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BACKGROUND: Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is an enterohepatic hormone the synthesis of which is stimulated by bile acid activation of the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in ileal enterocytes. Increased production of FGF19 downregulates hepatocyte bile acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis, while concurrently upregulating hepatocyte glycogenesis and gallbladder (GB) filling. The physiologic impact of this regulatory cycle is illustrated in cholecystectomized humans, in whom the disturbed meal-related flux of GB bile decreases serum FGF19 concentrations. OBJECTIVE: Determine if serum FGF19 concentrations are lower in dogs with clinical GB mucoceles (GBMs) than in control dogs. ANIMALS: Seven dogs with GBM diagnosed using abdominal ultrasonography, biochemical markers, and GB histopathology. Forty-two control dogs without gastrointestinal or hepatobiliary disorders also were evaluated. Health status of controls was assessed by physical examination and diagnostic hematologic and biochemical test results. METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional study to compare fasting plasma or serum FGF19 concentrations between groups. Concentrations of FGF19 were quantified by a commercially available FGF19 ELISA. RESULTS: Concentrations of FGF19 were significantly lower in dogs with clinical GBM (median, 14.0 pg/mL; range, 12.8-67.2) than in control dogs (median, 145.3 pg/mL; range, 36.5-285.1). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: In dogs, GBM is associated with significantly decreased serum FGF19 concentrations. We speculate that this finding reflects compromised GB contraction and decreased enterohepatic circulation of bile flow. Subnormal FGF19 concentrations may influence bile acid synthesis and hepatic metabolism.
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of repeated steam sterilization cycles on the biomechanical properties of surgical screws. METHODS: 42 3.5-mm and 42 2.0-mm self-tapping, cortical screws were divided into 3 groups per size and underwent autoclave sterilization for 1 (G1), 50 (G50), or 100 (G100) cycles and testing from August 2018 through June 2021. Sixty screws were then inserted into canine cadaver femurs, and biomechanical properties were measured, including peak insertional torque, torque to failure, and pullout strength, each normalized to cortical thickness. Scanning electron micrographs were taken from 24 screws, and images were blindly analyzed by 5 trained examiners. RESULTS: The mean normalized insertion torque for 3.5-mm screws was significantly different between G1 and both G50 and G100. The mean normalized torque to failure for 3.5-mm screws was significantly different between G1 and both G50 and G100. Axial pullout testing was found to be significantly different for 2.0-mm screws between G1 and G100. Scanning electron micrographs surface scoring identified a significant difference in 3.5-mm screws at the screw tip. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that biomechanical changes occur with repeated steam sterilizations. Specifically, peak insertional torque and torque to failure are decreased with increased sterilizations for 3.5-mm screws, whereas 2.0-mm screws were altered in pullout testing after 100 sterilizations. It is suspected that numerous sterilizations negatively alter the physical-mechanical properties of certain screw sizes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The biomechanical properties of the bone-implant interface could negatively be affected by multiple steam sterilizations during clinical setting.
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Renal disease is often identified as a cause of morbidity and mortality in avian patients. However, currently, early antemortem detection of renal disease in avian patients is difficult. Anatomical and physiological differences between mammals and birds mean the use of commonly employed diagnostic testing (ie, measurement of blood urea nitrogen [BUN] and serum creatinine, urinalysis, and ultrasonography) are either nondiagnostic or difficult to achieve. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is considered a more sensitive marker for renal disease in humans, dogs, and cats. However, SDMA has not yet been assessed for diagnostic use in any psittacine species. In this study, we establish reference ranges for SDMA in both Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis, HAP) and Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus, QP). Blood was collected from 23 Amazon parrots and 32 Quaker parrots maintained in research facilities. Measurement of SDMA through a commercially available immunoassay (IA-SDMA) as well as creatinine, BUN, uric acid, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium, and chloride were determined through IDEXX Laboratories. Plasma SDMA concentrations ranged from 6 to 15 µg/dL and 3 to 15 µg/dL for the HAP and QP, respectively. Sex was a confounding factor for the QP population, but sex did not have a significant effect on SDMA for the HAP population. No significant correlations were identified between SDMA concentrations and other parameters in either psittacine species. Our results show proof of concept for the IA-SDMA and provide reference intervals for SDMA in HAP and QP. Further investigation is required to determine the validity of this assay and the predictive power of SDMA in the detection of renal impairment for parrots and other common companion birds.
