Landform and lithospheric development contribute to the assembly of mountain floras in China.

Although it is well documented that mountains tend to exhibit high biodiversity, how geological processes affect the assemblage of montane floras is a matter of ongoing research. Here, we explore landform-specific differences among montane floras based on a dataset comprising 17,576 angiosperm species representing 140 Chinese mountain floras, which we define as the collection of all angiosperm species growing on a specific mountain. Our results show that igneous bedrock (granitic and karst-granitic landforms) is correlated with higher species richness and phylogenetic overdispersion, while the opposite is true for sedimentary bedrock (karst, Danxia, and desert landforms), which is correlated with phylogenetic clustering. Furthermore, we show that landform type was the primary determinant of the assembly of evolutionarily older species within floras, while climate was a greater determinant for younger species. Our study indicates that landform type not only affects montane species richness, but also contributes to the composition of montane floras. To explain the assembly and differentiation of mountain floras, we propose the 'floristic geo-lithology hypothesis', which highlights the role of bedrock and landform processes in montane floristic assembly and provides insights for future research on speciation, migration, and biodiversity in montane regions.

Nonisospectral water wave field: Fast and adaptive modal identification and prediction via reduced-order nonlinear solutions.

Real-world water wave fields exhibit significant nonlinear and nonisospectral characteristics, making it challenging to predict their evolution by relying solely on numerical simulation or exact solutions using integrable system theory. Hence, this paper introduces a fast and adaptive method of modal identification and prediction in nonisospectral water wave fields using the reduced-order nonlinear solution (RONS) scheme. Specifically, we discuss the coarse graining and mode extraction of wave field snapshots from the data-driven and physics-driven perspectives and utilize the RONS method for principle modal prediction of nonisospectral water wave fields. This is achieved by investigating the standard and nonisospectral Gardner system describing nonlinear water waves as a demonstration. Through detailed comparison and analysis, the fundamental solitary behaviors and dispersive effects in the Gardner system are discussed. Subsequently, a neighbor approximation is developed that combines the essences of symbolic precomputation and numerical computation in the RONS procedure, which exploits the locality of nonlinear interactions in water wave fields.

N6-methyladenosine in myeloid cells: a novel regulatory factor for inflammation-related diseases.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most abundant epitranscriptomic modifications on eukaryotic mRNA. Evidence has highlighted that m6A is altered in response to inflammation-related factors and it is closely associated with various inflammation-related diseases. Multiple subpopulations of myeloid cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes, are crucial for the regulating of immune process in inflammation-related diseases. Recent studies have revealed that m6A plays an important regulatory role in the functional of multiple myeloid cells. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the function of m6A modification in myeloid cells from the perspective of myeloid cell production, activation, polarization, and migration. Furthermore, we discuss how m6A-mediated myeloid cell function affects the progression of inflammation-related diseases, including autoimmune diseases, chronic metabolic diseases, and malignant tumors. Finally, we discuss the challenges encountered in the study of m6A in myeloid cells, intended to provide a new direction for the study of the pathogenesis of inflammation-related diseases.

Comparison of visual performance with iTrace analyzer following femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery with bilateral implantation of two different trifocal intraocular lenses.

