Knowledge mapping and global trends of drug hypersensitivity from 2013 to 2023: A bibliometric analysis.

BACKGROUND: Drug hypersensitivity is a major global public health issue with a significant increase in prevalence in populations. Here, we provide a deep insight into the frontier hotspot and future direction in the field of drug hypersensitivity. METHODS: A knowledge map is portrayed based on publications related to drug hypersensitivity from Web of Science Core Collection using CiteSpace. Co-occurrence relationships of countries, institutes, authors, journals, references, and keywords are constructed. According to the co-occurrence relationships, hotspots and future trends are overviewed. RESULTS: The United States ranked first in the world and China with the second highest publications was the only developing country. Torres, Mayorga, and Blanca were highly productive authors. Harvard University was the institution with the most research publications. Keywords co-occurrence analysis suggested applications in emerging causes, potential mechanisms, and clinical diagnosis as the research hotspots and development frontiers. CONCLUSION: Research on drug hypersensitivity is in a rapid development stage and an emerging trend in reports of anaphylaxis to polyethylene glycols is identified. Developing algorithms for understanding the standardization process of culprit drugs, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic methods will be the focus of future direction. In addition, a better understanding of the mechanisms to culprit drugs with immunological precise phenotypic definitions and high-throughput platforms is needed.

Pharmacological interventions for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): Network meta-analysis.

IMPORTANCE: Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease that can have significant negative impacts on a child's health and development. A comprehensive evaluation of different pharmacologic interventions for the treatment of OSA in children is still lacking. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and network meta-analysis of pharmacological interventions for the management of obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric population. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and CNKI were searched from 1950 to November 2022 for pediatric OSA. STUDY SELECTION: Multiple reviewers included Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concerning drugs on OSA in children. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Multiple observers followed the guidance of the PRISMA NMA statement for data extraction and evaluation. Bayesian network meta-analyses(fixed-effect model) were performed to compare the weighted mean difference (WMD), logarithmic odds ratios (log OR), and the surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRA) of the included pharmacological interventions. Our protocol was registered in PROSPERO website (CRD42022377839). MAIN OUTCOME(S) AND MEASURE(S): The primary outcomes were improvements in the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), while secondary outcomes included adverse events and the lowest arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). RESULTS: 17 RCTs with a total of 1367 children with OSA aged 2-14 years that met the inclusion criteria were eventually included in our systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ten drugs were finally included in the study. The results revealed that Mometasone + Montelukast (WMD-4.74[95%CrIs -7.50 to -2.11], Budesonide (-3.45[-6.86 to -0.15], and Montelukast(-3.41[-5.45 to -1.39] exhibited significantly superior therapeutic effects compared to the placebo concerning apnea hypopnea index (AHI) value with 95%CrIs excluding no effect. Moreover, Mometasone + Montelukast achieved exceptionally high SUCRA values for both AHI (85.0 %) and SaO2 (91.0 %). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The combination of mometasone furoate nasal spray and oral montelukast sodium exhibits the highest probability of being the most effective intervention. Further research is needed to investigate the long-term efficacy and safety profiles of these interventions in pediatric patients with OSA.

The Thalamocortical Mechanism Underlying the Generation and Regulation of the Auditory Steady-State Responses in Awake Mice.