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Arginina , Loros , Animales , Valores de Referencia , Masculino , Arginina/análogos & derivados , Arginina/sangre , Femenino , Loros/sangre , Amazona/sangre , Biomarcadores/sangreRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To report risk factors associated with conjunctival graft failure in dogs at four referral specialty centers. PROCEDURES: Records of 203 dogs (229 eyes) undergoing conjunctival graft repair of ulcerative keratitis at four hospitals from 2015 to 2021 were reviewed. Success was defined as full graft integration with globe retention at the last postoperative evaluation; vision status was reported separately. Factors assessed included patient signalment, ophthalmic examination findings, surgical factors, and follow-up information. RESULTS: Conjunctival graft failure occurred in 11% (25/229) of eyes and was significantly associated with ulcer depth, with corneal perforations having increased odds of graft failure compared with descemetoceles (odds ratio [OR] = 3.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-9.32; p = .03) and stromal ulcers (OR = 10.89 [95% CI 1.38-86.18], p = .02). Brachycephalic dogs were significantly more likely than non-brachycephalic dogs to experience graft failure (OR = 5.02 [95% CI 1.42-17.74], p < .01). Surgery on the opposite eye relative to surgeon handedness was significantly associated with an increased risk of graft failure (OR 4.28 [95% CI 1.53-11.94], p < .01). The use of 7-0 and 8-0 suture versus 9-0 (p = .03) and the use of a combined simple continuous and interrupted pattern (p = .03) were significantly associated with an increased risk of graft failure. At the last follow-up, (median 61.5 days), 87% of dogs were visual. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal perforations, surgery on the opposite eye relative to surgeon handedness, suture size and pattern, and brachycephalic conformation were significantly associated with an increased risk of graft failure in this study. These characteristics can be considered when determining prognosis for ulcerative keratitis requiring surgical intervention.
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Methamphetamine is a highly abused psychostimulant that substantially impacts public health. Prenatal and postnatal methamphetamine exposure alters gene expression, brain development, and behavior in the offspring, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully defined. To assess these adverse outcomes in the offspring, we employed a mouse model of prenatal and postnatal methamphetamine exposure. Juvenile offspring were behaviorally assessed on the open field, novel object recognition, Y-maze, and forced swim tests. In addition, RNA sequencing was used to explore potential alterations in prefrontal cortical gene expression. We found that methamphetamine-exposed mice exhibited decreased locomotor activity and impaired cognitive performance. In addition, differential expression of genes involved in neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and neuroinflammation were found with notable changes in dopaminergic signaling pathways. These data suggest potential neural and molecular mechanisms underlying methamphetamine-exposed behavioral changes. The altered expression of genes involved in dopaminergic signaling and synaptic plasticity highlights potential targets for therapeutic interventions for substance abuse disorders and related psychiatric complications.
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Bronchomalacia, the weakening of bronchial cartilage, is a common cause of cough in dogs. The gold standard for diagnosis of bronchomalacia is bronchoscopy; however, fluoroscopy is often used as a preliminary diagnostic test due to its noninvasiveness. The normal amount of bronchial collapse in healthy dogs using fluoroscopy has not been previously established, with some authors citing <25%. The aims of this prospective and retrospective analytical observational study were to determine the normal amount of airway collapse in healthy animals, the amount of airway collapse in dogs with chronic cough and presumed bronchomalacia, and cut-off values of airway collapse during expiration and cough to distinguish between the two groups. Thoracic fluoroscopy was performed in right and left lateral recumbency during inspiration, expiration, and cough to evaluate the percentage collapse of the trachea and lobar bronchi in 45 healthy and 76 chronically coughing dogs. The bronchi of chronically coughing dogs exhibited a significantly greater amount of collapse during both expiration and cough compared with healthy dogs. Chronically coughing dogs exhibited up to 31.7 ± 26.6% collapse in expiration and 87.5 ± 23.7% collapse during cough, whereas healthy dogs exhibited 14.9 ± 6.1% collapse in expiration and 35.0 ± 13.7% collapse during cough. Based on ROC curves, the authors suggest using cut-off values of 30% during expiration and 60% during cough to distinguish between healthy dogs and those with presumed bronchomalacia. Findings suggest that though healthy dogs can exhibit a greater degree of airway collapse than previously thought, fluoroscopy can be used to distinguish between healthy and presumed bronchomalacic dogs.
