Bottom-Up Defect Modification Through Oily-Allicin Modified Buried Interface Achieving Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

The buried interface properties of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) play a crucial role in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and operational stability. The metal-oxide/perovskite heterogeneous interfaces are highly defective and cause serious ion migration. However, the buried and unexposed bottom interface and simultaneous stabilization of grain boundaries receive less attention and effective solutions. To tackle this problem, a solid-liquid strategy is employed by introducing oily-additive allicin at the buried interface to passivate the shallow (VI and Vo) and deep traps (VPb and PbI). Interestingly, oily status allicin fills the pinholes at the heterointerface and wraps the perovskite grains, suppressing the ion migration during the photoaging process. As a result, an outstanding PCE of 25.07% is achieved with a remarkable fill factor (FF) of 84.03%. The modified devices can maintain 94.51% of the original PCE after light soaking under 1-sun illumination for 1000 h. This work demonstrates a buried interface modification method that employs an eco-friendly additive, which helps promote the development of PSCs with high performance and stability.

In vivo Fate of Targeted Drug Delivery Carriers.

This review aimed to systematically investigate the intracellular and subcellular fate of various types of targeting carriers. Upon entering the body via intravenous injection or other routes, a targeting carrier that can deliver therapeutic agents initiates their journey. If administered intravenously, the carrier initially faces challenges presented by the blood circulation before reaching specific tissues and interacting with cells within the tissue. At the subcellular level, the car2rier undergoes processes, such as drug release, degradation, and metabolism, through specific pathways. While studies on the fate of 13 types of carriers have been relatively conclusive, these studies are incomplete and lack a comprehensive analysis. Furthermore, there are still carriers whose fate remains unclear, underscoring the need for continuous research. This study highlights the importance of comprehending the in vivo and intracellular fate of targeting carriers and provides valuable insights into the operational mechanisms of different carriers within the body. By doing so, researchers can effectively select appropriate carriers and enhance the successful clinical translation of new formulations.

Nowadays, scientists are actively researching nanocarrier drugs. After administration via injection or other methods, these drugs experience in the body and reach the target treatment site to relieve or cure symptoms. As research progresses, scientists are gaining more insights into the behavior of nanocarrier drugs in the body, which is useful in developing safer and more effective drugs. Historically, research has focused primarily on the drug itself. However, it is important to understand that the carrier that delivers and protects the drug (often described as the drug sitting in a "car" or under an "umbrella") plays an essential role in the drug's therapeutic effect. This paper aims to highlight the importance of the carrier's role, which is vital for developing new drugs and advancing basic research.

Enhancing Efficiency and Durability of Perovskite Solar Cells with Chlorine-Functionalized Fully Conjugated Porous Aromatic Framework.

Non-radiative recombination, caused by trap states, significantly hampers the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The emerging porous organic polymers (POPs) show promise as a platform for designing novel defect passivation agents due to their rigid and porous structure. However, the POPs reported so far lack either sufficient stability or clear sites of interactions with the defects. Herein, two chlorine-functionalized, fully conjugated porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) were constructed via a decarbonylation reaction. The chlorinated PAFs feature unique long-range conjugated networks bearing multiple chlorine atoms, significantly improving the photovoltaic performance and stability of doped solar cells. Combined experimental and theoretical analyses confirmed the strong passivation effects of conjugated structure to the defect through Cl sites. Specifically, PAF-159, bearing a triphenylamine moiety, demonstrated stronger Cl-Pb bonding and higher passivation efficiency due to the presence of π* anti-bonding orbitals, which elevate the HOMO energy level and facilitate Cl-Pb charge transfer. Consequently, we obtained high-performance PAF-159-doped devices with advanced PCE (24.3%), good storage stability (retaining 86% after 3000 hours), and good long-term operational stability (retaining 92% after 350 hours).

Nanoscale dihydroartemisinin@zeolitic imidazolate frameworks for enhanced antigiardial activity and mechanism analysis.

An artificial semisynthetic material can be derived from artemisinin (ART) called dihydroartemisinin (DHA). Although DHA has enhanced antigiardial potential, its clinical application is limited because of its poor selectivity and low solubility. The drug's absorption has a direct impact on the cell, and mechanism research is limited to its destruction of the cytoskeleton. In this study, we used the zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 and loaded it with DHA (DHA@Zif-8) to improve its antigiardial potential. DHA@Zif-8 can enhance cellular uptake, increase antigiardial proliferation and encystation, and expand the endoplasmic reticulum compared with the DHA-treated group. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate the antigiardial mechanism. We found that 126 genes were downregulated and 123 genes were upregulated. According to the KEGG and GO pathway analysis, the metabolic functions in G. lamblia are affected by DHA@Zif-8 NPs. We used real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to verify our results using the RNA-seq data. DHA@Zif-8 NPs significantly enhanced the eradication of the parasite from the stool in vivo. In addition, the intestinal mucosal injury caused by G. lamblia trophozoites markedly improved in the intestine. This research provided the potential of utilizing DHA@Zif-8 to develop an antiprotozoan drug for clinical applications.

Chlorophyl-Passivated Ytterbium-Doped Perovskite Quantum-Cutting Film for High-Performance Solar Energy Conversion and Near-Infrared Light-Emitting Diode Applications.