AIM: To compare the postoperative binocular visual performance with an iTrace analyzer following femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) combined with bilateral implantation of two different types of diffractive trifocal intraocular lenses (IOL). METHODS: During this retrospective observational study, patients who received bilateral FLACS combined with implantation of two different types of diffractive trifocal IOLs were evaluated. According to the IOLs' different types and design, the patients were divided into AT LISA tri839MP group (tri839 group) and AcrySof PanOptix TFNT00 group (TFNT group). Study parameters included preoperative and postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) at 5 m, uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) at 30 cm and 40 cm, uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA) at 60 cm and 80 cm, postoperative refractive status, objective visual qualities and total high order aberrations (HOAs) postoperatively. The postoperative complications were also recorded. RESULTS: Totally 56 eyes of 28 patients (tri839 group, n=26; TFNT group, n=30) were included. Preoperative baseline characteristics between groups were not statistically significantly different. UDVA was not significantly different between groups except for 1wk follow-up due to the postoperative corneal edema. TFNT group showed statistically significant better UNIA at 60 cm than tri839 group at the 1wk (0.05±0.19 vs 0.15±0.10 logMAR, P=0.013), 1mo (0.05±0.12 vs 0.15±0.09 logMAR, P=0.001) and 3mo (0.04±0.12 vs 0.15±0.11 logMAR, P=0.001) follow-up, while tri839 group showed statistically significant better UNIA at 80 cm than TFNT group at the 1d (0.14±0.15 vs 0.20±0.14 logMAR, P=0.041) and 1mo (0.09±0.07 vs 0.14±0.10 logMAR, P=0.042) follow-up. Postoperative refractive status showed stable at every visit. Modulated transfer function (MTF) values and strehl ratio (SR) values were improved and HOAs were lower significantly after surgery. CONCLUSION: FLACS with bilateral implantations of both tri839 and TFNT00 can achieve satisfactory natural whole-course vision, high postoperative refractive stability and good visual quality but without significantly difference. iTrace aberration instrument can accurately evaluate the visual quality under different status.

Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Inguinal Herniorrhaphy: Experience of a Single Institute.

Background: Minimally invasive techniques for inguinal herniorrhaphy have focused on developing the laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) procedure to improve cosmesis. Outcomes of total extraperitoneal (TEP) herniorrhaphy vary considerably because of being performed by different surgeons. We aimed to evaluate the perioperative characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing the LESS-TEP approach for inguinal herniorrhaphy and to determine its overall safety and effectiveness. Methods: Data of 233 patients who underwent 288 laparoendoscopic single-site total extraperitoneal approach (LESS-TEP) herniorrhaphies at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between January 2014 and July 2021 were reviewed retrospectively. We reviewed the experiences and results of LESS-TEP herniorrhaphy performed by a single surgeon (CHC) using homemade glove access and standard laparoscopic instruments with a 50 cm long 30° telescope. Results: Among 233 patients, 178 patients had unilateral hernias and 55 patients had bilateral hernias. About 32% (n = 57) of patients in the unilateral group and 29% (n = 16) of patients in the bilateral group were obese (body mass index ≥ 25). The mean operative time was 66 min for the unilateral group and 100 min for the bilateral group. Postoperative complications occurred in 27 (11%) cases, which were minor morbidities except for one mesh infection. Three (1.2%) cases were converted to open surgery. Comparison of the variables between obese and non-obese patients found no significant differences in operative times or postoperative complications. Conclusion: LESS-TEP herniorrhaphy is a safe and feasible operation with excellent cosmetic results and a low rate of complication, even in obese patients. Further large-scale prospective controlled studies and long-term analyses are needed to confirm these results.

Seven-layer analysis model of an optical waveguide excitation fluorescence microscopy.

In this paper, an optical waveguide evanescent field fluorescence microscopy is studied. Based on Maxwell's equation, a seven-layer theoretical analysis model is developed for the evaluation of an optical waveguide excitation fluorescence microscopy. The optical waveguide excitation fluorescence microscopy structure is systematically and comprehensively analysed at the wavelengths of 488, 532 and 646 nm for fluorescent dyes. The analysis results provide some useful suggestions, which will be beneficial to the research of an optical waveguide evanescent field fluorescence microscopy.

Synergistic binding of actinomycin D and echinomycin to DNA mismatch sites and their combined anti-tumour effects.

Combination cancer chemotherapy is one of the most useful treatment methods to achieve a synergistic effect and reduce the toxicity of dosing with a single drug. Here, we use a combination of two well-established anticancer DNA intercalators, actinomycin D (ActD) and echinomycin (Echi), to screen their binding capabilities with DNA duplexes containing different mismatches embedded within Watson-Crick base-pairs. We have found that combining ActD and Echi preferentially stabilised thymine-related T:T mismatches. The enhanced stability of the DNA duplex-drug complexes is mainly due to the cooperative binding of the two drugs to the mismatch duplex, with many stacking interactions between the two different drug molecules. Since the repair of thymine-related mismatches is less efficient in mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient cancer cells, we have also demonstrated that the combination of ActD and Echi exhibits enhanced synergistic effects against MMR-deficient HCT116 cells and synergy is maintained in a MMR-related MLH1 gene knockdown in SW620 cells. We further accessed the clinical potential of the two-drug combination approach with a xenograft mouse model of a colorectal MMR-deficient cancer, which has resulted in a significant synergistic anti-tumour effect. The current study provides a novel approach for the development of combination chemotherapy for the treatment of cancers related to DNA-mismatches.

