Blood miRNAs as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Meta-Analysis.

Purpose: Investigate the efficacy of blood microRNAs (miRNAs) as diagnostic biomarkers for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Patients and Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search in English and Chinese databases, selecting studies based on predetermined criteria. Diagnostic parameters like summarized sensitivity (SSEN), summarized specificity (SSPE), summarized positive likelihood ratio (SPLR), summarized negative likelihood ratio (SNLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the curve (AUC) of the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves were analyzed using a bivariate model. Each parameter was accompanied by a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Eighteen high-quality studies were included. For diagnosing COPD with blood miRNAs, the SSEN was 0.83 (95% CI 0.76-0.89), SSPE 0.76 (95% CI 0.70-0.82), SPLR 3.50 (95% CI 2.66-4.60), SNLR 0.22 (95% CI 0.15-0.33), DOR 15.72 (95% CI 8.58-28.77), and AUC 0.86 (95% CI 0.82-0.88). In acute exacerbations, SSEN was 0.85 (95% CI 0.76-0.91), SSPE 0.80 (95% CI 0.73-0.86), SPLR 4.26 (95% CI 3.05-5.95), SNLR 0.19 (95% CI 0.12-0.30), DOR 22.29 (95% CI 11.47-43.33), and AUC 0.89 (95% CI 0.86-0.91). Conclusion: Blood miRNAs demonstrate significant accuracy in diagnosing COPD, both in general and during acute exacerbations, suggesting their potential as reliable biomarkers.

Interspecific barrier effect driven by heavy metals makes soil bacterial functional assembly more stochastic.

Residual heavy metals in soils will destroy microbial community stability and influence its aggregation. However, exploring microbial ecology under heavy-metal stress still requires a conjoint analysis of bacterial interspecies communication and the community diversity maintenance mechanism. In this study, soil samples were collected from a heavy-metal-contaminated site in China to investigate the ecological response of indigenous microbial communities through high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that bacterial taxa and functions generated unusual decoupling phenomena. There were no significant differences in the diversity of species with the increase in concentration of heavy metals (Hg, Se, and Cr), but the functional diversity was lost. Also, the average niche breadth of bacterial species increased from 1.70 to 2.28, but community stability declined and the species assembly was always a deterministic process (NST <0.5). After the bacterial functional assembly changed from a stochastic process to a deterministic process (NST <0.5), it was transformed into a stochastic process (NST >0.5) again under the stress of high-concentration heavy metals, indicating that the collective stress resistance of bacterial communities changed from positive mutation into passive functional propagation. The research results can provide new insight into understanding the adaptive evolution of communities and ecosystem restoration under the stress of soil heavy metals.

Eosinophilic pulmonary disease with ulcerative colitis: A case report.

RATIONALE: Eosinophilic pulmonary disease (EPD) is a general term for a large group of diseases with complex etiology. Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patients with IBD may have pulmonary involvement. We herein present a case of ulcerative colitis complicated with EPD. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 34-year-old woman with ulcerative colitis presented with dry cough. She had peripheral eosinophilia and apical ground glass opacities on CT (computed tomography) of her chest. Antibiotic treatment was ineffective. DIAGNOSES: Lung biopsy revealed eosinophil infiltration in the alveolar space and interstitial space, so EPD was considered. INTERVENTIONS: After oral administration of prednisone, the lung shadow on CT disappeared when the cough symptoms resolved. However, the symptoms recurred after drug withdrawal, and the lung shadow reappeared on imaging. The cough symptoms and lung shadow disappeared after oral prednisone was given again. Prednisone was slowly discontinued after 6 months of treatment. OUTCOMES: The patient stopped prednisone for half a year. No recurrence or abnormal CT findings were detected during the half-year follow-up. LESSONS: The clinical manifestations of EPD are atypical, laboratory and imaging findings are not specific, and it is difficult to make a definite diagnosis before lung biopsy. The diagnosis depends on pathological examination. Glucocorticoid treatment is effective, but some patients may relapse after drug withdrawal. Active follow-up after glucocorticoid treatment is very important for identifying disease recurrence. Patients with IBD are relatively prone to developing EPD. The etiology of EPD is complex. In clinical practice, we need to make a diagnosis and differential diagnosis to clarify its etiology.