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Tos , Enfermedades de los Perros , Animales , Perros , Tos/veterinaria , Fluoroscopía/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Broncomalacia/veterinaria , Broncomalacia/diagnóstico por imagen , Bronquios/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedad Crónica/veterinaria , Valores de ReferenciaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess intraocular pressure (IOP) development in cranes and determine the impact of age, weight, species, head position, and sex. ANIMALS STUDIED: Whooping cranes (WC) (Grus americana), and Mississippi-sandhill cranes (MSC) (Grus canadensis pulla). PROCEDURES: Chicks were manually restrained on days 1-3, 7, 21, 35, 60, 75, and 120 for routine examinations. IOP was opportunistically measured utilizing the Tonovet Plus® in D setting with the head above the heart (AH) and below the heart (BH). Values were also obtained longitudinally in adults (>120 days old) upon presentation in 1 year. RESULTS: Intraocular pressure was highly correlated with age and weight in chicks. For every kilogram gained, IOP increased 2.46 ± 0.08 mmHg in WC and 2.66 ± 0.11 mmHg in MSC. Once hatched, IOP increased 1.13 ± 0.04 mmHg in WC and 0.87 ± 0.04 mmHg in MSC every 10 days. IOP was similar to adults at 120 days of age. In adult WC, mean IOP AH was 24.0 ± 0.4 mmHg, and BH was 27.9 ± 0.4 mmHg, there was a significant difference regarding head positioning and sex, females (25.3 ± 0.4 mm Hg) had lower IOP than males (26.5 ± 0.4 mmHg). In adult MSC, mean IOP AH was 20.7 ± 0.4 mmHg, and BH was 24.6 ± 0.4 mmHg. The difference between head positioning was significant. CONCLUSIONS: This study documents the correlation between IOP and weight or age during early development in cranes, as well as the importance of head positioning.
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine hematologic changes of stored caprine whole blood in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine solution over a 28-day period. SAMPLE: Ten 250-mL bags of whole blood were collected from 10 female Boer goats from Louisiana State University's Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine herd. METHODS: 10 healthy blood donor goats were selected, and 250 mL of whole blood was drawn from each and stored at 2.78 °C. At the time of collection and every 7 days for a total of 28 days, samples were obtained from the blood bags to determine biochemical and hematologic values of collected blood. Only 5 of the 10 donors had baseline blood bag samples obtained for biochemical evaluation on day 0. At the end of 28 days, the remaining blood was submitted for aerobic and anaerobic culture. RESULTS: Blood values remained within suitable limits for transfusion and below 1% hemolysis for up to 21 days in most samples. Packed cell volume did not change significantly from day 0 to day 28. Lactate significantly increased over the 28 days, though not as dramatically as expected on the basis of other blood storage studies. pH decreased due to anticoagulant acidity but did not drop below 7. Cultures were negative on all blood bags. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Changes over time are similar to that in other species, and caprine blood appears biochemically and hematologically stable for up to 21 days in storage. In vivo trials are needed for safety and efficacy.
