Risk factors for Gleason score upgrade from prostate biopsy to radical prostatectomy.

Accurate identification of prostate cancer Gleason grade group remains an important component of the initial management of clinically localized disease. However, Gleason score upgrading (GSU) from biopsy to radical prostatectomy can occur in up to a third of patients treated with surgery. Concern for disease undergrading remains a source of diagnostic uncertainty, contributing to both over-treatment of low-risk disease as well as under-treatment of higher-risk prostate cancer. This review examines the published literature concerning risk factors for GSU from time of biopsy to prostatectomy final pathology. Risk factors identified for Gleason upgrading include patient demographic and clinical factors including age, body mass index, race, prostate volume, and biomarker based assays, including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density, and testosterone values. In addition, prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings have also been associated with GSU. Biopsy-specific characteristics associated with GSU include lower number of biopsy cores and lack of targeted methodology, and possibly increasing percent biopsy core positivity. Recognition of risk factors for disease undergrading may prompt confirmatory testing including repeat sampling or imaging. Continued refinements in imaging guided biopsy techniques may also reduce sampling error contributing to undergrading.

Classification and Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infections in Radical Cystectomy: A 16-Year Analysis.

Introduction: Surgical site infection (SSI) is a substantial cause of peri-operative morbidity among patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC). The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors of SSI after RC and to classify and characterize treatment of SSIs. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed peri-operative characteristics and SSI, for patients undergoing RC from 2007 to 2022. Patients were stratified by SSI versus no SSI and differences were assessed. Uni-variable/multi-variable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with SSI. SSIs were categorized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) type: Superficial incisional, deep incisional, and organ/space confined. Results: Three hundred and ninety-eight patients had RC, 279 open, and 119 robotic; 78 (19.6%) developed SSI. Cohorts were similar demographically. Length of stay (LOS) was longer in the SSI cohort (8.8 d versus 12.4 d, p < 0.001), and body mass index (BMI) was greater in patients with SSI (24.34 vs. 25.39, p = 0.0003). On uni-variable analysis, age, gender, Charlson Comorbidity Index, diabetes mellitus, diversion, odds ratio (OR) time, blood loss, and open versus robotic technique were not substantial SSI predictors. BMI was an independent risk factor for SSI on both uni-variable (OR: 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.018-1.115, p = 0.0061) and multi-variable analysis (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.009-1.109, p = 0.02) for 10 (12.8%) and 24 (30.8%) superficial and deep-incisional SSIs, respectively. Superficial wound SSI was treated conservatively with 60% receiving antibiotic agents and no procedural intervention. Deep SSIs received antibiotic agents and 50% required surgical intervention. There were 44 (56.4%) organ/space SSIs, and the most common treatment was antibiotic agents (100%) and IR drain placement (30, 68.2%). Conclusion: In patients undergoing RC, BMI was an independent risk factor for SSI. Type of the surgical procedure, robotic versus open, was not predictive of SSI. LOS was longer for patients with SSI. SSI was managed differently depending on CDC classification.

Risk Factors and Contemporary Management Options for Pain and Discomfort Experienced During a Prostate Biopsy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Prostate fusion biopsy, an innovative imaging modality for diagnosing prostate cancer, presents certain challenges for patients including discomfort and emotional distress, leading to nonadherence to treatment and follow-ups. To inform clinicians and offer pain relief alternatives to patients, this review delves into the risk factors for increased pain and modern management options to alleviate pain during prostate biopsy. RECENT FINDINGS: Individual responses to pain vary, and the overall experience of pain during a prostate biopsy has been contributed to numerous factors such as patient age, prostate volume, previous biopsy experience, and more. As a result, several strategies aim to mitigate pain during in-office procedures. Notably, techniques including pharmacological analgesics, hand holding, heating pads, entertainment/virtual reality, and distraction have shown significant efficacy. Existing studies explore risk factors influencing pain intensity during prostate biopsy and effective pain management strategies. This review consolidates available information to guide clinicians in enhancing patient comfort and thus, encourage surveillance adherence.

The effect of a fermented soy beverage among patients with localized prostate cancer prior to radical prostatectomy.