New infundibulopelvic angle measurement method can predict stone-free rates following retrograde intrarenal surgery.

To enhance the accuracy of predicting stone-free rates after retrograde intrarenal surgery, we devised a novel approach to assess the renal infundibulopelvic angle. We conducted a retrospective review of patient records for those who underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery for renal stones between April 2018 and August 2019. Patient demographics, stone characteristics, and perioperative data were recorded. Subsequently, we introduced a modified angle measurement called the pelvic stone angle and evaluated its predictive performance for stone-free rates by comparing it with the traditional method in scoring systems. A total of 43 individuals were included in this study. Notable differences in stone burden and Hounsfield unit measurements were found between stone-free and non-stone-free patients. The pelvic stone angle demonstrated a good model fit when used in scoring systems, performing equally well as the conventional approach. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the R.I.R.S. scoring system using the pelvic stone angle and the conventional approach did not show a significant difference. In conclusion, the predictive ability of the pelvic stone angle for stone-free rates was comparable to the old measurement method. Moreover, scoring systems using the pelvic stone angle exhibited a better model fit than those using the conventional approach.

Distinct global brain connectivity alterations in depressed adolescents with subthreshold mania and the relationship with processing speed: Evidence from sBEAD Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a progressive condition. Investigating the neuroimaging mechanisms in depressed adolescents with subthreshold mania (SubMD) facilitates the early identification of BD. However, the global brain connectivity (GBC) patterns in SubMD patients, as well as the relationship with processing speed before the onset of full-blown BD, remain unclear. METHODS: The study involved 72 SubMD, 77 depressed adolescents without subthreshold mania (nSubMD), and 69 gender- and age-matched healthy adolescents (HCs). All patients underwent a clinical follow-up ranging from six to twelve months. We calculated the voxel-based graph theory analysis of the GBC map and conducted the TMT-A test to measure the processing speed. RESULTS: Compared to HCs and nSubMD, SubMD patients displayed distinctive GBC index patterns: GBC index decreased in the right Medial Superior Frontal Gyrus (SFGmed.R)/Superior Frontal Gyrus (SFG) while increased in the right Precuneus and left Postcentral Gyrus. Both patient groups showed increased GBC index in the right Inferior Temporal Gyrus. An increased GBC value in the right Supplementary Motor Area was exclusively observed in the nSubMD-group. There were opposite changes in the GBC index in SFGmed.R/SFG between two patient groups, with an AUC of 0.727. Additionally, GBC values in SFGmed.R/SFG exhibited a positive correlation with TMT-A scores in SubMD-group. LIMITATIONS: Relatively shorter follow-up duration, medications confounding, and modest sample size. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that adolescents with subthreshold BD have specific impairments patterns at the whole brain connectivity level associated with processing speed impairments, providing insights into early identification and intervention strategies for BD.

Development and external validation of a multimodal integrated feature neural network (MIFNN) for the diagnosis of malignancy in small pulmonary nodules (≤10 mm).

Objectives. Current lung cancer screening protocols primarily evaluate pulmonary nodules, yet often neglect the malignancy risk associated with small nodules (≤10 mm). This study endeavors to optimize the management of pulmonary nodules in this population by devising and externally validating a Multimodal Integrated Feature Neural Network (MIFNN). We hypothesize that the fusion of deep learning algorithms with morphological nodule features will significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy.Materials and Methods. Data were retrospectively collected from the Lung Nodule Analysis 2016 (LUNA16) dataset and four local centers in Beijing, China. The study includes patients with small pulmonary nodules (≤10 mm). We developed a neural network, termed MIFNN, that synergistically combines computed tomography (CT) images and morphological characteristics of pulmonary nodules. The network is designed to acquire clinically relevant deep learning features, thereby elevating the diagnostic accuracy of existing models. Importantly, the network's simple architecture and use of standard screening variables enable seamless integration into standard lung cancer screening protocols.Results. In summary, the study analyzed a total of 382 small pulmonary nodules (85 malignant) from the LUNA16 dataset and 101 small pulmonary nodules (33 malignant) obtained from four specialized centers in Beijing, China, for model training and external validation. Both internal and external validation metrics indicate that the MIFNN significantly surpasses extant state-of-the-art models, achieving an internal area under the curve (AUC) of 0.890 (95% CI: 0.848-0.932) and an external AUC of 0.843 (95% CI: 0.784-0.891).Conclusion. The MIFNN model significantly enhances the diagnostic accuracy of small pulmonary nodules, outperforming existing benchmarks by Zhanget alwith a 6.34% improvement for nodules less than 10 mm. Leveraging advanced integration techniques for imaging and clinical data, MIFNN increases the efficiency of lung cancer screenings and optimizes nodule management, potentially reducing false positives and unnecessary biopsies.Clinical relevance statement. The MIFNN enhances lung cancer screening efficiency and patient management for small pulmonary nodules, while seamlessly integrating into existing workflows due to its reliance on standard screening variables.

