7.4197x + 5984.8, R2 = 0.9971) between the characteristic peak area and AAm concentration was established in the range of 10 to 500 µg/L, and the LOD was 2.5 µg/L. The recoveries and relative standard deviations in the analysis of potato chips samples were 94.67 %-117.50 % and 8.43 %-12.29 %, respectively. The results of the proposed method were consistent with those obtained by LC-MS/MS method. This study demonstrated that SERS has excellent potential for application in the qualitative and quantitative analyses of AAm in fried foods.
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Acrilamida , Nanopartículas del Metal , Acrilamida/análisis , Espectrometría Raman/métodos , Cromatografía Liquida , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Nanopartículas del Metal/análisisRESUMEN
Huangshan Maofeng green tea (HMGT) is one of the most well-known green teas consumed for a thousand years in China. Research has demonstrated that consumption of green tea effectively improves metabolic disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of obesity prevention are still not well understood. This study investigated the preventive effect and mechanism of long-term intervention of Huangshan Maofeng green tea water extract (HTE) on obesity-associated metabolic disorders in leptin receptor knockout (Lepr-/-) rats by using gut microbiota and hepatic lipidomics data. The Lepr-/- rats were administered with 700 mg/kg HTE for 24 weeks. Our results showed that HTE supplementation remarkably reduced excessive fat accumulation, as well as ameliorated hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in Lepr-/- rats. In addition, HTE increased gut microbiota diversity and restored the relative abundance of the microbiota responsible for producing short chain fatty acids, including Ruminococcaceae, Faecalibaculum, Veillonellaceae, etc. Hepatic lipidomics analysis found that HTE significantly recovered glycerolipid and glycerophospholipid classes in the liver of Lepr-/- rats. Furthermore, nineteen lipid species, mainly from phosphatidylcholines (PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and triglycerides (TGs), were significantly restored increases, while nine lipid species from TGs and diglycerides (DGs) were remarkably recovered decreases by HTE in the liver of Lepr-/- rats. Our results indicated that prevention of obesity complication by HTE may be possible through maintaining homeostasis of gut microbiota and certain hepatic lipid classes.
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A novel homogeneous polysaccharide (LYP-S3) that promotes the M2 polarization of macrophages was obtained from large yellow tea by a bioactivity-guided sequential isolation procedure and activity evaluation in the present study. Structural characterization revealed that LYP-S3 has an average molecular weight of 28.6 kDa and is composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, and galacturonic acid at the molar ratio of 8.08:11.66:11.77:3.96:58.02. The main backbone of LYP-S3 consists of â4)-α-d-GalpA-6-OMe-(1â, ß-d-GalpA-(1â, â4)-ß-d-Galp-(â1, and âß-d-Galp-(1â, and the branches are composed of α-l-Araf-(â1, â5)-α-l-Araf-(1â, â2,4)-ß-l-Rhap-(1â, â2)-ß-l-Rhap-(1â, and â4)-ß-d-Glcp-(1â. An in vitro bioactivity evaluation assay showed that LYP-S3 remarkably reduced the expression of M1 macrophage markers and increased the expression of M2 macrophage markers. In addition, LYP-S3 inhibited adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and blocked macrophage migration toward 3T3-L1 adipocytes in the cocultures of bone-marrow-derived monocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, LYP-S3 promoted the M2 polarization of macrophages in cocultures. These findings suggested that LYP-S3 has a potential function in preventing inflammation and obesity.
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Galactosa , Ramnosa , Arabinosa , Glucosa , Macrófagos , Polisacáridos/química , TéRESUMEN
Predictable tea grading bears not only scientific merit, but also commercial value. Lu'an guapian green tea (LGGT) is one of the most famous green teas in China. Based on morphology and sensory flavour, LGGT was traditionally graded as first premium (FP), second premium (SP), first grade (FG), second grade (SG), third grade (TG) and summer grade (SuG). The chemical profiles and distinct metabolites distinguishing different grades of LGGT are yet to be defined, neither the grade related health benefits be evaluated. In present study, non-targeted metabolomics combined with chemometrics analysis showed that FP and SP, FG and SG exhibited high similarity, respectively. TG and SuG both exhibited great difference from the other grades. Therefore, LGGT could be regrouped into four grades. Furthermore, eight metabolites were identified and displayed grade related bio-markers of LGGT, which are gallic acid, catechin, gallocatechin, salicylic acid, theasinensin B, theasinensin C, kaempferol 3-(6''-rhanmnosylsoporoside) and l-linalool 3-[xylosyl-(1->6)-glucoside]. Quantitative analysis further confirmed that gallic acid, catechin, gallocatechin and salicylic acid were distinct grade-related metabolites. In vitro and in vivo data showed that methanol-extracts of higher grades LGGT exhibited more potent α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and hypoglyceamia effect than that of lower grades.
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Catequina , Hipoglucemia , Catequina/análisis , Ácido Gálico/análisis , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/análisis , Ácido Salicílico , TéRESUMEN
Metabolic syndrome is a chronic metabolic disorder that has turned into a severe health problem worldwide. A previous study reported that large yellow tea exhibited better anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering effects than green tea. Nevertheless, the potential mechanisms are not yet understood. In this study, we examined the prevention effects and mechanisms of large yellow tea water extract (LWE) on metabolic syndrome using leptin receptor knockout (Lepr-/-) rats. Seven-week-old male Lepr-/- and wild type (WT) littermate rats were divided into Lepr-/- control group (KO) (n = 5), Lepr-/- with LWE-treated group (KL) (n = 5), WT control group (WT) (n = 6), and WT with LWE intervention group (WL) (n = 6). Then, the rats were administered water or LWE (700 mg/kg BW) daily by oral gavage for 24 weeks, respectively. The results showed that the administration of LWE significantly reduced the serum concentrations of random blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and free fatty acids, and increased glucose tolerance in Lepr-/- rats. Moreover, LWE remarkably reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and alleviated fatty liver formation in Lepr-/- rats. A mechanistic study showed that LWE obviously activated SIRT6 and decreased the expression of key lipogenesis-related molecules SREBP1, FAS, and DGAT1 in the livers of Lepr-/- rats. Furthermore, LWE significantly improved microbiota dysbiosis via an increase in gut microbiota diversity and an abundance of the microbiota that produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as Ruminococcaceae, Faecalibaculum, Intestinimonas, and Alistipes. Finally, LWE supplementation increased the concentrations of SCFAs in the feces of Lepr-/- rats. These results revealed that LWE attenuated metabolic syndrome of Lepr-/- rats via the reduction of hepatic lipid synthesis through the SIRT6/SREBP1 pathway and the modulation of gut microbiota.
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Understanding the microbial and chemical diversities, as well as what affects these diversities, is important for modern manufacturing of traditional fermented foods. In this work, Chinese dark teas (CDTs) that are traditional microbial fermented beverages with relatively high sample diversity were collected. Microbial DNA amplicon sequencing and mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics show that the CDT microbial ß diversity, as well as the nonvolatile chemical α and ß diversities, is determined by the primary impact factors of geography and manufacturing procedures, in particular, latitude and pile fermentation after blending. A large number of metabolites sharing between CDTs and fungi were discovered by Feature-based Molecular Networking (FBMN) on the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) web platform. These molecules, such as prenylated cyclic dipeptides and B-vitamins, are functionally important for nutrition, biofunctions, and flavor. Molecular networking has revealed patterns in metabolite profiles on a chemical family level in addition to individual structures.