BACKGROUND: Fermented soy products have shown to possess inhibitory effects on prostate cancer (PCa). We evaluated the effect of a fermented soy beverage (Q-Can®), containing medium-chain triglycerides, ketones and soy isoflavones, among men with localized PCa prior to radical prostatectomy. METHODS: We conducted a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized trial of Q-Can®. Stratified randomization (Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (CAPRA) score at diagnosis) was used to assign patients to receive Q-Can® or placebo for 2-5 weeks before RP. Primary endpoint was change in serum PSA from baseline to end-of-study. We assessed changes in other clinical and pathologic endpoints. The primary ITT analysis compared PSA at end-of-study between randomization arms using repeated measures linear mixed model incorporating baseline CAPRA risk strata. RESULTS: We randomized 19 patients, 16 were eligible for analysis of the primary outcome. Mean age at enrollment was 61, 9(56.2%) were classified as low and intermediate risk, and 7(43.8%) high CAPRA risk. Among patients who received Q-Can®, mean PSA at baseline and end-of-study was 8.98(standard deviation, SD 4.07) and 8.02ng/mL(SD 3.99) compared with 8.66(SD 2.71) to 9.53ng/mL(SD 3.03), respectively, (Difference baseline - end-of-study, p = 0.36). There were no significant differences in Gleason score, clinical stage, surgical margin status, or CAPRA score between treatment arms (p > 0.05), and no significant differences between treatment arms in end-of-study or change in lipids, testosterone and FACT-P scores (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Short exposure to Q-Can® among patients with localized PCa was not associated with changes in PSA levels, PCa characteristics including grade and stage or serum testosterone. Due to early termination from inability to recruit, study power, was not achieved.

Biopsychosocial approach to male chronic pelvic pain syndrome: recent treatments and trials.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) is a common urologic condition that can cause significant disability in affected individuals. Physiologic explanations of chronic pain are often incomplete; appropriate management of CPPS includes recognition of biological, psychological, and social elements, known as the biopsychosocial model. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this narrative review is to investigate treatments for men with CPPS, with a special focus on those utilizing the biopsychosocial model of care. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library, using relevant Medical Subject Heading terms and keywords related to CPPS treatments. The search was limited to studies published in English from inception to January 2023. Additionally, reference lists of selected studies were manually reviewed to find studies not identified by the initial search. Studies were included if they investigated pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic treatments for men with CPPS. RESULTS: A total of 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. Antibiotics, α-blockers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, gabapentinoids, antidepressants, and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors were among the pharmacologic agents included in trials attempting to reduce symptoms of male CPPS. Studies that focused on treating CPPS without medication included interventions such as shockwave therapy, acupuncture, physical therapy, botulinum toxin, cryotherapy, electrotherapy, exercise, and cognitive behavioral therapy. CONCLUSION: α-Blockers and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have shown promising results in treating CPPS in men, while the effectiveness of antibiotics remains controversial. Antidepressants and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors may also be useful in decreasing symptoms in patients with CPPS. Treatments such as pelvic floor muscle therapy, acupuncture, shockwave therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy must be considered effective complements to medical management in men with CPPS. While these interventions demonstrate benefits as monotherapies, the individualization and combination of treatment modalities are likely to result in reduced pain and improved quality of life.

Esophageal adenocarcinoma with metastasis to the prostatic urethra and bladder.

Metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma to the urinary bladder is extremely rare and aggressive. We discuss here the case of an 83-year-old male with history of esophageal adenocarcinoma treated with chemoradiation therapy and esophagectomy who presented with gross hematuria and lower urinary tract symptoms. Pathology of the bladder tumor after transurethral resection demonstrated invasive adenocarcinoma of both the bladder and the prostatic urethra consistent with metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Local Therapeutics for the Treatment of Oligo Metastatic Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Metastatic prostate cancer remains universally lethal. Although de-novo metastatic prostate cancer was historically managed with systemic therapy alone, local therapies are increasingly utilized in the early treatment of the disease, particularly in patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer (OMPC). OMPC represents an intermediate stage between clinically localized and widespread metastatic disease. Diseases classified within this stage present an opportunity for localized targeting of the disease prior to progression to widespread metastases. The purpose of this review is to discuss the contemporary and emerging local therapies for the treatment of OMPC. RECENT FINDINGS: To date, there are three utilized forms of local therapy for OMPC: cryoablation, radiation therapy, and cytoreductive prostatectomy. Cryoablation can be utilized for the total ablation of the prostate and has shown promising results in patients with OMPC either in combination with ADT or with ADT and systemic chemotherapy. Radiation therapy along with ADT has demonstrated improvement in progression-free survival. The STAMPEDE Arm G, PEACE-1, and the HORRAD clinical trials have investigated radiation therapy for mPCa compared to standard of care versus systemic therapy with varying results. Cytoreductive radical prostatectomy (CRP) in conjunction with ADT has also been proposed in the management of OPMC with promising results from case-control and retrospective studies. Currently there are larger controlled trials investigating CRP for OPMC including the SIMCAP, LoMP, TRoMbone, SWOG 1802, IP2-ATLANTA, g-RAMPP, and FUSCC-OMPCa trials. Given the novel nature of local treatments for OPMC, treatment selection is still controversial and requires long-term follow-up and randomized clinical trials to aid patient and clinician decision making.

