Kidney stone disease.

Kidney stone disease is rapidly increasing with a strong relationship to metabolic syndrome. This review gives a brief overview of the current state and current treatment modalities. Increasing use of CT and ultrasound scans leads to increased diagnosis of asymptomatic kidney stones, which rarely require treatment. The trend in stone treatment goes towards endoscopic lithotripsy which together with ESWL enables a personalised approach. Obstructive stones with infection require urgent intervention to reduce mortality. Increased fluid intake, dietary changes as well as potassium citrate supplements are the most important elements in stone prevention in the common idiopathic stone disease.