The auditory steady-state response (ASSR) is a cortical oscillation induced by trains of 40 Hz acoustic stimuli. While the ASSR has been widely used in clinic measurement, the underlying neural mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the contribution of different stages of auditory thalamocortical pathway-medial geniculate body (MGB), thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), and auditory cortex (AC)-to the generation and regulation of 40 Hz ASSR in C57BL/6 mice of both sexes. We found that the neural response synchronizing to 40 Hz sound stimuli was most prominent in the GABAergic neurons in the granular layer of AC and the ventral division of MGB (MGBv), which were regulated by optogenetic manipulation of TRN neurons. Behavioral experiments confirmed that disrupting TRN activity has a detrimental effect on the ability of mice to discriminate 40 Hz sounds. These findings revealed a thalamocortical mechanism helpful to interpret the results of clinical ASSR examinations.Significance Statement Our study contributes to clarifying the thalamocortical mechanisms underlying the generation and regulation of the auditory steady-state response (ASSR), which is commonly used in both clinical and neuroscience research to assess the integrity of auditory function. Combining a series of electrophysiological and optogenetic experiments, we demonstrate that the generation of cortical ASSR is dependent on the lemniscal thalamocortical projections originating from the ventral division of medial geniculate body to the GABAergic interneurons in the granule layer of the auditory cortex. Furthermore, the thalamocortical process for ASSR is strictly regulated by the activity of thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) neurons. Behavioral experiments confirmed that dysfunction of TRN would cause a disruption of mice's behavioral performance in the auditory discrimination task.

Dexmedetomidine alleviates hippocampal neuronal loss and cognitive decline in rats undergoing open surgery under sevoflurane anaesthesia by suppressing CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta.

Dexmedetomidine (Dex) may exert neuroprotective effects by attenuating inflammatory responses. However, whether Dex specifically improves postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) by inhibiting microglial inflammation through what pathway remains unclear. In this study, the POCD model was constructed by performing open surgery after 3 h of continuous inhalation of 3% sevoflurane to rats, which were intraperitoneally injected with 25 µg/kg Dex .5 h before anaesthesia. The results displayed that Dex intervention decreased rat escape latency, maintained swimming speed and increased the number of times rats crossed the platform and the time spent in the target quadrant. Furthermore, the rat neuronal injury was restored, alleviated POCD modelling-induced rat hippocampal microglial activation and inhibited microglial M1 type polarization. Besides, we administered Dex injection and/or CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (CEBPB) knockdown on the basis of sevoflurane exposure and open surgery and found that CEBPB was knocked down, resulting in the inability of Dex to function, which confirmed CEBPB as a target for Dex treatment. To sum up, Dex improved POCD by considering CEBPB as a drug target to activate the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p-38 signaling pathway, inhibiting microglial M1 polarization-mediated inflammation in the central nervous system.

White matter abnormalities are associated with the declined ability of reasoning and problem-solving in major depressive disorder.

OBJECTIVES: Executive function in people with depression is linked to the integrity of white matter fibers in the brain. We hypothesized that the maze tests in neuropsychological tests assessed reasoning and problem-solving abilities dependent on the integrity of brain white matter fibers, and assessed this relationship using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in depressed patients and healthy controls. METHODS: Participants aged from 18 to 50 years were recruited from Zhumadian Second People's Hospital from July 2018 to August 2019. The sample included 33 clinically diagnosed individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 24 healthy volunteers (HVs). All subjects underwent Neuropsychological assessment battery (NAB) maze tests and DTI. Tract-based spatial statistics technology in FSL software was used to process DTI data, and threshold-free cluster enhancement (TFCE) was used to perform multiple comparison corrections. The fractional anisotropy (FA) of white matter fibers in the MDD group and HVs group were compared and extracted. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the relationship between FA and NAB scores and HAMD scores. RESULTS: The mean NAB maze test score for the MDD group was lower than the HVs group, and the difference was statistically significant (F = 11.265, p = .037). The FA value of the body of corpus callosum and cerebral peduncle right in the depression group was lower than that in the healthy control group, and the difference was statistically significant (p < .05). FA value of the body of corpus callosum was positively correlated with NAB score (r = 0.400, p = .036), but not with the HAMD score (r = 0.065, p = .723). CONCLUSIONS: The decreased ability of reasoning and problem-solving in MDD may be due to the decreased integrity of the white matter fibers of the body of the corpus callosum.