Personalizing approaches to the management of metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer: role of advanced imaging, genetics and therapeutics.

PURPOSE: To summarize contemporary and emerging strategies for the diagnosis and management of metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), focusing on diagnostic testing and therapeutics. METHODS: Literature review using PUBMED-Medline databases as well as clinicaltrials.gov to include reported or ongoing clinical trials on treatment for mHSPC. We prioritized the findings from phase III randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and clinical practice guidelines. RESULTS: There have been significant changes to the diagnosis and staging evaluation of mHSPC with the integration of increasingly accurate positron emission tomography (PET) imaging tracers that exceed the performance of conventional computerized tomography (CT) and bone scan. Germline multigene testing is recommended for the evaluation of patients newly diagnosed with mHSPC given the prevalence of actionable alterations that may create candidacy for specific therapies. Although androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the backbone of treatment for mHSPC, approaches to first-line treatment include the integration of multiple agents including androgen receptor synthesis inhibitors (ARSI; abiraterone) Androgen Receptor antagonists (enzalutamide, darolutamide, apalautamide), and docetaxel chemotherapy. The combination of ADT, ARSI, and docetaxel chemotherapy has recently been evaluated in a randomized trial and was associated with significantly improved overall survival including in patients with a high burden of disease. The role of local treatment to the prostate with radiation has been evaluated in randomized trials with additional studies underway evaluating the role of cytoreductive radical prostatectomy. CONCLUSION: The staging and initial management of patients with mHSPC has undergone significant advances in the last decade with advancements in the diagnosis, treatment and sequencing of therapies.

Low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy for diabetic men with erectile dysfunction: A systematic scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a very common complication in men with diabetes mellitus (DM). Low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy (Li-ESWT) offers a promising nonsurgical treatment option for ED. A systematic scoping review investigating the outcomes of Li-ESWT in diabetic men with ED has not yet been performed. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review animal and clinical studies related to the use of Li-ESWT for treatment of DM-related ED. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched, unrestricted by dates or study design. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included qualitative studies, quantitative studies, primary research studies, meta-analyses, and research letters written in English. Full text reviewing was completed in all animal and human studies discussing Li-ESWT for the treatment of ED in subjects with DM. Data extracted included the journal citation, publication year, country of origin, study design, and a summary of the pertinent findings. RESULTS: Our search yielded nine clinical studies and 10 animal studies. The results of the clinical studies suggest that Li-ESWT is a safe and effective treatment in men with well-controlled DM and moderate or better ED. However, the benefit is less durable in diabetic men than nondiabetic men. The results of the animal studies suggest that Li-ESWT can significantly improve erectile function in diabetic rat models with ED. CONCLUSIONS: The examined studies present encouraging results for the use of Li-ESWT to treat diabetic men with ED. Future studies, particularly robust randomized controlled trials, are necessary to confirm these findings and provide long-term follow-up.

Oncologic outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with micropapillary variant urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.