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Conservación de la Sangre , Cabras , Humanos , Animales , Femenino , Conservación de la Sangre/veterinaria , Glucosa , Transfusión Sanguínea/veterinaria , Eritrocitos , Ácido Láctico , FosfatosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of a stainless-steel cable (SSC) tension band fixation as an adjunct to a locking compression plate (LCP) for arthrodesis of the equine metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental. An ex vivo biomechanical paired equine cadaver limb study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Five MCP joint pairs were collected from adult Thoroughbred horses, euthanized for reasons unrelated to orthopedic disease. METHODS: Each pair of MCP joints were randomly implanted with either a dorsally placed 5.5 mm LCP and a palmarly placed 2.0 mm SSC or a dorsally placed 5.5 mm LCP alone. Each construct was tested in cyclic loading followed by single cycle to failure in axial compression. Displacement at a target load of 1 kN over 3600 cycles at 1 Hz was recorded prior to single cycle to failure testing. RESULTS: In cyclic testing, displacement was not significantly different between the first and last 5% of testing cycles regardless of construct. Maximum displacement of each construct during cyclic testing was <1.1 mm. In single cycle testing, the observed yield point did not reveal any difference between LCP and LCP-SSC (p = .440). The maximum load at failure was significantly higher in LCP-SSC compared to constructs with the LCP alone (p = .046). CONCLUSION: The addition of the SSC to the LCP did not statistically affect construct displacement during cyclic loading or construct yield load during subsequent single cycle to failure. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study provided much needed information regarding the necessity of a tension band SSC application in the arthrodesis of the MCP/MTP joint in horses.
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Artrodesis , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Caballos/cirugía , Animales , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Artrodesis/veterinaria , Placas Óseas/veterinaria , Articulación Metacarpofalángica/cirugía , Cadáver , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/cirugíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To document ocular lesions and establish ophthalmic diagnostic test reference values in a colony of African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). ANIMALS STUDIED: Fifty one geriatric (GAGM, 19-30 years old), 10 adult (AAGM, 5-9 years old) and 10 juvenile (JAGM, <2 years old) African green monkeys housed in a single Caribbean research colony. PROCEDURES: Ocular biomicroscopy, indirect fundoscopy, Schirmer tear test (STT), rebound tonometry (TonoVet®) and corneal fluorescein staining were performed. Mixed ANCOVA tests were performed to compare STT and IOP between groups. RESULTS: Common ocular lesions in GAGM included vitreal degeneration (27/51, 51/102 eyes) and cataracts (21/51, 32/102 eyes). Vitreal degeneration was also common in AAGM (8/10, 16/20 eyes) and infrequent in JAGM (3/10, 6/20 eyes). Cataracts were not present in any JAGM or AAGM. All eyes in all three groups had perilimbal corneal pigmentation and faint lace-like anterior corneal stromal opacification. Median (range) STT values were 16.0 (18) mm/min in GAGM. Mean (SD) STT values were 14.2 (4.6) mm/min in AAGM, and 8.9 (3.4) mm/min in JAGM. Median (range) IOP values were 16.5 (27) mmHg in GAGM. Mean (SD) IOP values were 18.0 (2.8) mmHg in AAGM, and 14.1 (2.2) mmHg in JAGM. JAGM had significantly lower STT and IOP values compared to AAGM (p = .0449, .0057, respectively) and GAGM (p = .0002, .0130, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous ocular lesions were common in geriatric monkeys in this research colony. IOP and STT values were lower in juvenile African green monkeys relative to adult or geriatric animals.
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Catarata , Presión Intraocular , Chlorocebus aethiops , Animales , Ojo , Catarata/diagnóstico , Catarata/veterinaria , Oftalmoscopía , Valores de Referencia , Pruebas Diagnósticas de Rutina , Tonometría Ocular/veterinaria , LágrimasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe hemostatic derangements associated with canine anaphylaxis and to assess for association with syndrome severity. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: University teaching hospital. ANIMALS: Twenty-seven client-owned dogs, recruited from November 2018 to January 2022, diagnosed with anaphylaxis of varying severity were included. Study inclusion required presentation <6 hours after initiation of clinical signs, no medications or history of illness within the prior 2 weeks, lack of comorbidities expected to affect hemostasis, and lack of a disease state that could alternatively explain the clinical presentation. INTERVENTIONS: Blood samples were collected within the first hour of presentation for CBC, serum biochemistry, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and viscoelastic coagulation testing for use with a cartridge-based point-of-care device. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Clotting time and clot formation time were prolonged, alpha angle and maximum clot firmness were decreased, PT and aPTT were prolonged, and platelet counts were lower in severe cases compared to mild and moderate cases. There were no differences for any parameter between mild and moderate cases. The presence or absence of abdominal effusion was not associated with hemostatic status. CONCLUSIONS: Global hemostatic derangements consistent with hypocoagulability are a prominent feature of severe anaphylaxis in dogs and should be considered for routine evaluation.