Commelinadanxiaensis (Commelinaceae), a new species from Guangdong, China.

Commelinadanxiaensis (Commelinaceae), a remarkable new species from Mount Danxia, Guangdong Province, China, is described and illustrated. This species is similar to C.communis in inflorescences and flowers but readily distinguishable in its nearly erect stems, larger flowers, and different petal colouration.

A two-step approach for calculating chloride diffusion coefficient in concrete with both natural and recycled concrete aggregates.

This paper presents an analytical approach to calculate the effective diffusion coefficient of chlorides in concrete with both natural and recycled concrete aggregates. In the approach the concrete is treated as a composite consisting of three phases, namely mortar, natural aggregate plus interfacial transition zone, and recycled concrete aggregate plus interfacial transition zone. The effective diffusion coefficient of chlorides in the composite is calculated through two steps. The first step is to calculate the effective diffusion coefficients of chlorides in the natural aggregate plus interfacial transition zone and in the recycled concrete aggregate plus interfacial transition zone by using multilayer spherical approximation, the results of which provide the information about the quality of recycled concrete aggregate in terms of chloride penetration resistance. The second step is to calculate the effective diffusion coefficient of chlorides in the three-phase concrete composite by using effective medium approximation, the results of which provide the information about the influence of recycled concrete aggregate on the diffusivity of recycled aggregate concrete. The analytical expression of the effective diffusion coefficient is derived and carefully compared with the results obtained from both the experiments and numerical simulations, which demonstrates that the present analytical model is rational and reliable. The analytical expression presented can be used to predict the service life of recycled aggregate concrete exposed to chloride environment.

Translation Potential and Challenges of In Vitro and Murine Models in Cancer Clinic.

As one of the leading causes of death from disease, cancer continues to pose a serious threat to human health globally. Despite the development of novel therapeutic regimens and drugs, the long-term survival of cancer patients is still very low, especially for those whose diagnosis is not caught early enough. Meanwhile, our understanding of tumorigenesis is still limited. Suitable research models are essential tools for exploring cancer mechanisms and treatments. Herein we review and compare several widely used in vitro and in vivo murine cancer models, including syngeneic tumor models, genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM), cell line-derived xenografts (CDX), patient-derived xenografts (PDX), conditionally reprogrammed (CR) cells, organoids, and MiniPDX. We will summarize the methodology and feasibility of various models in terms of their advantages and limitations in the application prospects for drug discovery and development and precision medicine.

Repair mechanism of radiation-induced salivary gland injury by hypoxia-pretreated human urine-derived stem cell exosomes.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the protective effect of human urine-derived stem cell exosomes (hUSC-Exos) on radiation-induced salivary gland (SG) injuries in Sprague Dawley rats. METHODS: Fresh adult urine was collected, and primary hUSCs were isolated and identified. The hUSCs were hypoxia-pretreated with 1% oxygen for 24 h and then transferred to a normoxic culture environment for 24 h. The hUSC-Exos were collected and identified for exosomes. A radiation-induced injury model was established in the rats, and exosomes were introduced by local injection in the SG and tail vein. The submandibular gland was excised for morphological observation 1 week later. Immunohistochemical detection of the glandular tissue was conducted by α-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA), stem cell growth factor receptor (c-Kit) staining, and periodic acid-Schiff staining. Qualitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were adopted to detect the gene and protein expression of Wnt3a, GSK3ß, and Axin. RESULTS: In both the normoxic and hypoxic hUSC-Exo groups, microvesicular structures with bilayer membranes of approximately 80 nm in diameter were detected, and the expressions of CD9 and CD63 were detected by nanoflow cytometry. Compared with the control group, in the radiation-induced injury model group, the expression of a-SMA was significantly higher, the expression of c-Kit was significantly lower, and the expressions of Wnt3a, GSK3ß, and Axin were significantly upregulated; the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Compared with the model group, in the normoxic and hypoxic hUSC-Exo groups, the expression of a-SMA was significantly decreased, the expression of c-Kit was significantly increased, and the expressions of Wnt3a, GSK3ß, and Axin were significantly upregulated; the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Hypoxia-pretreated hUSC-Exos could repair radiation-induced SG injuries by activating the Wnt3a/GSK3ß pathway to suppress the expressions of a-SMA and c-Kit.