BACKGROUND: There is lack of consensus about the effectiveness of neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with micropapillary variant urothelial carcinoma (MVUC) prior to radical cystectomy. We studied the association between neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and pathologic response (PR) among patients with micropapillary versus non-variant bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC). METHODS: We queried the National Cancer Database to identify patients with localized UC and MVUC from 2004 to 2017. We restricted our analysis to patients who underwent radical cystectomy with or without NAC. We compared clinical, demographic, and pathologic characteristics associated with NAC. We used multivariable logistic regression and propensity score matching to examine the association between NAC and the occurrence of a pathologic complete response (pT0) and pathologic lymph node positivity (pN+). Kaplan Meier analyses and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess overall survival (OS). We performed analyses among subsets of patients with clinical stage II (cT2) disease, as well as the entire cohort (cT2-T4). RESULTS: We identified 18,761 patients, including 18,027 with non-variant UC and 734 patients with MVUC. Multivariable analysis revealed that NAC use was associated with greater odds of pT0 (9.64[7.62-12.82], P<0.001), and the association did not differ significantly between MVUC and non-variant UC. In a propensity matched analysis of patients with MVUC, NAC use was associated with higher odds of pT0 (OR 4.93 [2.43-13.18] P<0.001), lower odds of pN+ (OR 0.52 [0.26-0.92] P=0.047) and pathologic upstaging (OR 0.63 [0.34-0.97] P=0.042) in all stages. Similar findings were observed with cT2 disease. No significant association was seen between NAC and OS with MVUC (HR 0.89 [0.46-1.10] P=0.63), including the subset of patients with cT2 (HR 0.83 [0.49-1.06] P=0.58). CONCLUSIONS: NAC is associated with similar pathologic and nodal responses in patients with localized MVUC and non-variant UC. Improvements in pathologic findings did not translate into OS in this retrospective hospital-based registry study.

Targeting hyaluronic acid synthase-3 (HAS3) for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Hyaluronic acid (HA) promotes cancer metastasis; however, the currently approved treatments do not target HA. Metastatic renal carcinoma (mRCC) is an incurable disease. Sorafenib (SF) is a modestly effective antiangiogenic drug for mRCC. Although only endothelial cells express known SF targets, SF is cytotoxic to RCC cells at concentrations higher than the pharmacological-dose (5-µM). Using patient cohorts, mRCC models, and SF combination with 4-methylumbelliferone (MU), we discovered an SF target in RCC cells and targeted it for treatment. METHODS: We analyzed HA-synthase (HAS1, HAS2, HAS3) expression in RCC cells and clinical (n = 129), TCGA-KIRC (n = 542), and TCGA-KIRP (n = 291) cohorts. We evaluated the efficacy of SF and SF plus MU combination in RCC cells, HAS3-transfectants, endothelial-RCC co-cultures, and xenografts. RESULTS: RCC cells showed increased HAS3 expression. In the clinical and TCGA-KIRC/TCGA-KIRP cohorts, higher HAS3 levels predicted metastasis and shorter survival. At > 10-µM dose, SF inhibited HAS3/HA-synthesis and RCC cell growth. However, at ≤ 5-µM dose SF in combination with MU inhibited HAS3/HA synthesis, growth of RCC cells and endothelial-RCC co-cultures, and induced apoptosis. The combination inhibited motility/invasion and an HA-signaling-related invasive-signature. We previously showed that MU inhibits SF inactivation in RCC cells. While HAS3-knockdown transfectants were sensitive to SF, ectopic-HAS3-expression induced resistance to the combination. In RCC models, the combination inhibited tumor growth and metastasis with little toxicity; however, ectopic-HAS3-expressing tumors were resistant. CONCLUSION: HAS3 is the first known target of SF in RCC cells. In combination with MU (human equivalent-dose, 0.6-1.1-g/day), SF targets HAS3 and effectively abrogates mRCC.

Clinical utility of MR/ultrasound fusion-guided biopsy in patients with lower suspicion lesions on active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: The utility of Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) guided prostate biopsy among patients with prostate cancer (CaP) managed with active surveillance (AS) with low-suspicion lesions remains unsettled. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 415 men with low-risk CaP managed with active surveillance. We selected men with mpMRI visible index lesions scored as 2 or 3 according to Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) version 2. The primary outcome was detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (csCaP) was defined as Gleason grade group ≥ 2. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of biopsy approaches using area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve and evaluated factors associated with csCaP in these patients using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: CsCaP was identified in 22 of 125 patients (17.6%) with PI-RADS 2 or 3 index lesions during surveillance prostate biopsies. These included 10 (45.5%) diagnosed by systematic biopsy alone, 9 (40.9%) by targeted alone, and 3 (13.6%) by both approaches. On multivariable analysis, the only significant variable predicting the detection of csCaP in men with low-risk imaging mpMRI characteristics was higher PSAD (OR per 0.1 unit=2.26, 95% CI 1.25-4.06, P = 0.007. A PSAD cutoff of 0.1, 0.12 and 0.15 resulted in a negative predictive value (NPV) of 90.9%, 87.1% and 86.2%, respectively. When stratified by PI-RADS score, a PSAD cutoff of 0.1, 0.12 and 0.15 resulted in NPV of 96.2%, 90.6% and 89.7% and 86.2%, 84.2% and 83.3% for detection of csCaP in PI-RADS 2 and 3 lesions, respectively. In patients with PIRDAS 2 lesions, using a PSAD of 0.1 would potentially allow 51% of patients to avoid biopsy with only a 3.8% chance of missing csCaP. CONCLUSION: In men with clinical low-risk prostate cancer on active surveillance with PI-RADS 2 and 3 lesions, there is an almost 18% risk of upgrade to csCaP. Integration of PSAD may be a useful adjunctive tool in identifying patients at highest risk for upgrade despite favorable imaging findings. In men with PIRADS 2 lesions with PSAD ≤0.12 biopsy can be avoided. For men with PIRADS 2 lesions with PSAD ≤0.15 informed decision making regarding the AS intensity should include that these patients have a low risk (>10%) of developing csCaP. In men with PIRADS 3 lesions with PSAD >0.1, shared decision making should include discussion of a >10% miss rate of csCaP.