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Anafilaxia , Enfermedades de los Perros , Hemostáticos , Humanos , Perros , Animales , Anafilaxia/veterinaria , Pruebas de Coagulación Sanguínea/veterinaria , Hemostasis , Tiempo de Protrombina/veterinaria , Tromboelastografía/veterinariaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a common cause of morbidity in cattle, resulting in significant economic losses. This study aimed to characterize the bovine bacterial ocular surface microbiome (OSM) through conjunctival swab samples from Normal eyes and eyes with naturally acquired, active IBK across populations of cattle using a three-part approach, including bacterial culture, relative abundance (RA, 16 S rRNA gene sequencing), and semi-quantitative random forest modeling (real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)). RESULTS: Conjunctival swab samples were obtained from eyes individually classified as Normal (n = 376) or IBK (n = 228) based on clinical signs. Cattle unaffected by IBK and the unaffected eye in cattle with contralateral IBK were used to obtain Normal eye samples. Moraxella bovis was cultured from similar proportions of IBK (7/228, 3.07%) and Normal eyes (1/159, 0.63%) (p = 0.1481). Moraxella bovoculi was cultured more frequently (p < 0.0001) in IBK (59/228, 25.88%) than Normal (7/159, 4.40%) eyes. RA (via 16 S rRNA gene sequencing) of Actinobacteriota was significantly higher in Normal eyes (p = 0.0045). Corynebacterium variabile and Corynebacterium stationis (Actinobacteriota) were detected at significantly higher RA (p = 0.0008, p = 0.0025 respectively) in Normal eyes. Rothia nasimurium (Actinobacteriota) was detected at significantly higher RA in IBK eyes (p < 0.0001). Alpha-diversity index was not significantly different between IBK and Normal eyes (p > 0.05). Alpha-diversity indices for geographic location (p < 0.001), age (p < 0.0001), sex (p < 0.05) and breed (p < 0.01) and beta-diversity indices for geographic location (p < 0.001), disease status (p < 0.01), age (p < 0.001), sex (p < 0.001) and breed (p < 0.001) were significantly different between groups. Modeling of RT-PCR values reliably categorized the microbiome of IBK and Normal eyes; primers for Moraxella bovoculi, Moraxella bovis, and Staphylococcus spp. were consistently the most significant canonical variables in these models. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide further evidence that multiple elements of the bovine bacterial OSM are altered in the context of IBK, indicating the involvement of a variety of bacteria in addition to Moraxella bovis, including Moraxella bovoculi and R. nasimurium, among others. Actinobacteriota RA is altered in IBK, providing possible opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions. While RT-PCR modeling provided limited further support for the involvement of Moraxella bovis in IBK, this was not overtly reflected in culture or RA results. Results also highlight the influence of geographic location and breed type (dairy or beef) on the bovine bacterial OSM. RT-PCR modeling reliably categorized samples as IBK or Normal.
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BACKGROUND: Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a global viral pathogen of domestic equids which causes reproductive, respiratory and neurological disease. Few isolates acquired from naturally infected USA-based hosts have been fully sequenced and analyzed to date. An ORF 30 (DNA polymerase) variant (A2254G) has previously been associated with neurological disease in host animals. The purpose of this study was to perform phylogenomic analysis of EHV-1 isolates acquired from USA-based hosts and compare these isolates to previously sequenced global isolates. METHODS: EHV-1 was isolated from 23 naturally infected USA-based equids (6 different states, 15 disease outbreaks) with reproductive (22/23) or neurological disease (1/23). Following virus isolation, EHV-1 DNA was extracted for sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. Following reference-based assembly, whole viral genomes were annotated and assessed. Previously sequenced EHV-1 isolates (n = 114) obtained from global host equids were included in phylogenomic analyses. RESULTS: The overall average genomic distance was 0.0828% (SE 0.004%) for the 23 newly sequenced USA isolates and 0.0705% (SE 0.003%) when all 137 isolates were included. Clade structure was predominantly based on geographic origin. Numerous nucleotide substitutions (mean [range], 179 [114-297] synonymous and 81 [38-120] non-synonymous substitutions per isolate) were identified throughout the genome of the newly sequenced USA isolates. The previously described ORF 30 A2254G substitution (associated with neurological disease) was found in only one isolate obtained from a host with non-neurological clinical signs (reproductive disease), six additional, unique, non-synonymous ORF 30 substitutions were detected in 22/23 USA isolates. Evidence of recombination was present in most (22/23) of the newly sequenced USA isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the genomes of the 23 newly sequenced EHV-1 isolates obtained from USA-based hosts were broadly similar to global isolates. The previously described ORF 30 A2254G neurological substitution was infrequently detected in the newly sequenced USA isolates, most of which were obtained from host animals with reproductive disease. Recombination was likely to be partially responsible for genomic diversity in the newly sequenced USA isolates.
