End-organ damage from neonatal invasive fungal infection: a 14-year retrospective study from a tertiary center in China.

BACKGROUND: Invasive fungal infection (IFI) has become an increasing problem in NICU neonates, and end-organ damage (EOD) from IFI is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in neonates. This study was conducted to summarize clinical data on epidemiology, risk factors, causative pathogens, and clinical outcomes of IFI-associated EOD among neonates in a center in China for the sake of providing references for prevention and treatment of fungal infections in neonates in future. METHODS: The clinical data of IFI neonates who received treatment in a tertiary NICU of China from January 2009 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, including causative pathogens and the incidence of EOD. The neonates were divided into EOD group and non-EOD (NEOD) group. The general characteristics, risk factors and clinical outcomes of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: Included in this study were 223 IFI neonates (137 male and 86 female) with a median gestational age (GA) of 30.71 (29,35) weeks and a median birth weight (BW) of 1470 (1120,2150) g. Of them, 79.4% were preterm infants and 50.2% were born at a GA of ≥ 28, <32 weeks, and 37.7% with BW of 1000-1499 g. Candida albicans (C. albicans) was the most common Candida spp. in these neonates, accounting for 41.3% of all cases, followed by C. parapsilosis (30.5%) and C. glabrata (7.2%). EOD occurred in 40 (17.9%) of the 223 cases. Fungal meningitis was the most common EOD, accounting for 13.5% of the 40 EOD cases. There was no significant difference in the premature birth rate, delivery mode, GA and BW between EOD and NEOD groups, but the proportion of male infants with EOD was higher than that without. There was no significant difference in antenatal corticosteroid use, endotracheal intubation, invasive procedures, use of antibiotics, total parenteral nutrition, blood transfusion, postnatal corticosteroid use, fungal prophylaxis and the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis between the two groups, but the proportion of C. albicans infection cases in EOD group was higher than that in NEOD group (57.5% vs. 37.7%). Compared with NEOD group, the proportion of cured or improved infants in EOD group was significantly lower (P < 0.05), and the number of infants who died or withdrew from treatment was larger (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our retrospective study showed that preterm infants were prone to fungal infection, especially very preterm infants. C. albicans was the most common Candida spp. for IFI, and was a high-risk factor for EOD. EOD can occur in both full-term and premature infants, so the possibility of EOD should be considered in all infants with IFI.

Performance and microbial metabolic mechanism of imidacloprid removal in a microbial electrolysis cell-integrated adsorption biological coupling system.

Coke used as a filler to treat imidacloprid (IMI) wastewater by both adsorption biological coupling and microbial electrolysis cells (MEC)-adsorption biological coupling technologies, the removal efficiencies on pollutions in wastewater containing IMI were investigated, and the key functional genes related to IMI degradation pathways were also revealed. Results showed that the removal rates of COD, ammonia nitrogen, TP, and IMI under the adsorption biological coupling treatment and MEC-adsorption biological coupling treatment were 94.61-95.54%, 93.37-95.79%, 73.69-83.80%, and 100%, respectively. MEC increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria by 9.01% and transformed the dominant bacteria from Lysobacter and Reyranella to Brevundimonas and Aquincola. Moreover, MEC up-regulated the abundance of the coding genes PK (9.30%), narG (2.26%), pstS (3.63%), and phnD (1.32%), and converted the IMI degradation products to smaller molecular weight C6H8N2 and C6H6ClNO. This study provided an important reference information for efficient treatment of IMI wastewater using the MEC-adsorption biological coupling technology.

Updated Progress of the Copper-Catalyzed Borylative Functionalization of Unsaturated Molecules.

Borylation has become a powerful method to synthesize organoboranes as versatile building blocks in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. Copper-promoted borylation reactions are extremely attractive due to the low cost and non-toxicity of the copper catalyst, mild reaction conditions, good functional group tolerance, and convenience in chiral induction. In this review, we mainly updated recent advances (from 2020 to 2022) in the synthetic transformations in C=C/C≡C multiple bonds, and C=E multiple bonds mediated by copper boryl systems.