Functionalized nanoparticles targeting biomarkers for prostate cancer imaging and therapy.

Nanomedicine is an evolving field of scientific research with unique advantages and challenges for the detection and treatment of medical diseases. Since 1995, the FDA has approved the administration of nanoparticle-based therapies. The initial generation of nanoparticles relied on an enhanced permeability and retention effect, associated with an increased penetrability of tumor related blood vessels. With increasing knowledge of biomarkers and molecular targets, active targeting of circulating tumor cells by nanoparticles provides an exciting area for application. The selective targeting of prostate cancer cells using a nanotechnology-based mechanism has the potential to optimize the delivery of therapeutic payloads directly to prostate cancer cells while minimizing systemic toxicities. The molecular targets that have been studied include prostate specific membrane antigen, gastrin-releasing peptide protein, glucose related protein, CD44, claudin, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4), and adenosine. The clinical potential for nanoparticle-based therapies is supported by several studies that have progressed past the preclinical stage into clinical trials. In this review, we present the molecular biomarkers that have been targeted by ligands conjugated to the surface of nanoparticles for prostate cancer imaging and therapy.

Molecular Oncology of Bladder Cancer from Inception to Modern Perspective.

Within the last forty years, seminal contributions have been made in the areas of bladder cancer (BC) biology, driver genes, molecular profiling, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for improving personalized patient care. This overview includes seminal discoveries and advances in the molecular oncology of BC. Starting with the concept of divergent molecular pathways for the development of low- and high-grade bladder tumors, field cancerization versus clonality of bladder tumors, cancer driver genes/mutations, genetic polymorphisms, and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as an early form of immunotherapy are some of the conceptual contributions towards improving patient care. Although beginning with a promise of predicting prognosis and individualizing treatments, "-omic" approaches and molecular subtypes have revealed the importance of BC stem cells, lineage plasticity, and intra-tumor heterogeneity as the next frontiers for realizing individualized patient care. Along with urine as the optimal non-invasive liquid biopsy, BC is at the forefront of the biomarker field. If the goal is to reduce the number of cystoscopies but not to replace them for monitoring recurrence and asymptomatic microscopic hematuria, a BC marker may reach clinical acceptance. As advances in the molecular oncology of BC continue, the next twenty-five years should significantly advance personalized care for BC patients.

Association Between Private Equity Acquisition of Urology Practices and Physician Medicare Payments.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether private equity (PE) acquisitions of urology practices were associated with changes in Medicare payments and patient volume. METHODS: We identified PE acquisitions of urology practices through financial databases, industry news outlets, practice websites, and Google search. Using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service's Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data: Physician and Other Supplier Public Use File (2012-2019), we conducted descriptive statistics and trends analysis to examine whether PE acquisition was associated with changes in Medicare payments and patient volume in comparison to non-PE affiliated urologists within the same states. RESULTS: We identified PE acquisitions of 10 independent urology practices across 6 states during the study period. In the preacquisition period, urologists later joining private-equity groups received greater mean inflation-adjusted Medicare payments ($246,977 vs $160,038; P <.001) and had greater patient volume (839.7 vs 674.2 patients; P = .001) than urologists who did not. In the postacquisition period, PE affiliated urologists had an 11.0% (95% CI: -0.2% to 22.3%) increase in inflation-adjusted Medicare payments (P = .054) and a 12.5% (95% CI: 6.5%-18.6%) increase in patient volume (P <.001). Non-PE affiliated urologists exhibited a 6% decline in Medicare payments (P <.001) and a 2.7% increase in patient volume (P <.001). CONCLUSION: PE affiliated urologists exhibited increases in Medicare payments even prior to acquisition, in contrast to declines for geographically similar, non-PE urologists. These findings may highlight characteristics of practices targeted by PE firms and local practice trends that may further diverge following acquisition.