Mitochondria-derived H2O2 triggers liver regeneration via FoxO3a signaling pathway after partial hepatectomy in mice.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce oxidative injury and are generally regarded as toxic byproducts, although they are increasingly recognized for their signaling functions. Increased ROS often accompanies liver regeneration (LR) after liver injuries, however, their role in LR and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, by employing a mouse LR model of partial hepatectomy (PHx), we found that PHx induced rapid increases of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and intracellular H2O2 at an early stage, using a mitochondria-specific probe. Scavenging mitochondrial H2O2 in mice with liver-specific overexpression of mitochondria-targeted catalase (mCAT) decreased intracellular H2O2 and compromised LR, while NADPH oxidases (NOXs) inhibition did not affect intracellular H2O2 or LR, indicating that mitochondria-derived H2O2 played an essential role in LR after PHx. Furthermore, pharmacological activation of FoxO3a impaired the H2O2-triggered LR, while liver-specific knockdown of FoxO3a by CRISPR-Cas9 technology almost abolished the inhibition of LR by overexpression of mCAT, demonstrating that FoxO3a signaling pathway mediated mitochondria-derived H2O2 triggered LR after PHx. Our findings uncover the beneficial roles of mitochondrial H2O2 and the redox-regulated underlying mechanisms during LR, which shed light on potential therapeutic interventions for LR-related liver injury. Importantly, these findings also indicate that improper antioxidative intervention might impair LR and delay the recovery of LR-related diseases in clinics.

Cortical and thalamic modulation of auditory gating in the posterior parietal cortex of awake mice.

Auditory gating (AG) is an adaptive mechanism for filtering out redundant acoustic stimuli to protect the brain against information overload. AG deficits have been found in many mental illnesses, including schizophrenia (SZ). However, the neural correlates of AG remain poorly understood. Here, we found that the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) shows an intermediate level of AG in auditory thalamocortical circuits, with a laminar profile in which the strongest AG is in the granular layer. Furthermore, AG of the PPC was decreased and increased by optogenetic inactivation of the medial dorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) and auditory cortex (AC), respectively. Optogenetically activating the axons from the MD and AC drove neural activities in the PPC without an obvious AG. These results indicated that AG in the PPC is determined by the integrated signal streams from the MD and AC in a bottom-up manner. We also found that a mouse model of SZ (postnatal administration of noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist) presented an AG deficit in the PPC, which may be inherited from the dysfunction of MD. Together, our findings reveal a neural circuit underlying the generation of AG in the PPC and its involvement in the AG deficit of SZ.

Human lung organoid: Models for respiratory biology and diseases.

The human respiratory system, consisting of the airway and alveoli, is one of the most complex organs directly interfaced with the external environment. The diverse epithelial cells lining the surface are usually the first cell barrier that comes into contact with pathogens that could lead to deadly pulmonary disease. There is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms of self-renewal and protection of these epithelial cells against harmful pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2. Traditional models, including cell lines and mouse models, have extremely limited native phenotypic features. Therefore, in recent years, to mimic the complexity of the lung, airway and alveoli organoid technology has been developed and widely applied. TGF-ß/BMP/SMAD, FGF and Wnt/ß-catenin signaling have been proven to play a key role in lung organoid expansion and differentiation. Thus, we summarize the current novel lung organoid culture strategies and discuss their application for understanding the lung biological features and pathophysiology of pulmonary diseases, especially COVID-19. Lung organoids provide an excellent in vitro model and research platform.

Multiomics Analysis of a DNAH5-Mutated PCD Organoid Model Revealed the Key Role of the TGF-ß/BMP and Notch Pathways in Epithelial Differentiation and the Immune Response in DNAH5-Mutated Patients.

Dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 (DNAH5) is the most mutated gene in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), leading to abnormal cilia ultrastructure and function. Few studies have revealed the genetic characteristics and pathogenetic mechanisms of PCD caused by DNAH5 mutation. Here, we established a child PCD airway organoid directly from the bronchoscopic biopsy of a patient with the DNAH5 mutation. The motile cilia in the organoid were observed and could be stably maintained for an extended time. We further found abnormal ciliary function and a decreased immune response caused by the DNAH5 mutation through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) and proteomic analyses. Additionally, the directed induction of the ciliated cells, regulated by TGF-ß/BMP and the Notch pathway, also increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the combination of multiomics analysis and organoid modelling could reveal the close connection between the immune response and the DNAH5 gene.