NTRK3 exhibits a pro-oncogenic function in upper tract urothelial carcinomas.

Neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (NTRK3) has pleiotropic functions: it acts not only as an oncogene in breast and gastric cancers but also as a dependence receptor in tumor suppressor genes in colon cancer and neuroblastomas. However, the role of NTRK3 in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is not well documented. This study investigated the association between NTRK3 expression and outcomes in UTUC patients and validated the results in tests on UTUC cell lines. A total of 118 UTUC cancer tissue samples were examined to evaluate the expression of NTRK3. Survival curves were generated using Kaplan-Meier estimates, and Cox regression models were used for investigating survival outcomes. Higher NTRK3 expression was correlated with worse progression-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival. Moreover, the results of an Ingenuity Pathway Analysis suggested that NTRK3 may interact with the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway to promote cancer. NTRK3 downregulation in BFTC909 cells through shRNA reduced cellular migration, invasion, and activity in the AKT-mTOR pathway. Furthermore, the overexpression of NTRK3 in UM-UC-14 cells promoted AKT-mTOR pathway activity, cellular migration, and cell invasion. From these observations, we concluded that NTRK3 may contribute to aggressive behaviors in UTUC by facilitating cell migration and invasion through its interaction with the AKT-mTOR pathway and the expression of NTRK3 is a potential predictor of clinical outcomes in cases of UTUC.

Influence of genetic polymorphisms on imatinib concentration and therapeutic response in patients with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Diminished bioavailability of imatinib in leukemic cells contributes to poor clinical response. We examined the impact of genetic polymorphisms of imatinib on the pharmacokinetics and clinical response in 190 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). METHODS: Single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped using pyrophosphate sequencing. Plasma trough levels of imatinib were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Patients carrying the TT genotype for ABCB1 (rs1045642, rs2032582, and rs1128503), GG genotype for CYP3A5-rs776746 and AA genotype for ABCG2-rs2231142 polymorphisms showed higher concentration of imatinib. Patients with T allele for ABCB1 (rs1045642, rs2032582, and rs1128503), A allele for ABCG2-rs2231142, and G allele for CYP3A5-rs776746 polymorphisms showed better cytogenetic response and molecular response. In multivariate analysis, carriers of the CYP3A5-rs776746 G allele exhibited higher rates of complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) and major molecular response (MMR). Similarly, patients with the T allele of ABCB1-rs1045642 and rs1128503 demonstrated significantly increased CCyR rates. Patients with the A allele of ABCG2-rs2231142 were associated with higher MMR rates. The AA genotype for CYP3A5-rs776746, and the CC genotype for ABCB1-rs104562, and rs1128503 polymorphisms were associated with a higher risk of imatinib failure. Patients with the G allele for CYP3A5-rs776746 exhibited a higher incidence of anemia, and T allele for ABCB1-rs2032582 demonstrated an increased incidence of diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS: Genotyping of ABCB1, ABCG2, and CYP3A5 genes may be considered in the management of patients with CML to tailor therapy and optimize clinical outcomes.

Epidermal oxysterols function as alarm substances in zebrafish.