Research Status of Mouse Models for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Antitumor Therapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in Mouse Models.

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is known as one of the most lethal cancers, causing more than 1 million deaths annually worldwide. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic drugs for NSCLC has become an urgent need. Herein, various mouse models provide great convenience not only for researchers but also for the development of antitumor drug. Meanwhile, TCM, as a valuable and largely untapped resource pool for modern medicine, provides research resources for the treatment of various diseases. Until now, cell-derived xenograft (CDX) model, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model, syngeneic model, orthotopic model, humanized mouse model (HIS), and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) have been reported in TCM evaluation. This review shows the role and current status of kinds of mouse models in antitumor research and summarizes the application progress of TCM including extracts, formulas, and isolated single molecules for NSCLC therapy in various mouse models; more importantly, it provides a theoretical exploration of what kind of mouse models is ideal for TCM efficacy evaluation in future. However, there are still huge challenges and limitations in the development of mouse models specifically for the TCM research, and none of the available models are perfectly matching the characteristics of TCM, which suppress the tumor growth through various mechanisms, especially by regulating immune function. Nevertheless, with fully functional immune system existing in syngeneic model and humanized mouse model (HIS), it is still suggested that these two models are more suitable for development of TCM especially for TCM extracts or formulas. Moreover, continued efforts are needed to generate more reliable mouse models to test TCM formulas in future research.

A Deep Learning Approach for the Assessment of Signal Quality of Non-Invasive Foetal Electrocardiography.

Non-invasive foetal electrocardiography (NI-FECG) has become an important prenatal monitoring method in the hospital. However, due to its susceptibility to non-stationary noise sources and lack of robust extraction methods, the capture of high-quality NI-FECG remains a challenge. Recording waveforms of sufficient quality for clinical use typically requires human visual inspection of each recording. A Signal Quality Index (SQI) can help to automate this task but, contrary to adult ECG, work on SQIs for NI-FECG is sparse. In this paper, a multi-channel signal quality classifier for NI-FECG waveforms is presented. The model can be used during the capture of NI-FECG to assist technicians to record high-quality waveforms, which is currently a labour-intensive task. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is trained to distinguish between NI-FECG segments of high and low quality. NI-FECG recordings with one maternal channel and three abdominal channels were collected from 100 subjects during a routine hospital screening (102.6 min of data). The model achieves an average 10-fold cross-validated AUC of 0.95 ± 0.02. The results show that the model can reliably assess the FECG signal quality on our dataset. The proposed model can improve the automated capture and analysis of NI-FECG as well as reduce technician labour time.

Rapid and Non-destructive Classification of New and Aged Maize Seeds Using Hyperspectral Image and Chemometric Methods.

The aged seeds have a significant influence on seed vigor and corn growth. Therefore, it is vital for the planting industry to identify aged seeds. In this study, hyperspectral reflectance imaging (1,000-2,000 nm) was employed for identifying aged maize seeds using seeds harvested in different years. The average spectra of the embryo side, endosperm side, and both sides were extracted. The support vector machine (SVM) algorithm was used to develop classification models based on full spectra to evaluate the potential of hyperspectral imaging for maize seed detection and using the principal component analysis (PCA) and ANOVA to reduce data dimensionality and extract feature wavelengths. The classification models achieved perfect performance using full spectra with an accuracy of 100% for the prediction set. The performance of models established with the first three principal components was similar to full spectrum models, but that of PCA loading models was worse. Compared to other spectra, the two-band ratio (1,987 nm/1,079 nm) selected by ANOVA from embryo-side spectra achieved a better classification accuracy of 95% for the prediction set. The image texture features, including histogram statistics (HS) and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), were extracted from the two-band ratio image to establish fusion models. The results demonstrated that the two-band ratio selected from embryo-side spectra combined with image texture features achieved the classification of maize seeds harvested in different years with an accuracy of 97.5% for the prediction set. The overall results indicated that combining the two wavelengths with image texture features could detect aged maize seeds effectively. The proposed method was conducive to the development of multi-spectral detection equipment.

