Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in Wild Mammals in the Amazon Biome.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in stool samples and swabs collected from wild mammals in the Amazon biome. Sixty-five faecal and swab samples were collected in situ and ex situ from 16 species and three genera of wild mammals, some of which were in good health and some of which had diarrhoea. After pre-enrichment, the samples were plated on selective agar for C. perfringens. Characteristic colonies were subjected to multiplex PCR for the detection of genes encoding the main C. perfringens toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota toxin and enterotoxin). Among the 65 samples, 40 (61.5%) were positive for the gene encoding the alpha toxin and were classified as type A, 36 of which were asymptomatic animals and four were diarrheal. No other toxinotypes were found. The findings of this study suggest that C. perfringens type A is commonly found in mammal species of the Amazon biome. This seems to be the first study to identify C. perfringens type A in species such as B. variegatus (common ground sloth), C. didactylus (two-toed sloth), P. flavus (Jupará), T. tetradactyla (anteater), S. collinsi (squirrel monkey), S. niger (black marmoset), and S. apella (Guyana capuchin) and in the genus Didelphis sp. (opossum).

Polioencephalomalacia in Buffaloes in the Amazon Biome.

The epidemiological and clinical pathological aspects of polioencephalomalacia (PEM) in five buffaloes in the Amazon biome are described. Epidemiological data were obtained during the clinical visit in which buffalos were submitted to an examination of the nervous system. The diagnosis of PEM was based on epidemiological, clinical-pathological, and histopathological findings, similar to findings in other ruminants. In the clinical examination, all buffaloes had a body score between 2.5 and 3 (scale from 1 to 5), with decreased alertness, postural changes, marked hypermetria when stimulated to move, total or partial blindness demonstrated by colliding with the corral structures, head pressing and circumduction of the hindquarters when supported on the thoracic limbs, opisthotonos, muscle tremors, convulsions, paddling movements, sialorrhea, decrease in palpebral and pupillary reflexes, and eyeball rotation placing the pupillary slit in a vertical position. At necropsy, mild lesions characterized by edema and flattening of the cerebral convolutions were observed. A histopathological examination showed laminar necrosis of the cerebral cortex. The cause of PEM in the studied buffaloes was not established, which indicates the need for further studies to elucidate this disease in the species, particularly in the Amazon region.

Airsacculitis Caused by Enterobacteria and Occurrence of Eggs of the Superfamily Diplotriaenoidea in Feces of Tropical Screech Owl (Megascops choliba) in the Amazon Biome.

This study aims to report the clinical signs, therapeutic strategy, necropsy results, and histopathological findings of airsacculitis caused by enterobacteria and the occurrence of eggs from the superfamily Diplotriaenoidea in the feces of Megascops choliba in the Amazon biome. A tropical screech owl nestling was rescued and admitted for hand-rearing. The animal was kept hospitalized for five months. It was fed a diet based on Zophobas morio larvae and thawed chicken breast meat with vitamin and mineral supplements. On the 37th day of hacking training for release, the owl showed weakness, lack of appetite, regurgitation, cachexia, dyspnea, ruffled feathers, dry droppings in the vent and pericloaca, and diarrhea. The parasitological examination showed eggs of the Diplotriaenoidea superfamily in the feces. The therapy employed included oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, mebendazole, Potenay, sodium chloride 0.9%, and Mercepton. However, five days after starting the treatment, the bird died. Upon necropsy, prominence of the keel, pieces of undigested food in the oral cavity and proventriculus, intestinal gas, and thickened and turbid air sacs were found. The microbiological analysis of air sacs identified Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Histopathological examination showed heterophilic bacterial airsacculitis.

Ocurrence of rotavirus and picobirnavirus in wild and exotic avian from amazon forest.

The present study reports the occurrence of rotavirus A (RVA), rotavirus D (RVD), rotavirus F (RVF), rotavirus G (RVG), and picobirnavirus (PBV) in fecal specimens of wild (n = 22), and exotic birds (n = 1) from different cities of Pará state. These animals were hospitalized at Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Pará, Brazil, in a period from January 2018 to June 2019. The animals exhibited different clinical signs, such as diarrhea, malnutrition, dehydration, and fractures. The results showed 39.1% (9/23) of positivity for RVA by RT-qPCR. Among these, one sample (1/9) for the NSP3 gene of T2 genotype was characterized. About 88.9% (8/9) for the VP7 gene belonging to G1, G3 equine like and G6 genotypes, and 55.5% (5/9) for the VP4 gene of P[2] genotype were obtained. In the current study, approximately 4.5% of the samples (1/23) revealed coinfection for the RVA, RVD and RVF groups. Furthermore, picobirnavirus (PBV) was detected in one of the 23 samples tested, and was classified in the Genogroup I. The findings represent the first report of RVA, RVD, RVF, RVG, and PBV genotypes in wild birds in Brazil, and due to wide distribution it can implies potential impacts of RVs, and PBVs on avian health, and other animals contributing to construction of new knowledge, and care perspectives.