Alarm substances signal imminent predation thread and enable anti-predation strategies. In shoaling fish, alarm cues diffuse from injured skins that induce intense fear and anti-predation behaviors in other members. While these "fear substances" are shown to be present in numerous fishes and thought to exist in roughly 8,000 Ostariophysan species, their chemical nature remains largely unknown. We posited that fish alarm cues comprise small compounds and induce specific behaviors characteristic of fish exposed to skin extracts. Using the behaviors as bioassays, we tracked the alarm function of zebrafish skin extract to two compounds, 24-methyl-5α-cholestane-3α,7α,12α,24,28-pentahydroxy 28-sulfate, an oxysterol sulfate, and 5α-cyprinol sulfate. At concentrations of less than one nanomolar, each compound induced anti-predator behaviors and increased cortisol levels in zebrafish. Their mixture, at the natural ratio, replicated the skin extract in eliciting the full suite of anti-predator behavior patterns. Our findings reveal a molecular mechanism whereby fish escape predation danger.

Comparison of the Efficacy Among Nilotinib, Dasatinib, Flumatinib and Imatinib in Newly Diagnosed Chronic-Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients: A Real-World Multi-Center Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data comprehensively comparing therapy responses and outcomes among nilotinib, dasatinib, flumatinib and imatinib for newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia in a real-world setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from patients with chronic-phase CML receiving initial a second-generation tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (2G-TKI, nilotinib, dasatinib or flumatinib) or imatinib therapy from 77 Chinese centers were retrospectively interrogated. Propensity-score matching (PSM) analyses were performed to to compare therapy responses and outcomes among these 4 TKIs. RESULTS: 2,496 patients receiving initial nilotinib (n = 512), dasatinib (n = 134), flumatinib (n = 411) or imatinib (n = 1,439) therapy were retrospectively interrogated in this study. PSM analyses indicated that patients receiving initial nilotinib, dasatinib or flumatinib therapy had comparable cytogenetic and molecular responses (p = .28-.91) and survival outcomes including failure-free survival (FFS, p = .28-.43), progression-free survival (PFS, p = .19-.93) and overall survival (OS) (p values = .76-.78) but had significantly higher cumulative incidences of cytogenetic and molecular responses (all p values < .001) and higher probabilities of FFS (p < .001-.01) than those receiving imatinib therapy, despite comparable PFS (p = .18-.89) and OS (p = .23-.30). CONCLUSION: Nilotinib, dasatinib and flumatinib had comparable efficacy, and significantly higher therapy responses and higher FFS rates than imatinib in newly diagnosed CML patients. However, there were no significant differences in PFS and OS among these 4 TKIs. These real-world data may provide additional evidence for routine clinical assessments to identify more appropriate therapies.

Extensive DNA methylome rearrangement during early lamprey embryogenesis.

DNA methylation (5mC) is a repressive gene regulatory mark widespread in vertebrate genomes, yet the developmental dynamics in which 5mC patterns are established vary across species. While mammals undergo two rounds of global 5mC erasure, teleosts, for example, exhibit localized maternal-to-paternal 5mC remodeling. Here, we studied 5mC dynamics during the embryonic development of sea lamprey, a jawless vertebrate which occupies a critical phylogenetic position as the sister group of the jawed vertebrates. We employed 5mC quantification in lamprey embryos and tissues, and discovered large-scale maternal-to-paternal epigenome remodeling that affects ~30% of the embryonic genome and is predominantly associated with partially methylated domains. We further demonstrate that sequences eliminated during programmed genome rearrangement (PGR), are hypermethylated in sperm prior to the onset of PGR. Our study thus unveils important insights into the evolutionary origins of vertebrate 5mC reprogramming, and how this process might participate in diverse developmental strategies.

[Assessment of Microplastic Pollution and Estimation of Annual Emission Volume in the Dongshan Canal of Yichang City].