Role of Telemedicine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Telemedicine plays an important role in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly during a pandemic such as COVID-19. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of telemedicine in managing IBD are unclear. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the impact of telemedicine with that of standard care on the management of IBD. METHODS: We systematically searched the PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases on April 22, 2020. Randomized controlled trials comparing telemedicine with standard care in patients with IBD were included, while conference abstracts, letters, reviews, laboratory studies, and case reports were excluded. The IBD-specific quality of life (QoL), disease activity, and remission rate in patients with IBD were assessed as primary outcomes, and the number of in-person clinic visits per patient, patient satisfaction, psychological outcome, and medication adherence were assessed as secondary outcomes. Review Manage 5.3 and Stata 15.1 were used for data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 17 randomized controlled trials (2571 participants) were included in this meta-analysis. The telemedicine group had higher IBD-specific QoL than the standard care group (standard mean difference 0.18, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.34; P.03). The number of clinic visits per patient in the telemedicine group was significantly lower than that in the standard care group (standard mean difference -0.71, 95% CI -1.07 to -0.36; P<.001). Subgroup analysis showed that adolescents in the telemedicine group had significantly higher IBD-specific QoL than those in the standard care group (standard mean difference 0.42, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.69; I2=0; P.002), but there was no significant difference between adults in the 2 groups. There were no significant differences in disease activity, remission rate, patient satisfaction, depression, self-efficacy, generic QoL, and medication adherence outcomes between the telemedicine and standard care groups. CONCLUSIONS: Telemedicine intervention showed a promising role in improving IBD-specific QoL among adolescents and decreased the number of clinic visits among patients with IBD. Further research is warranted to identify the group of patients with IBD who would most benefit from telemedicine.

Recent Developments in Steelmaking Industry and Potential Alkali Activated Based Steel Waste: A Comprehensive Review.

The steel industry is responsible for one-third of all global industrial CO2 emissions, putting pressure on the industry to shift forward towards more environmentally friendly production methods. The metallurgical industry is under enormous pressure to reduce CO2 emissions as a result of growing environmental concerns about global warming. The reduction in CO2 emissions is normally fulfilled by recycling steel waste into alkali-activated cement. Numerous types of steel waste have been produced via three main production routes, including blast furnace, electric arc furnace, and basic oxygen furnace. To date, all of the steel waste has been incorporated into alkali activation system to enhance the properties. This review focuses on the current developments over the last ten years in the steelmaking industry. This work also summarizes the utilization of steel waste for improving cement properties through an alkali activation system. Finally, this work presents some future research opportunities with regard to the potential of steel waste to be utilized as an alkali-activated material.

Molecular Simulation Study on Mechanical Properties of Microcapsule-Based Self-Healing Cementitious Materials.

Microcapsule-based self-healing concrete can effectively repair micro-cracks in concrete and improve the strength and durability of concrete structures. In this paper, in order to study the effect of epoxy resin on the cement matrix at a microscopic level, molecular dynamics were used to simulate the mechanical and interfacial properties of microcapsule-based self-healing concrete in which uniaxial tension was carried out along the z-axis. The radial distribution function, interface binding energy, and hydrogen bonding of the composite were investigated. The results show that the epoxy resin/C-S-H composite has the maximum stress strength when TEPA is used as the curing agent. Furthermore, the interface binding energy between epoxy resin and cement matrix increases with increasing strain before the stress reaches its peak value. The cured epoxy resin can enhance both the interfacial adhesion and the ductility of the composite, which can meet the needs of crack repair of microcapsule-based self-healing cementitious materials.

The status and predictors of self-care among older adults with hypertension in China using the Chinese version of Self-Care of Hypertension Inventory - A cross-sectional study.