The quantum cutting ytterbium (Yb3+)-doped CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Cl, or Br) nanocrystals, exhibiting photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) exceeding 100%, hold significant promise for applications in solar energy conversion technologies and near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diodes (LEDs). This work investigates the usage of chlorophyll (CHL), a naturally existing organic pigment, as an efficient molecular passivator to improve the performance of quantum cutting films. With the assistance of CHL, the resultant perovskite film displays an increased PLQY of 176%. The commercial silicon solar cells (SSCs) with CHL-treated perovskite films demonstrate a remarkable photon-to-current conversion efficiency improvement of 1.83% for a 330.15 cm2 area SSC device. Additionally, a CHL-modified Yb3+:CsPbCl3 film was used to create 988 nm NIR LEDs with an external quantum efficiency of 3.2%. This work provides a new, eco-friendly approach for producing high-quality, large-area Yb3+-doped perovskite film for deployment in photoelectric and night vision applications.

The GPR40 novel agonist SZZ15-11 improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by activating the AMPK pathway and restores metabolic homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice.

AIM: Non-alcoholic fatty liver is the most common cause of chronic liver disease. GPR40 is a potential therapeutic target for energy metabolic disorders. GPR40 is a potential therapeutic target for energy metabolic disorders. SZZ15-11 is a newly synthesized GPR40 agonist. In this study, we estimate the potency of SZZ15-11 in fatty liver treatment. METHODS: In vivo, diet-induced obese (DIO) mice received SZZ15-11 (50 mg/kg) and TAK875 (50 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. Blood glucose and lipid, hepatocyte lipid and liver morphology were analysed. In vitro, HepG2 cells and GPR40-knockdown HepG2 cells induced with 0.3 mM oleic acid were treated with SZZ15-11. Triglyceride and total cholesterol of cells were measured. At the same time, the AMPK pathway regulating triglycerides and cholesterol esters synthesis was investigated via western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction in both liver tissue and HepG2 cells. RESULTS: SZZ15-11 was found to not only attenuate hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia but also ameliorate fatty liver disease in DIO mice. At the same time, SZZ15-11 decreased triglyceride and total cholesterol content in HepG2 cells. Whether examined in the liver of DIO mice or in HepG2 cells, SZZ15-11 upregulated AMPKα phosphorylation and then downregulated the expression of the cholesterogenic key enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and inhibited acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity. Furthermore, SZZ15-11 promotes AMPK activity via [cAMP]i accumulation. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that SZZ15-11, a novel GPR40 agonist, improves hyperlipidaemia and fatty liver, partially via Gs signalling and the AMPK pathway in hepatocytes.

Physics-informed kernel function neural networks for solving partial differential equations.

This paper proposes an improved version of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), the physics-informed kernel function neural networks (PIKFNNs), to solve various linear and some specific nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). It can also be considered as a novel radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). In the proposed PIKFNNs, it employs one-hidden-layer shallow neural network with the physics-informed kernel functions (PIKFs) as the customized activation functions. The PIKFs fully or partially contain PDE information, which can be chosen as fundamental solutions, green's functions, T-complete functions, harmonic functions, radial Trefftz functions, probability density functions and even the solutions of some linear simplified PDEs and so on. The main difference between the PINNs and the proposed PIKFNNs is that the PINNs add PDE constraints to the loss function, and the proposed PIKFNNs embed PDE information into the activation functions of the neural network. The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed PIKFNNs are validated by some benchmark examples.

A Molecular Cage Accessed by Threefold Click Reaction of a C3v-Symmetric Triazido-Functionalized Tribenzotriquinacene.

The hitherto unknown hexakis(halomethyl)-functionalized tribenzotriquinacenes (TBTQs) 9 and 10 were synthesized from the key 4b,8b,12b-tribromo-TBTQ derivative 6 by an improved route in 67% overall yield. Extension of the bowl-shaped framework of 9 or 10 by threefold condensation with propargylamine or 2-azidoethylamine afforded the corresponding TBTQ-trialkyne 11 and TBTQ-triazide 12, respectively. While attempts to construct bis-TBTQ cages, including homodimerization of 11 and heterocoupling of 11 with 12, were unsuccessful, triazide 12 was found to undergo threefold [3 + 2]-cycloaddition with 3-ethynylaniline and phloroglucinol tripropargyl ether under click chemistry conditions. The latter reaction enabled facile capping of the TBTQ bowl to give the novel cage compound 5 in 22% yield.

Solar-blind ultraviolet photodetector based on Nb2C/ß-Ga2O3heterojunction.

ß-Ga2O3has been widely investigated for its stability and thermochemical properties. However, the preparation ofß-Ga2O3thin films requires complex growth techniques and high growth temperatures, and this has hindered the application ofß-Ga2O3thin films. In this study,ß-Ga2O3thin films with good crystalline quality were prepared using a green method, and an ultraviolet (UV) detector based onß-Ga2O3with a photocurrent of 2.54 × 10-6A and a dark current of 1.19 × 10-8A has been developed. Two-dimensional materials have become premium materials for applications in optoelectronic devices due to their high conductivity. Here, we use the suitable energy band structure between Nb2C and Ga2O3to create a high carrier migration barrier, which reduces the dark current of the device by an order of magnitude. In addition, the device exhibits solar-blind detection, high responsiveness (28 A W-1) and good stability. Thus, the Nb2C/ß-Ga2O3heterojunction is expected to be one of the promising devices in the field of UV photoelectric detection.