[Advances in organoids of the digestive system].

Organoid is a newly developed cellular there-dimensional culture system in recent years. Organoids have a three-dimensional structure, which is similar to that of the real organs. Together with the characteristics of self-renewal and reproduction of tissue origin, organoids can better simulate the function of real organs. Organoids provide a new platform for the study of organogenesis, regeneration, disease pathogenesis, and drug screening. The digestive system is an essential part of the human body and performs important functions. To date, organoid models of various digestive organs have been successfully established. This review summarizes the latest research progress of organoids of taste buds, esophagi, stomachs, livers and intestines, and prospects future application of organoids.

The effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on visceral fat and carotid hemodynamics parameters in obese adults.

Objectives: The present study aimed to examine the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on visceral fat and hemodynamic parameters in obese adults. Methods: Fifty-two males were included in this study and divided into three groups: HIIT group (n = 21, age = 20.86 ± 1.62 years, BF (%) = 30.10 ± 5.02), MICT group (n = 22, age = 20.76 ± 1.14 years, BF (%) = 30.19 ± 5.76), and control group (CON) (n = 9, age = 21.38 ± 1.77 years, BF (%) = 30.40 ± 5.10). The HIIT and MICT groups received the exercise intervention three to four times per week for eight weeks (HIIT: exercise intensity 80-95% HRmax, circuit; MICT: exercise intensity 60-70% HRmax, running), and the control (CON) group received health education and guidance without exercise intervention. The body compositions and serum lipid indexes were tested to calculated LAP and VAI. The color doppler ultrasound diagnostic technology was used to test the artery diameter and blood velocity before and after the intervention. Based on the test data, MATLAB software and Womersley theory were used to calculate the hemodynamic parameters of the common carotid artery, including wall shear stress, flow rate, blood pressure, oscillatory shear index, elasticity modulus, dynamic resistance, artery diameter, arterial stiffness, circumferential strain and pulsatility index. Results: We found that lipid accumulation product (LAP) was significantly decreased in both the HIIT group (p < 0.01) and MICT (p < 0.05) group but not in the CON group (p > 0.05). In contrast, visceral adiposity index (VAI) decreased in both the HIIT and MICT groups and increased in the CON group, although the difference among groups was not significant (p > 0.05). After 8 weeks of intervention, the blood velocity and wall shear stress were greater after HIIT and MICT intervention (p < 0.01). Artery diameter, oscillatory shear index, arterial stiffness, and pulsatility index decreased significantly, and circumferential strain increased significantly in the HIIT group (all, p < 0.01, p < 0.05) but not in the MICT group (p > 0.05). Dynamic resistance was significantly decreased in the MICT group. There was no difference in the CON group after the period of intervention (all, p > 0.05). LAP was positively related to artery diameter (r = 0.48, p = 0.011), blood pressure (r = 0.46, p = 0.002), flow rate (r = 0.31, p = 0.04), oscillatory shear index (r = 0.44, p = 0.03), and elasticity modulus (r = 0.33, p = 0.029) but inversely related to circumferential strain (r = -0.36, p = 0.028). The VAI was also positively associated with artery diameter (r = 0.33, p = 0.03), elasticity modulus (r = 0.38, p = 0.009), and arterial stiffness (r = 0.39, p = 0.012). In addition, the VAI was negatively correlated with the circumferential strain (r = -0.33, p = 0.04). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that both HIIT and MICT exercises for 8 weeks could effectively enhance visceral fat indices and partial hemodynamic parameters. Therefore, HIIT and MICT exert important effects on reducing fat content and improving hemodynamic environment. But HIIT on oscillatory shear index, arterial stiffness, circumferential strain, and pulsatility index was superior to MICT. In addition, there are close correlations between visceral fat and partial hemodynamic parameters of the common carotid artery.

Acute effect of high-intensity interval exercise on vascular endothelial function and possible mechanisms of wall shear stress in young obese males.

Objective: To investigate the mechanisms of wall shear stress (WSS) responsible for the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on vascular endothelial function in young obese males. Methods: A within-subject study design was used. We examined the response of the reactive hyperemia index (RHI) to acute HIIE in young obese males (n = 20, age = 20.38 ± 1.40 years, body mass index [BMI] = 31.22 ± 3.57, body fat percentage [BF (%)] = 31.76 ± 3.57). WSS was manipulated using 100, 80, or 60 mmHg cuff inflation during the HIIE to determine the proper inflation capable of maintaining WSS near baseline levels. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance and LSD post hoc tests were performed to compare changes in WSS and vascular endothelial function at baseline HIIE and following HIIE using different cuff inflations. Results: There were no significant differences in RHI and WSS between the three cuff inflation values (p > 0.05). WSS was significantly higher in obese male individuals after HIIE and HIIE with 100 mmHg cuff inflation (p = 0.018, p = 0.005) than that at baseline, with no significant differences observed comparing HIIE and HIIE with 100 mmHg inflation (p = 0.23). The RHI after HIIE was significantly higher (p = 0.012) than that at baseline, while no significant differences were detected after HIIE at 100 mmHg (p = 0.91). The RHI was significantly lower after HIIE with 100 mmHg than that after HIIE (p = 0.007). WSS (p = 0.004) and RHI (p = 0.017) were significantly higher after HIIE than that at baseline, while no significant differences were observed after HIIE with either 80 or 60 mmHg cuff inflation (baseline vs. HIIE + 80 mmHg: WSS: p = 0.33, RHI: p = 0.38; baseline vs. HIIE + 60 mmHg: WSS: p = 0.58, RHI: p = 0.45). WSS was similar to HIIE, after HIIE with either 80 or 60 mmHg inflation (p = 0.36, p = 0.40). However, RHI was significantly higher for HIIE than for HIIE with both 80 and 60 mmHg inflation (p = 0.011, p = 0.006). Conclusion: HIIE could significantly improve WSS and vascular endothelial function. HIIE intervention with 60 or 80 mmHg inflation might enhance WSS near the baseline level. HIIE-induced acute changes in WSS may provide the primary physiological stimulus for vascular endothelial adaptation to HIIE in young obese males.

Panoptic Studio: A Massively Multiview System for Social Interaction Capture.

We present an approach to capture the 3D motion of a group of people engaged in a social interaction. The core challenges in capturing social interactions are: (1) occlusion is functional and frequent; (2) subtle motion needs to be measured over a space large enough to host a social group; (3) human appearance and configuration variation is immense; and (4) attaching markers to the body may prime the nature of interactions. The Panoptic Studio is a system organized around the thesis that social interactions should be measured through the integration of perceptual analyses over a large variety of view points. We present a modularized system designed around this principle, consisting of integrated structural, hardware, and software innovations. The system takes, as input, 480 synchronized video streams of multiple people engaged in social activities, and produces, as output, the labeled time-varying 3D structure of anatomical landmarks on individuals in the space. Our algorithm is designed to fuse the "weak" perceptual processes in the large number of views by progressively generating skeletal proposals from low-level appearance cues, and a framework for temporal refinement is also presented by associating body parts to reconstructed dense 3D trajectory stream. Our system and method are the first in reconstructing full body motion of more than five people engaged in social interactions without using markers. We also empirically demonstrate the impact of the number of views in achieving this goal.