Microplastics, as an emerging pollutant, have garnered global attention. Urban areas are key hotspots for the generation of microplastic pollution, whereas urban water bodies act as vital conduits for the dissemination of microplastics to other freshwater environments. In this study, the Dongshan Canal in the urban area of Yichang City was selected as the research subject. Through field sampling, microscopic observation, and Fourier infrared spectroscopy analysis conducted in July and October 2022, the occurrence characteristics and potential pollution sources of microplastics in the water body of the Dongshan Canal were identified and analyzed. The ecological risk and annual emission volume of microplastics in the water body were quantitatively assessed using the risk index (H), pollution load index (PLI) model, and proportional flow method. The results indicated that the average abundances of microplastics in the surface water of the Dongshan Canal were (7 295±1 051) n·m-3 (July) and (5 145±762.6) n·m-3 (October). Fibrous microplastics (27.63%-63.23%), microplastics with a size of <0.5 mm (75.68%-96.2%), and colored microplastics (22.73%-61.83%) dominated the samples, with PE (30.1%) and PET (26.33%) being the predominant materials. The assessment results from the two models classified the ecological risk index of the Dongshan Canal as class Ⅲ, whereas the overall pollution load fell into class I, with certain sampling points reaching class Ⅱ. Estimates revealed that the Dongshan Canal transports approximately 3.37 t of microplastics to the Yangtze River annually. Overall, the microplastic pollution level in the Dongshan Canal of Yichang City could be considered moderate, with potential sources of pollution including laundry wastewater, personal care products, and plastic waste.

[Occurrence Characteristics of Microplastics in Multi-environmental Media and Bellamya aeruginosa of Manao River].

Microplastic pollution poses threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, in order to investigate the characteristics of microplastic occurrence in different environmental media, the abundance, particle size, shape, color, and composition types of microplastics in the water column, sediment, riparian zone soil, and the benthic snail Bellamya aeruginosa of the Manao River were analyzed using field sampling, microscopic observation, and Fourier infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the average abundance of microplastics in the surface water of the Manao River was (5.9±0.26) n·L-1; the abundance of microplastics in the upper sediment (by dry weight) was (1.35±0.1) n·g-1, and that in the lower sediment (by dry weight) was (0.93±0.12) n·g-1. The abundance of microplastics in the near riparian zone soil (by dry weight) was (0.68±0.16) n·g-1, and that in the far riparian zone soil (by dry weight) was (0.69±0.14) n·g-1, and the abundance of microplastics in the B. aeruginosa was (2.06±0.25) n·g-1. The analysis results showed that the abundance of microplastics in the upper and lower sediments were positively correlated; the abundance of microplastics in B. aeruginosa was positively correlated with the abundance of microplastics in the upper and lower sediments, respectively; and the abundance of microplastics in the near and far riparian zone soils were also correlated. Most of the microplastics within each environmental medium and B. aeruginosa were <0.1 mm in size, mainly in the form of fibers and fragments, mainly blue and black in color, and mainly composed of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE). It was found that microplastics in riparian zone soils mainly originated from the fragmentation and decomposition of agricultural plastic films. The results of this study shed light on the accumulation of microplastics in macrobenthic organisms through the investigation of microplastics in multi-environmental media and in the B. aeruginosa, which helps us to understand the potential ecological risk of microplastics in a comprehensive manner.

Lipid Profiles Impact on the Oncologic Outcome of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

Background: The prognosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) varies, with T3/T4 UTUC having less than 50% 5-year survival post-radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). Lipid profiles including cholesterol (CHOL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides (TGs), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) have shown correlations with oncologic outcomes in various cancers. We aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of the lipid profiles in UTUC patients who had received RNU. Methods: In this retrospective study, a total of 217 UTUC patients who underwent RNU were analyzed. Prognostic factors for overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and progression-free survival (PFS) were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression model and competing risk analysis. Results: The median follow-up duration was 2.36 years. Fifty-one (23.50%) of the patients experienced tumor progression, 16 (7.37%) died from UTUC, and 41 (18.89%) died from all causes during the follow-up period. Multivariate analysis revealed that elevated CHOL, low HDL, and elevated TG were linked to worse OS (P = 0.0188, 0.0002, and 0.0001, respectively). Higher CHOL, LDL, and TG, as well as lower HDL significantly affected PFS (P < 0.001 for all), and elevated CHOL and TG were associated with poorer CSS (P = 0.0033 and 0.0179). A competing risk model indicated that elevated LDL increased the risk of cancer progression (P = 0.407), with CHOL increasing the risk of UTUC-specific mortality (P = 0.0162). Limitations include retrospective design, limited, single-time sampling and relatively small sample size. Conclusions: Lipid profiles were identified as prognostic indicators for UTUC patients post-RNU. It highlights the potential importance of lipid management in improving tumor-related outcomes.