Proliferation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells stimulated by oil rich in thymol of Lippia origanoides.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of this thymol-rich oil in the proliferation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. METHODS: Stem cells were isolated from human adipose tissue by liposuction. After the first passage, cells were cultivated in triplicate for three days in control medium and medium supplemented with three oil samples (1.0 µg/mL, 5.0 µg/mL, and 25.0 µg/mL). Cells were analyzed by the MTT assay at passage 1 (P1), and cell proliferation of control and 1 µg/mL groups was determined with a hemocytometer at P2 and P3. RESULTS: Viability of the essential oil-treated cells was significantly higher than the control group at P1 (p = 0.0008). The treatment with the oil, at a concentration of 1 µg/mL, led to increases of 24.8% at P1 and 43.0% at P3 in the rate of cell proliferation compared with control cells. CONCLUSION: Supplementing culture medium with essential oil of Lippia origanoides increased cell proliferation, especially at later passages.

Proliferation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells stimulated by oil rich in thymol of Lippia origanoides

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effects of this thymol-rich oil in the proliferation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Methods: Stem cells were isolated from human adipose tissue by liposuction. After the first passage, cells were cultivated in triplicate for three days in control medium and medium supplemented with three oil samples (1.0 μg/mL, 5.0 μg/mL, and 25.0 μg/mL). Cells were analyzed by the MTT assay at passage 1 (P1), and cell proliferation of control and 1 μg/mL groups was determined with a hemocytometer at P2 and P3. Results: Viability of the essential oil-treated cells was significantly higher than the control group at P1 (p = 0.0008). The treatment with the oil, at a concentration of 1 µg/mL, led to increases of 24.8% at P1 and 43.0% at P3 in the rate of cell proliferation compared with control cells. Conclusion: Supplementing culture medium with essential oil of Lippia origanoides increased cell proliferation, especially at later passages.

Detecção sorológica e molecular de Anaplasma marginale em búfalos na Ilha de Marajó, Pará / Serological and molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale in water buffaloes on Marajó Island, State of Pará, Brazil

O objetivo do estudo foi testar a prevalência sorológica e molecular de Anaplasma marginale em búfalos do municipio de Soure, Ilha de Marajó, estado do Pará, Brasil. Para a pesquisa sorologica foram selecionados randomicamente 800 animais e para a pesquisa molecular 50 destes animais foram aleatoriamente escolhidos. Para quantificar a prevalência sorológica utilizou-se o ensaio de imunoadsorção enzimático indireto (iELISA) com antígeno total contendo proteínas de superfície externa e para quantificar a prevalência molecular utilizou-se a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), envolvendo a amplificação de fragmento gênico da proteína de superfície maior 5 (MSP5). A prevalência de animais positivos no ELISA para A. marginale foi de 25% (200/800). Na PCR foi detectada a presença de A. marginale em 2% (1/50) dos animais. Embora apenas um animal tenha sido positivo na PCR, observou-se que o mesmo foi negativo no ELISA. A presença do agente, mesmo em baixa prevalência, mostra que os bubalinos podem funcionar como um importante reservatório desse patógeno para os rebanhos bovinos da região norte do Brasil.

The aim of the study was to test the molecular and serological prevalence of Anaplasma marginale in water buffaloes of the Marajó Island, State of Pará, Brazil. For serologic research were randomly selected 800 buffaloes and for molecular research 50 of these animals were randomly chosen. To quantify the serological prevalence we used the indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) with total antigen containing proteins outer surface. To quantify the prevalence molecular was used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) involving gene amplification fragment larger surface protein 5 (MSP5). The prevalence of positive animals in iELISA was 25% (200/800). In the PCR we detected the presence of A. marginale in 2% (1/50) of animals. Although only one animal was positive in PCR, we found that it was negative in ELISA. The presence of the agent, even in low prevalence, shows that buffaloes can act as an important reservoir for transmission of the pathogen to cattle in northern Brazil.

