RESUMEN
Biocomposites have emerged as promising alternative materials for the aviation industry. However, there is a limited body of scientific literature addressing the end-of-life management of biocomposites. This article evaluated different end-of-life technologies for biocomposite recycling in a structured, five-step approach applying the innovation funnel principle. First, ten end-of-life (EoL) technologies were compared in terms of their circularity potential and technology readiness levels (TRL). Second, a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was carried out to find out the top four most promising technologies. Afterwards, experimental tests were conducted at a laboratory scale to evaluate the top three technologies for recycling biocomposites by analysing (1) three types of fibres (basalt, flax, carbon) and (2) two types of resins (bioepoxy and Polyfurfuryl Alcohol (PFA) resins). Subsequently, further experimental tests were performed to identify the top two recycling technologies for the EoL treatment of biocomposite waste from the aviation industry. Finally, the sustainability and economic performance of the top two identified EoL recycling technologies were evaluated through life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA). The experimental results, performed via the LCA and TEA assessments, demonstrated that both solvolysis and pyrolysis are technically, economically, and environmentally viable options for the EoL treatment of biocomposite waste from the aviation industry.
RESUMEN
The fast penetration of nanoproducts on the market under conditions of significant uncertainty of their environmental properties and risks to humans creates a need for companies to assess sustainability of their products. Evaluation of the potential benefits and risks to build a coherent story for communication with clients, authorities, consumers, and other stakeholders is getting to be increasingly important, but SMEs often lack the knowledge and expertise to assess risks and communicate them appropriately. This paper introduces LICARA nanoSCAN, a modular web based tool that supports SMEs in assessing benefits and risks associated with new or existing nanoproducts. This tool is unique because it is scanning both the benefits and risks over the nanoproducts life cycle in comparison to a reference product with a similar functionality in order to enable the development of sustainable and competitive nanoproducts. SMEs can use data and expert judgment to answer mainly qualitative and semi-quantitative questions as a part of tool application. Risks to public, workers and consumers are assessed, while the benefits are evaluated for economic, environmental and societal opportunities associated with the product use. The tool provides an easy way to visualize results as well as to identify gaps, missing data and associated uncertainties. The LICARA nanoSCAN has been positively evaluated by several companies and was tested in a number of case studies. The tool helps to develop a consistent and comprehensive argument on the weaknesses and strengths of a nanoproduct that may be valuable for the communication with authorities, clients and among stakeholders in the value chain. LICARA nanoSCAN identifies areas for more detailed assessments, product design improvement or application of risk mitigation measures.