The factors impacting on Gleason score upgrading in prostate cancer with initial low Gleason scores.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate the factors contributing to the discrepancy in between biopsy Gleason score (GS) and radical prostatectomy GS in patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. METHODS: 341 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy from 2011/04 to 2020/12 were identified. 102 Patients with initial GS of six after biopsy were enrolled. Preoperative clinical variables and pathological variables were also obtained and assessed. The optimal cut-off points for significant continuous variables were identified by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS: Upgrading was observed in 63 patients and non-upgrading in 39 patients. In the multiple variables assessed, smaller prostate volume (PV) (p value = 0.0007), prostate specific antigen density (PSAD) (p value = 0.0055), positive surgical margins (p value = 0.0062) and pathological perineural invasion (p value = 0.0038) were significant predictors of GS upgrading. To further explore preclinical variables, a cut-off value for PV (≤ 38 ml, p value = 0.0017) and PSAD (≥ 0.26 ng/ml2, p value = 0.0013) were identified to be associated with GS upgrading. CONCLUSIONS: Smaller PV and elevated PSAD are associated with increased risk of GS upgrading, whereas lead-time bias is not. A cut-off value of PV < 38 ml and PSAD > 0.26 ng/ml2 were further identified to be associated with pathological GS upgrading.

Protocol for monitoring and analyzing pheromone-mediated behavioral response of sea lamprey in a natural system.

Olfactory-mediated behaviors in fish are often examined in artificial microcosms that enable well-controlled treatments but fail to replicate environmental and social contexts. However, observing these behaviors in nature poses challenges. Here, we describe a protocol for recording sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) behaviors in a natural system. We describe steps for administering and verifying accurate odorant concentrations, surveying sea lamprey abundance, and tracking sea lamprey movements. We also detail procedures to analyze treatment effects on pheromone-mediated spawning in a high-density population. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Scott et al.1.

Analysis of the influencing factors of vitality and built environment of shopping centers based on mobile-phone signaling data.

Nowadays, shopping centers not only provides commercial function but also serve as a public space. In this article, we take Nanshan district of Shenzhen as an example, based on the characteristics information of people activities provided by Mobile-phone Signaling Data, using the standard deviation ellipse method to classify the direction of people in shopping centers, and then applying the entropy weighting method to analyze the vitality factors of shopping centers from three perspectives: visitors' density, revisit rate, and the average length of stay. Finally, we analyzed the influence factors of the surrounding built environment based on correlation analysis to discuss the results with field survey data. The results show that (1) shopping centers in Nanshan District are classified into wide-area type and geo-regional type according to the gathering of visitors. The shopping centers with high comprehensive vitality are basically wide-area type. (2) The factors influencing the vitality of shopping centers are different between wide-area type and geo-regional type. The vitality of wide-area type is mainly influenced by the traffic accessibility and whether they are located in adjacent to large public spaces such as squares and green public; the vitality of geo-regional type shopping centers is mainly influenced by the number of people within a 15-minute walking circle, and the high-vitality of geo-regional shopping centers are generally located in densely populated areas.

Sensory trap leads to reliable communication without a shift in nonsexual responses to the model cue.

The sensory trap model of signal evolution suggests that males manipulate females into mating using traits that mimic cues used in a nonsexual context. Despite much empirical support for sensory traps, little is known about how females evolve in response to these deceptive signals. Female sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) evolved to discriminate a male sex pheromone from the larval odor it mimics and orient only toward males during mate search. Larvae and males release the attractant 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS), but spawning females avoid larval odor using the pheromone antagonist, petromyzonol sulfate (PZS), which larvae but not males, release at higher rates than 3kPZS. We tested the hypothesis that migratory females also discriminate between larval odor and the male pheromone and orient only to larval odor during anadromous migration, when they navigate within spawning streams using larval odor before they begin mate search. In-stream behavioral assays revealed that, unlike spawning females, migratory females do not discriminate between mixtures of 3kPZS and PZS applied at ratios typical of larval versus male odorants. Our results indicate females discriminate between the sexual and nonsexual sources of 3kPZS during but not outside of mating and show sensory traps can lead to reliable sexual communication without females shifting their responses in the original context.