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Infecciones por Herpesviridae , Herpesvirus Équido 1 , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso , Animales , Caballos , Filogenia , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/genética , Genoma Viral , Secuencia de Bases , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5) is a Ser/His/Thr phosphatase responsible for regulating mitochondrial homeostasis. Overexpression of PGAM5 is correlated with a poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma, colon cancer, and melanoma. In hepatocellular carcinoma, silencing of PGAM5 reduces growth, which has been attributed to decreased mitophagy and enhanced apoptosis. Yet in colon cancer, PGAM5's pro-tumor survival effect is correlated to lipid metabolism. We sought to identify whether deletion of PGAM5 modulated lipid droplet accrual in hepatocellular carcinoma. HepG2 and Huh7 PGAM5 knockout cell lines generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology were used to measure cell growth, cellular ATP, and long-chain fatty acid uptake. Expression of hepatocellular fatty acid transporters, cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), solute carrier family 27 member 2 (SLC27A2), solute carrier family 27 member 5 (SLC27A5), and fatty acid binding protein 1 (FABP1) was measured by quantitative PCR and Western blot. We found that deletion of PGAM5 attenuates hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth and ATP production. Further, PGAM5 knockout ameliorates palmitate-induced steatosis and reduces expression of FABP1 in HepG2 and Huh7 cell lines. PGAM5's role in hepatocellular carcinoma includes regulation of fatty acid metabolism, which may be related to expression of the fatty acid transporter, FABP1.
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OBJECTIVE: Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) causes ocular surface disease in domestic cats. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between bacterial ocular surface microbiota and outcomes for cats with FHV-1 ocular surface disease. ANIMALS STUDIED: Twenty-two shelter-housed cats with confirmed FHV-1 ocular surface disease. PROCEDURES: Animals were grouped according to FHV-1 shedding and ocular clinical scores following intervention: worsened outcome (WorOut, n = 11) or improved outcome (ImpOut, n = 11). Scoring and conjunctival sampling were completed on Days 1 and 8 of twice daily antiviral treatment. Bacterial DNA was extracted and submitted for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed for selected bacterial species. Overall DNA concentration between groups was assessed. RESULTS: Bacterial microbiota relative abundance composition was significantly different between ImpOut and WorOut groups (weighted UniFrac p = .006). Alpha diversity was significantly higher in the ImpOut group compared with the WorOut group (Shannon p = .042, Simpson's p = .022, Pielou's p = .037). Differences in the relative abundance of various phyla and species were detected between groups. Total DNA concentration was higher in the WorOut group compared with the ImpOut group (p = .04). Feline GAPDH (p = .001) and Bilophila wadsworthia (p = .024) copy number was significantly higher in the ImpOut group compared with the WorOut group. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the important relationship between the bacterial ocular surface microbiota and FHV-1 infection outcomes in cats treated with antiviral medications. Low bacterial species diversity, higher overall DNA (presumed predominantly bacterial) load, and certain bacterial phyla/species were associated with poor outcomes for cats with FHV-1 ocular disease.