Enhanced beetle antennae search algorithm for complex and unbiased optimization.

Beetle Antennae Search algorithm is a kind of intelligent optimization algorithms, which has the advantages of few parameters and simplicity. However, due to its inherent limitations, BAS has poor performance in complex optimization problems. The existing improvements of BAS are mainly based on the utilization of multiple beetles or combining BAS with other algorithms. The present study improves BAS from its origin and keeps the simplicity of the algorithm. First, an adaptive step size reduction method is used to increase the usability of the algorithm, which is based on an accurate factor and curvilinearly reduces the step size; second, the calculated information of fitness functions during each iteration are fully utilized with a contemporary optimal update strategy to promote the optimization processes; third, the theoretical analysis of the multi-directional sensing method is conducted and utilized to further improve the efficiency of the algorithm. Finally, the proposed Enhanced Beetle Antennae Search algorithm is compared with many other algorithms based on unbiased test functions. The test functions are unbiased when their solution space does not contain simple patterns, which may be used to facilitate the searching processes. As a result, EBAS outperformed BAS with at least 1 orders of magnitude difference. The performance of EBAS was even better than several state-of-the-art swarm-based algorithms, such as Slime Mold Algorithm and Grey Wolf Optimization, with similar running times. In addition, a WSN coverage optimization problem is tested to demonstrate the applicability of EBAS on real-world optimizations.

Missing-Sheds Granularity Estimation of Glass Insulators Using Deep Neural Networks Based on Optical Imaging.

Insulator defect detection is an important task in inspecting overhead transmission lines. However, the surrounding environment is complex, and the detection accuracy of traditional image processing algorithms is low. Therefore, insulator defect detection is still mainly performed manually. In order to improve this situation, we proposed an insulator defect detection method called INSU-YOLO based on deep neural networks. Overexposure points in the image will interfere with insulator detection, so we used image augment to reduce noise and extract the edge information of the insulator. Based on an attention mechanism, we introduced a structure called attention-block where the backbone extracts the feature map, and this aims to improve the ability of our method to detect insulators. Insulators have a variety of specifications, and the location and granularity of defects are also different. Therefore, we proposed an adaptive threat estimation method based on the area ratio between the entire insulator and the defect area. In addition, in order to solve the problem of data shortage, we established a dataset called InsuDetSet for model training. Experiments on the InsuDetSet dataset demonstrated that our model outperforms existing state-of-the-art models regarding both the detection box and speed.

Transmission Line Vibration Damper Detection Using Multi-Granularity Conditional Generative Adversarial Nets Based on UAV Inspection Images.

The vibration dampers can eliminate the galloping phenomenon of transmission lines caused by the wind. The detection of vibration dampers based on visual technology is an important issue. Current CNN-based methods struggle to meet the requirements of real-time detection. Therefore, the current vibration damper detection work has mainly been carried out manually. In view of the above situation, we propose a vibration damper detection-image generation model called DamperGAN based on multi-granularity Conditional Generative Adversarial Nets. DamperGAN first generates a low-resolution detection result image based on a coarse-grained module, then uses Monte Carlo search to mine the latent information in the low-resolution image, and finally injects this information into a fine-grained module through an attention mechanism to output high-resolution images and penalize poor intermediate information. At the same time, we propose a multi-level discriminator based on the multi-task learning mechanism to improve the discriminator's discriminative ability and promote the generator to output better images. Finally, experiments on the self-built DamperGenSet dataset show that the images generated by our model are superior to the current mainstream baselines in both resolution and quality.

Transmission Line Vibration Damper Detection Using Deep Neural Networks Based on UAV Remote Sensing Image.

