[Effects of organic fertilizer from traditional Chinese medicine residues on growth and soil microbial community of Salvia miltiorrhiza by metagenomic technique].

Soil microbiome is a key evaluation index of soil health. Previous studies have shown that organic fertilizer from traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)residues can improve the yield and quality of cultivated traditional Chinese medicinal materials. However, there are few reports on the effects of organic fertilizer from TCM residues on soil microbiome. Therefore, on the basis of evaluating the effects of organic fertilizer from TCM residues on the yield and quality of cultivated Salvia miltiorrhiza, the metagenomic sequencing technique was used to study the effects of organic fertilizer from TCM residues on rhizosphere microbiome community and function of cultivated S. miltiorrhiza. The results showed that:(1) the application of organic fertilizer from TCM residues promoted the growth of S. miltiorrhiza and the accumulation of active components, and the above-ground and underground dry weight and fresh weight of S. miltiorrhiza increased by 371.4%, 288.3%, 313.4%, and 151.9%. The increases of rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B were 887.0% and 183.0%.(2)The application of organic fertilizer from TCM residues significantly changed the rhizosphere bacterial and fungal community structures, and the microbial community composition was significantly different.(3)The relative abundance of soil-beneficial bacteria, such as Nitrosospira multiformis, Bacillus subtilis, Lysobacter enzymogenes, and Trichoderma was significantly increased by the application of organic fertilizer from TCM residues.(4)KEGG function prediction analysis showed that metabolism-related microorganisms were more easily enriched in the soil environment after organic fertilizer application. The abundance of functional genes related to nitrification and denitrification could also be increased after the application of organic fertilizer from TCM residues. The results of this study provide guidance for the future application of organic fertilizer from TCM residues in the cultivation of traditio-nal Chinese medicinal materials and enrich the content of green cultivation technology of traditional Chinese medicinal materials.

[Pathogenicity and induced systemic resistance of Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahlia to Salvia miltiorrhiza].

Salvia miltiorrhiza is a commonly used bulk medicinal material in China. Due to the increasing demand in recent years, the planting area is expanding. In the artificial cultivation of S. miltiorrhiza, continuous cropping obstacles are prominent, which has seriously restrained the growth of S. miltiorrhiza, resulted in serious root diseases, and affected the yield and quality of medicinal materials. The pathogen infection can induce plant resistance. Previously, this research group isolated Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahlia from the roots of diseased S. miltiorrhiza. In this study, 7 days after inoculation of S. miltiorrhiza with F. oxysporum(Foc group) and V. dahlia(Vd group), the incidence rates in S. miltiorrhiza were 48% and 26%, respectively. Both the two pathogens significantly reduced the aboveground biomass of S. miltiorrhiza. Five days after inoculation, the activities of defensive enzymes, such as peroxidase(POD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and polyphenol oxidase(PPO) reached the peak. The enzyme activity of the Foc group was significantly higher than that of the Vd group. Three days after inoculation, the expression of defense genes SmPDF2.1 and SmPR10 peaked and then decreased. The results showed that F. oxysporum and V. dahlia showed pathogenicity to S. miltiorrhiza and could strongly induce systemic resistance. In terms of the above indexes, F. oxysporum was superior to V. dahlia.

[Effects of interaction between ubiquitin/26S proteasome inhibitor MG132 and mycorrhiza on growth and effective components of Salvia miltiorrhiza].

Ubiquitin/26 S proteasome system(UPS) is one of the main ways to regulate the degradation of proteins in plants, and plays an important role in physiological processes such as secondary metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction. As indicated recently, UPS is involved in plant-microbe interactions, and presumably regulates arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to affect its effects. This study investigated the effects of interaction between Cbz-leu-leu-leucinal(MG132) and the mycorrhiza on the growth and effective components of Salvia miltiorrhiza by inoculation with Glomus intraradices and spraying MG132 solution. The results showed that the inoculation with G. intraradices could promote the growth of S. miltiorrhiza, increase the accumulation of effective components in the aerial and underground parts, and decrease the relative expression level of JMT. Additionally, MG132 could strengthen the growth-promoting effect of G. intraradices. As compared with the control group, the inoculation with G. intraradices could significantly increase aerial and underground fresh weights by 267% and 95%, respectively, under the treatment with MG132 spraying, while under the MG132 spraying-free condition, the increase was 195% and 32%, respectively. Meanwhile, MG132 spraying could enhance the promotion of mycorrhizal fungi on the accumulation of active components of S. miltiorrhiza. On the other hand, regardless of inoculation with G. intraradices or not, MG132 treatment could promote the root division of S. miltiorrhiza, reduce the content of effective components in the aerial parts, and increase the content in the underground part. The inoculation with G. intraradices could alleviate the inhibitory effect of MG132 on the accumulation of effective components in the aerial part of S. miltiorrhiza. The results show that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) can promote the growth of S. miltiorrhiza and the accumulation of effective components, and MG132 treatment can strengthen such promotion effect, which lays a foundation for the application of MG132 in the mycorrhizal cultivation of S. miltiorrhiza in the future.