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Background: Women with obesity have higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia (PE). Late-gestational hypertension, aberrant fetoplacental development, and fetal growth restriction (FGR), hallmarks of PE, are observed spontaneously in BPH/5 mice. Similar to obese preeclamptic women, BPH/5 mice have higher visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) and circulating leptin. We hypothesized that attenuation of maternal obesity and serum leptin in pregnant BPH/5 mice will improve fetoplacental development by decreasing hypoxia markers and leptin expression at the maternal-fetal interface. Methods: To test this hypothesis, BPH/5 mice were fed ad libitum (lib) and pair-fed (PF) to C57 ad lib controls beginning at embryonic day (e) 0.5. Hypoxia-related genes, hypoxia inducible factor (Hif) 1α, stem cell factor (Scf), heme oxygenase-1 (Ho-1), leptin (Lep), and leptin receptor (LepR) were assessed in e7.5 implantation sites. Results: BPH/5 ad lib had 1.5 to 2-fold increase in Hif1α, Scf, and Ho-1 mRNA and a greater than 3-fold increase in leptin mRNA vs. C57 that was attenuated with PF. Exogenous leptin promoted Hif1α and Ho-1 mRNA expression in e7.5 decidua in vitro. While hypoxic conditions in vitro did not change decidual leptin mRNA. Furthermore, BPH/5 PF mice demonstrated improved fetal and placental outcomes later in gestation, with greater placental vascular area by e18.5 and attenuation of FGR. Conclusion: In conclusion, pair-feeding BPH/5 mice beginning at conception may improve placental vasculature formation via decreased leptin and hypoxia-associated markers in this model. Future investigations are needed to better determine the effect of hypoxia and leptin on pregnancy outcomes in obese pregnant women.
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BACKGROUND: Restricted motion during touch screen device use may contribute to wrist overuse injuries. Wrist radioulnar deviation and extension while using touch screen devices and digital or manual counterparts in male and female medical professional dominant and non-dominant hands were quantified to test the hypothesis that mobile touch screen device use reduces wrist motion. METHODS: An active motion detection system was used to record wrist motion of 12 participants while: tablet swiping and turning book pages; raising a cell and traditional phone to the ear; texting and typing; and entering numbers on a cell phone and manual calculator. Medial and lateral wrist surface range of motion (ROM) and minimum and maximum wrist radial-ulnar deviation and flexion-extension were quantified. RESULTS: Device, sex and handedness effects were determined (P<0.05). Maximum medial radial deviation and ROM were greater using a cell versus traditional phone. Maximum medial radial deviation was higher in the nondominant wrist during backward tablet swiping and while backward page turning versus tablet swiping. Maximum and minimum medial extension angles and ROM were greater while typing versus texting. Female nondominant hand maximum lateral extension and ROM were greater for typing versus texting and maximum medial extension and lateral extension ROM greater during manual versus cell phone calculator use with handedness combined. Maximum lateral extension and ROM were greater in females versus males using manual calculators. CONCLUSIONS: Sex and handedness should instruct touch screen, digital and manual device design and use for optimal performance and injury prevention.
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Traumatismos de la Muñeca , Muñeca , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Articulación de la Muñeca , Rango del Movimiento Articular , Radio (Anatomía) , Comprimidos , Fenómenos BiomecánicosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to validate the use of the Reichert Tono-Vera® Vet tonometer rabbit setting in normal ex vivo rabbit eyes and to compare the rabbit setting to the dog, cat, and horse settings of this tonometer. PROCEDURE: Six freshly enucleated normal rabbit eyes were cannulated and connected to a fluid reservoir and physiologic monitor. Triplicate measurements were obtained with the four available settings: dog, cat, horse, and rabbit at various intraocular pressures (IOP) ranging from 5 to 80 mmHg. Bland-Altman analysis was utilized to determine bias and 95% limits of agreement for each setting. RESULTS: Linear regression equations for the dog, horse, cat, and rabbit settings were y = 0.8101x + 2.5058, y = 0.7594x - 3.4673, y = 0.6635x + 0.3021, and y = 0.8935x + 1.3295, respectively. All settings demonstrated strong positive linear trends (dog r2 = 0.9644, horse r2 = 0.9456, cat r2 = 0.9309, and rabbit r2 = 0.9558). Bland-Altman plots revealed that the average bias and 95% limits of agreement (mmHg) were -4.73, -12.65, -12.86 and -2.73 and (-15.31, 5.86), (-29.03, 3.74), (-25.67, -0.05), and (-12.21, 6.76) for the dog, horse, cat, and rabbit settings, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Tono-Vera® Vet rabbit setting provided the most accurate and precise measurements compared with the other settings, but slightly underestimated actual IOP, especially as IOP was increased. This tonometer, using the rabbit setting, is likely to be appropriate for the estimation of IOP in rabbits with the appropriate correction formula applied.