Quadro clínico-patológico do envenenamento crotálico experimental em bubalinos comparado com o de bovinos / Comparison between the clinical and pathological picture in the experimental poisoning by crotalic venom

O estudo teve por objetivo verificar a sensibilidade dos bubalinos à peçonha de Crotalus durissus terriiicus, estudar o quadro clínico-patológico e laboratorial nessa espécie e estabelecer comparações com o verificado em bovinos. A inoculação do veneno liofilizado de Crotalus durissus terriiicus, diluído em 1ml de solução fisiológica, foi feita na região da articulação úmero-rádio-ulnar, por via subcutânea, em três bubalinos (doses de 0,015; 0,03; e 0,066mg/kg) e em dois bovinos (doses de 0,03 e 0,066mg/kg). O bubalino que recebeu a dose de 0,03mg/ kg apresentou sinais clínicos graves recuperou-se seis dias após, e o bovino que recebeu a mesma dose morreu com evolução de 22h56min. A dose de 0,066mg/kg causou a morte tanto do bovino quanto do bubalino, com evolução clínica de 4h23min e 8h12min, respectivamente. O bubalino que recebeu a dose de 0,015mg/kg, recuperou-se com evolução de 48 horas. Os sinais clínicos tiveram início dentro de 3h58min no bubalino que morreu, e nos bubalinos que adoeceram mas se recuperaram, dentro de 17h25min e 24h00min após a inoculação do veneno. Nos dois bovinos que morreram (com doses de 0,03 e 0,066mg/kg), os primeiros sinais clínicos foram observados 6h10min e 6h31min após a inoculação do veneno. A inoculação do veneno produziu nos búfalos e bovinos um quadro nervoso de paralisia flácida. Os principais sinais observados tanto nos búfalos quanto nos bovinos, foram discreto aumento de volume no local da inoculação, dificuldade respiratória caracterizada por respiração predominantemente abdominal, apatia, sialorreia, dificuldade para se levantar quando estimulados, evolução para decúbito esternal permanente, seguido de decúbito lateral e movimentos de pedalagem, e diminuição dos reflexos relacionados aos pares de nervos cranianos. Nos bubalinos adicionalmente foi observado aumento da base de sustentação, arrastar das pinças dos membros posteriores, marcha lenta e cambaleante, dificuldade na apreensão dos alimentos; nos bovinos ainda foram observados paralisia do globo ocular, revelada através da não exposição da esclera durante a rotação da cabeça na direção latero-caudal. Tanto nos bovinos quanto nos bubalinos, verificou-se no leucograma, leucocitose por neutrofilia, e na bioquímica sérica, aumento nos níveis de alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, creatinaquinase e dehidrogenase láctica. Não houve alterações na urinálise, nem no tempo de ativação da protrombina e nem no tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada. À necropsia evidenciou-se apenas discreto edema correspondente ao local da inoculação em um bovino. Os achados histopatológicos observados foram picnose nos núcleos de células epiteliais de alguns túbulos uriníferos no córtex renal (em um búfalo e um bovino) e fígado com leve vacuolização de hepatócitos (em um bovino).

The objective of the study was to verify the sensibility of buffaloes to the poison of Crotalus durissus terriiicus and to study the clinical-pathological picture in buffaloes in comparison with the one in cattle. The subcutaneous inoculation of the liofilized poison of the snake, diluted in 1ml of physiologic solution, was done in the area of the humerus-radio-ulnar joint of three buffaloes at doses of 0.015, 0.03 and 0.066mg/kg, and of two cattle at doses of 0.03 and 0.066mg/kg. The buffalo that received the 0.03mg/kg dose presented severe clinical signs but recovered six days later. The bovine that received the same dose, died after a clinical course of 22h56min. The 0.066mg/kg dose caused death of the bovine as also the buffalo, with a clinical course of 4h23min and 8h12min, respectively. The buffalo that received the 0.015mg/kg dose recovered, after a course of 48 hours. The buffalo that died, showed clinical signs from 3h58min on, and the buffaloes that showed symptoms from 17h25min and 24h00min after inoculation of the venom, but recovered. In the two cattle that died (with doses of 0.03 and 0.066mg/kg), the first clinical signs occurred 6h10min and 6h31min after the inoculation of the venom. The inoculation produced in the buffaloes and cattle nervous symptoms of flaccid paralysis. The main signs observed in the buffaloes as well as the cattle, were slight volume increase at the site of inoculation, respiration difficulties characterized by predominantly abdominal breathing, apathy, sialorreia, difficulty to get up when stimulated, evolution to sternal decubitus followed by lateral decubitus with peddling movements of the legs, and decrease of the reflexes related to the cranial nerves. The buffaloes showed also augmentation of the sustentation base, dragging of the hooves of the hind legs, slow and staggering gait, difficulty in apprehension of the food, The cattle showed additionally paralysis of the eyeballs, revealed through non-exhibition of the sclera during head rotation in latero-caudal direction. Laboratory exams revealed in the cattle and the buffaloes leucocytosis by neutrofilia, and in the biochemistry series, increase in the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, creatinaquinase and lactic dehydrogenase. There was no alteration in the urinalysis nor in the activation time of protrombine and in the time of partially activated tromboplastin. Necropsy only evidenced slight edema corresponding to the inoculation site in one bovine. Histopathological examination revealed picnosis of the epitelial cell nuclei of some kidney tubules in the cortex (in the buffalo and in one bovine) and slight vacuolation of hepatocites (in one bovine).