Association Between a 22-feature Genomic Classifier and Biopsy Gleason Upgrade During Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Although the Decipher genomic classifier has been validated as a prognostic tool for several prostate cancer endpoints, little is known about its role in assessing the risk of biopsy reclassification for patients on active surveillance, a key event that often triggers treatment. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between Decipher genomic classifier scores and biopsy Gleason upgrading among patients on active surveillance. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a retrospective cohort study among patients with low- and favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer on active surveillance who underwent biopsy-based Decipher testing as part of their clinical care. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: We evaluated the association between the Decipher score and any increase in biopsy Gleason grade group (GG) using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. We compared the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for models comprising baseline clinical variables with or without the Decipher score. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: We identified 133 patients for inclusion with a median age of 67.7 yr and median prostate-specific of 5.6 ng/ml. At enrollment, 75.9% had GG1 and 24.1% had GG2 disease. Forty-three patients experienced biopsy upgrading. On multivariable logistic regression, the Decipher score was significantly associated with biopsy upgrading (odds ratio 1.37 per 0.10 unit increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.79; p = 0.02). The Decipher score was associated with upgrading among patients with biopsy GG 1 disease, but not GG2 disease. The discriminative ability of a clinical model (AUC 0.63, 95% CI 0.51-0.74) was improved by integration of the Decipher score (AUC 0.69, 95% CI 0.58-0.80). CONCLUSIONS: The Decipher genomic classifier score was associated with short-term biopsy Gleason upgrading among patients on active surveillance. PATIENT SUMMARY: The results from this study indicate that among patients with prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance, those with higher Decipher scores were more likely to have higher-grade disease found over time. These findings indicate that the Decipher test might be useful for guiding the intensity of monitoring during active surveillance, such as more frequent biopsy for patients with higher scores.

PSA Testing in Men Receiving Testosterone Therapy With History of Prostate Cancer: A Matched Analysis of a Large Multi-Institutional Research Network.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in men receiving testosterone replacement therapy (TT) and with a history of prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS: We queried the TriNetX network database, a global health research network consisting of 65 million men in 44 large healthcare organizations, to investigate rates of PSA testing in 4 cohorts of men aged 55-69 with a history of PCa diagnosis and/or a prescription for any route or formulation of testosterone. We further stratified each cohort to evaluate PSA testing in men with previously treated (CPT 55,840, 55,866, 77,778, 77,385) or untreated PCa. All cohorts' PSA testing rates were compared against the "no PCa or TT" cohort by Chi-square test. RESULTS: A total of 4,525,259 men, aged 55-69, were included in our study. Following stratification into cohorts based on PCa or TT history, we found that 14.2% (P < .0001) of men without PCa or TT underwent PSA testing following an initial ambulatory visit. Among men without PCa who received TT, 33.6% (P < .0001) underwent testing. Unfortunately, only 53.2% (P < .0001) and 61.0% (P < .0001) of men receiving TT with previously untreated and treated PCa, respectively, had PSA testing. CONCLUSION: In contrast to current guidelines, a large proportion of men receiving TT and with a history of PCa did not undergo PSA testing. Further studies are necessary to better characterize reasons why PSA testing rates are low even in this high-risk cohort.

Optimal Use of Tumor-Based Molecular Assays for Localized Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSEOF REVIEW: The use of genomic testing for prostate cancer continues to grow; however, utilization remains institutionally dependent. Herein, we review current tissue-based markers and comment on current use with active surveillance and prostate MRI. RECENT FINDINGS: While data continues to emerge, several studies have shown a role for genomic testing for treatment selection. Novel testing options include ConfirmMDx, ProMark, Prolaris, and Decipher, which have shown utility in select patients. The current body of literature on this specific topic remains very limited; prospective trials with long-term follow-up are needed to improve our understanding on how these genomic tests fit when combined with our current clinical tools. As the literature matures, it is likely that newer risk calculators that combine our classic clinical variables with genomic and imaging data will be developed to bring about standard protocols for prostate cancer decision-making.