Vibration dampers can greatly eliminate the galloping phenomenon of overhead transmission wires caused by wind. The detection of vibration dampers based on visual technology is an important issue. The current vibration damper detection work is mainly carried out manually. In view of the above situation, this article proposes a vibration damper detection model named DamperYOLO based on the one-stage framework in object detection. DamperYOLO first uses a Canny operator to smooth the overexposed points of the input image and extract edge features, then selectees ResNet101 as the backbone of the framework to improve the detection speed, and finally injects edge features into backbone through an attention mechanism. At the same time, an FPN-based feature fusion network is used to provide feature maps of multiple resolutions. In addition, we built a vibration damper detection dataset named DamperDetSet based on UAV cruise images. Multiple sets of experiments on self-built DamperDetSet dataset prove that our model reaches state-of-the-art level in terms of accuracy and test speed and meets the standard of real-time output of high-accuracy test results.

Hair-growth promoting effect and anti-inflammatory mechanism of Ginkgo biloba polysaccharides.

The aim of this study was to optimize the separation and purification technology of water-soluble Ginkgo biloba leaves polysaccharides (WGBP), analyze its composition characteristics, observe its hair-growth promoting effect in alopecia areata mice, clarify the polysaccharide fraction with bioactive activities, and explore its anti-inflammation mechanism. We isolated acidic polysaccharides (WGBP-A2) and purified a RG-I type polysaccharide (WGBP-A2b) with a molecular weight of 44 kDa. Results showed that WGBP-A2 could significantly increase the contents of VEGF and HGF in the skin tissue of alopecia areata mice, decrease the contents of Inflammatory factors in the serum. On a cellular level, the expressions of p-p65 and p-IκBα, TNF-α and IL-1ß in HUVECs treated with WGBP-A2b were down-regulated. The bioinformatic analysis showed that the inflammation signaling pathway was significantly changed. Its specific mechanism may be related to its regulating the expression of p-p65 p-IκBα, TNF-α and IL-1ß proteins in the inflammation signaling pathway.

Interactive modulations between congruency sequence effects and validity sequence effects.

Sequential modulations have been found in both conflict and spatial orienting tasks. The former is called congruency sequence effects (CSE) and the latter is called validity sequence effects (VSE). Although the two effects have similar phenomenon descriptions, the relationship of the cognitive control mechanisms under the two effects is still unclear. Using a modified attentional network test (ANT), a flanker task and an arrow cueing task are integrated into a single task, which enables the test of the possible interactions between CSE and VSE. Since a confound-minimized design is used, the observed sequence effects cannot be attributed to the feature integration of low-level stimulus features or the contingency learning. It was found that the CSE are only significant when the arrow cue in preceding trial is invalid, and the VSE are only significant when the target letter in preceding trial is congruent with the distractor letters. The findings suggest that the sequential modulations during orienting and executive control of attention networks are highly interacted with each other, and the sequence effects in these networks are possibly controlled by a complex and multifaceted adaptive control mechanism.

Measurements of Excavation Damaged Zone by Using Fiber Bragg Grating Stress Sensors.

In this paper, a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) stress sensor is developed to measure the stress variation between the lower Excavation Damaged Zone (EDZ) and the upper undistributed rock. The disturbance brought by the environmental temperature can be differentially compensated with two FBGs mounted symmetrically on the spokes. Through finite element analysis, it can be known that the direct stress and shear stress are pointed at the angles of 45° and 60° on both sides of the coal mine roadway, respectively. The anchor ends of the sensors are installed into the upper undistributed rock and the bolt tails of the mine roadway with a depth of 700 m and fastened by nuts to secure the load sensing device on the surface of the rock. When the shallow foundation of surrounding rock is pressed and deformed toward the coal mining road, the structural modifications can be converted into the stress of rock bolt and the strain of spoke. Thus, the FBG mounted on the surface of the spoke receives the shift information of the Bragg wavelength. The monitoring results indicate that the FBG stress sensors are sensitive to the variation of the EDZ. During the blasting, the stress amplitude varies from 40.256 to 175.058 kPa, and the creep time changes from 21 to 74 min. The proposed method can be applied in the field of underground coal mines for safety condition monitoring of the EDZ and forecasting the coal mine roadway stability.

Regiodivergent and stereoselective hydroxyazidation of alkenes by biocatalytic cascades.