AIM: To investigate the status and predictors of self-care among older adults with hypertension in China by the Chinese version of Self-Care of Hypertension Inventory. DESIGN: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. METHODS: A convenience sampling of 544 older adults with hypertension was surveyed using the Chinese version of Self-Care of Hypertension Inventory. SPSS25.0 software was used for statistical analysis of the data. Generalized liner model univariate analysis and the optimal scaling regression analysis were performed to investigate the predictors of self-care. RESULTS: The status of self-care was poor with the median and inter-quartile range of total scores of self-care (140.00 ± 67), the scores of self-care maintenance (50 ± 24.76), the scores of self-care management (56.25 ± 29.41) and the scores of self-care confidence (54.79 ± 29.17). Age, family model, primary caregiver, maximum systolic blood pressure, coverage of medical insurance, disease duration, receiving self-care education, education level, economic burden and family history of hypertension were the most powerful predictors of self-care among older adults with hypertension.

Variety classification of coated maize seeds based on Raman hyperspectral imaging.

As an essential factor in quality assessment of maize seeds, variety purity profoundly impacts final yield and farmers' economic benefits. In this study, a novel method based on Raman hyperspectral imaging system was applied to achieve variety classification of coated maize seeds. A total of 760 maize seeds including 4 different varieties were evaluated. Raman spectral data of 400-1800 cm-1 were extracted and preprocessed. Variable selection methods involved were modified competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (MCARS), successive projections algorithm (SPA), and their combination. In addition, MCARS was proposed for the first time in this paper as a stable search technology. The performance of support vector machine (SVM) models optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) was analyzed and compared with models based on random forest (RF) and back-propagation neural network (BPNN). Same models based on Vis-NIR spectral data were also established for comparison. Results showed that the MCARS-GA-SVM model based on Raman spectral data obtained the best performance with calibration accuracy of 99.29% and prediction accuracy of 100%, which were stable and easily replicated. In addition, the accuracy on the independent validation set was 96.88%, which proved that the model can be applied in practice. A more simplified MCARS-SPA-GA-SVM model, which contained only 3 variables, had more than 95% accuracy on each data set. This procedure can help to develop a real-time detection system to classify coated seed varieties with high accuracy, which is of great significance for assessing variety purity and increasing crop yield.

Niclosamide suppresses T­cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia growth through activation of apoptosis and autophagy.

T­cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T­ALL) is a common pediatric malignancy, characterized by the abnormal presence of immature T­cell progenitors. Conventional treatments for T­ALL fail to prevent or cure the disease, with a high­risk of recurrence after the first remission. Thus, medical options are in demand to develop novel therapies for patients suffering with T­ALL. Niclosamide, a traditional oral anti­helminthic drug, has been reported to be a potential anticancer agent that regulates intracellular signaling pathways. Few studies have yet investigated the effects of niclosamide on the development of T­ALL. Here, the present study aimed to investigate the anti­leukemia effects of niclosamide on T­ALL. We first hypothesized that the suppressive effects of niclosamide on the tumor growth of T­ALL are exerted by regulating autophagy and apoptosis. Following niclosamide treatment, T­ALL cell viability was evaluated using MTT assay, and apoptosis with Annexin V/propidium iodide staining. In T­ALL cells treated with niclosamide, changes in apoptosis­ and autophagy­related proteins were analyzed by western blotting. In addition, in an in vivo model, T­ALL xenograft mice were used to study the anti­leukemia effects of niclosamide. The results showed that niclosamide significantly reduced the viability of Jurkat and CCRF­CEM T­ALL cells in both a dose­ and time­dependent manner. Niclosamide significantly activated the early and late phases of apoptosis in Jurkat (at 2 µM) and CCRF­CEM cells (at 1 µM). Furthermore, niclosamide upregulated protein expression of cleaved caspase­3 and LC3B, while downregulated those of Bcl­2 and p62, in a dose­dependent manner in both Jurkat and CCRF­CEM cells. The in vivo results showed that niclosamide treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth and the disease progression in T­ALL xenograft mice by activating cleaved caspase­3 and LC3B. We conclude that niclosamide plays an anti­leukemia role, and that it represents a novel approach for the treatment of T­ALL.