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Presión Intraocular , Tonometría Ocular , Conejos , Animales , Perros , Caballos , Tonometría Ocular/veterinaria , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
Two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) is widely used as a noninvasive method to quantify liver stiffness. In humans, liver stiffness approximates histologic hepatic fibrosis. While histology is the gold standard for diagnosing liver disease, 2D-SWE may be a minimally invasive alternative to biopsy in feline patients. The objectives of this prospective, observational, crossover study were trifold: (1) to assess the feasibility of performing 2D-SWE in awake cats, (2) to determine whether anesthesia altered shear wave velocity (SWV) measurements, and (3) to correlate hepatic stiffness with histologically quantified hepatic fibrosis. Eleven healthy, purpose-bred cats underwent 2D-SWE in awake and anesthetized states. SWV measurements were compared with histologic fibrosis measurements obtained from liver biopsies during the anesthetic period. The mean velocities were not significantly different between awake (1.47 ± 0.18 m/s) and anesthetized (1.47 ± 0.24 m/s) cats. Premedication and anesthetic drugs did not impact mean SWV. There was a higher variability in the SWV values in the awake group. The data points were reliably replicated, with an interquartile range of 0.24 and 0.32 in anesthetized and awake groups, respectively. There was moderate agreement between observers (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.66). All cats had clinically insignificant fibrosis. There was no correlation between the SWV measurements and the histological fibrosis values. This study demonstrates that 2D-SWE is feasible in awake cats and that the anesthetic protocol employed did not significantly alter mean SWV. This work is the first to histologically validate normal SWV values in cats and show that 2D-SWE cannot differentiate minimal differences in feline hepatic fibrosis.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos , Diagnóstico por Imagen de Elasticidad , Humanos , Gatos , Animales , Diagnóstico por Imagen de Elasticidad/veterinaria , Diagnóstico por Imagen de Elasticidad/métodos , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios Cruzados , Vigilia , Cirrosis Hepática/diagnóstico por imagen , Cirrosis Hepática/veterinaria , Hígado/diagnóstico por imagen , Hígado/patología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Gatos/patologíaRESUMEN
Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) commonly causes ocular surface disease in cats and is treated with antiviral medications targeting viral DNA polymerase (UL30/42). Herein, we describe a method to assess the FHV-1 genome for mutation development and to assess the functional impact of mutations, if present. Fourteen shelter-housed domestic cats with FHV-1 ocular surface disease were assigned to one of four treatment groups: placebo (n = 3), cidofovir 0.5% ophthalmic solution (n = 3), famciclovir oral solution (n = 5), or ganciclovir 0.15% ophthalmic solution (n = 3). Swabs were collected before (day 1) and after (day 8) 1 week of twice-daily treatments to isolate viable FHV-1. Viral DNA was extracted for sequencing using Illumina MiSeq with subsequent genomic variant detection between paired day 1 and day 8 isolates. Plaque reduction assay was performed on paired isolates demonstrating non-synonymous variants. A total of 171 synonymous and 3 non-synonymous variants were identified in day 8 isolates. No variants were detected in viral UL23, UL30, or UL42 genes. Variant totals were not statistically different in animals receiving antiviral or placebo (p = 0.4997). A day 8 isolate from each antiviral treatment group contained a single non-synonymous variant in ICP4 (transcriptional regulator). These 3 isolates demonstrated no evidence of functional antiviral resistance when IC50 was assessed. Most (10/14 pairs) day 1 and 8 viral isolate pairs from the same host animal were near-identical. While functional variants were not detected in this small sample, these techniques can be replicated to assess FHV-1 isolates suspected of having developed resistance to antiviral medications.