Asymmetric functionalization of alkenes allows the direct synthesis of a wide range of chiral compounds. Vicinal hydroxyazidation of alkenes provides a desirable path to 1,2-azidoalcohols; however, existing methods are limited by the control of stereoselectivity and regioselectivity. Herein, we describe a dual-enzyme cascade strategy for regiodivergent and stereoselective hydroxyazidation of alkenes, affording various enantiomerically pure 1,2-azidoalcohols. The biocatalytic cascade process is designed by combining styrene monooxygenase-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of alkenes and halohydrin dehalogenase-catalyzed regioselective ring opening of epoxides with azide. Additionally, a one-pot chemo-enzymatic route to chiral ß-hydroxytriazoles from alkenes is developed via combining the biocatalytic cascades and Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition.

Design and Analysis of Broadband LiNbO3 Optical Waveguide Electric Field Sensor with Tapered Antenna.

The three-dimensional (3D) simulation model of a lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) optical waveguide (OWG) electric field sensor has been established by using the full-wave electromagnetic simulation software. The influences of the LN substrate and the packaging material on the resonance frequency of the integrated OWG electric field sensor have been simulated and analyzed. The simulation results show that the thickness of the LN substrate has a great influence on the resonant frequency of the sensor (≈33.4%). A sensor with a substrate thickness of 1 mm has been designed, fabricated, and experimentally investigated. Experimental results indicate that the measured resonance frequency is 7.5 GHz, which nearly coincides with the simulation results. Moreover, the sensor can be used for the measurement of the nanosecond electromagnetic impulse (NEMP) in the time domain from 1.29 kV/m to 100.97 kV/m.

Agaricus blazei polypeptide exerts a protective effect on D-galactose-induced aging mice via the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE and P53/Trim32 signaling pathways.

This experiment mainly optimized the extraction technology of Agaricus blazei polypeptide (ABp) and evaluated its protective effect on aging mice. In this study, a novel single component, the M is 3 kD, was isolated and purified from Agaricus blazei. An aging mouse model was established using D-galactose. After the administration of ABp, the contents of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and reactive oxygen species were significantly changed. Through immunofluorescence staining, it was observed that ABp can reduce changes in brain tissue. The differential expression of genes was analyzed by RNA-seq. A total of 295 differentially expressed genes were screened out in the ABp group.RT-qPCR verified important genes and showed that the mRNA expression levels of Hsph1, Trim32, HK1, Hnrnpa1, and Grik5 were significantly increased, and those of ApoE, Atp1a3, Stxbp1, and Mapk8ip1 was significantly decreased. Western blotting showed that the protein expression levels of Keap1 and p53 were significantly lower, while the protein expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, Hsph1, and Trim32 were significantly higher in the ABP group. ABp played an anti-aging role in an aging mouse model. The specific mechanism of action may be related to the regulation of the expression of the Keap1/Nrf2/P53 signaling pathway and related factors. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The research may contribute to the development of ABp as functional foods or dietary supplements for anti-aging in the future.

Analytical Evaluation and Experiment of the Dynamic Characteristics of Double-Thimble-Type Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensors.

A double-thimble-type fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensor that isolates the stress strain is developed, and the three materials of air, grease, and copper thimble are employed for encapsulating. To investigate the effect of different encapsulation materials on the time constant of the sensors under dynamic conditions, the transient heat conduction mathematical model is built according to the lumped heat capacity (LHC) system and thermal equilibrium theory, and the time constant is solved by an analytical solution. Then, a proportional three-dimensional sensor simulation model is established and the transient heat transfer process is numerically solved by the finite element analysis method. To verify the models, an experimental system is established to test the response speed of the three-type sensor and the experimental data are compared with the analytical and numerical solution results. The results show that the dynamic response performance depends on the encapsulation material parameters; the response speed is faster than recovery speed; and the response speed of the air packaging sensor is more than 20% faster than that of the grease packaging sensor, and more than 30% faster than that of the copper packaging sensor. The smaller the heat storage capacity and the larger the heat transfer coefficient, the faster the sensor's response speed.