The gut microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa in humans and mice.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder with a high mortality. About 95% of cases are women and it has a population prevalence of about 1%, but evidence-based treatment is lacking. The pathogenesis of AN probably involves genetics and various environmental factors, and an altered gut microbiota has been observed in individuals with AN using amplicon sequencing and relatively small cohorts. Here we investigated whether a disrupted gut microbiota contributes to AN pathogenesis. Shotgun metagenomics and metabolomics were performed on faecal and serum samples, respectively, from a cohort of 77 females with AN and 70 healthy females. Multiple bacterial taxa (for example, Clostridium species) were altered in AN and correlated with estimates of eating behaviour and mental health. The gut virome was also altered in AN including a reduction in viral-bacterial interactions. Bacterial functional modules associated with the degradation of neurotransmitters were enriched in AN and various structural variants in bacteria were linked to metabolic features of AN. Serum metabolomics revealed an increase in metabolites associated with reduced food intake (for example, indole-3-propionic acid). Causal inference analyses implied that serum bacterial metabolites are potentially mediating the impact of an altered gut microbiota on AN behaviour. Further, we performed faecal microbiota transplantation from AN cases to germ-free mice under energy-restricted feeding to mirror AN eating behaviour. We found that the reduced weight gain and induced hypothalamic and adipose tissue gene expression were related to aberrant energy metabolism and eating behaviour. Our 'omics' and mechanistic studies imply that a disruptive gut microbiome may contribute to AN pathogenesis.

The gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis varies with disease activity.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the brain and spinal cord resulting in physical and cognitive impairment in young adults. It is hypothesized that a disrupted bacterial and viral gut microbiota is a part of the pathogenesis mediating disease impact through an altered gut microbiota-brain axis. The aim of this study is to explore the characteristics of gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis and to associate it with disease variables, as the etiology of the disease remains only partially known. METHODS: Here, in a case-control setting involving 148 Danish cases with multiple sclerosis and 148 matched healthy control subjects, we performed shotgun sequencing of fecal microbial DNA and associated bacterial and viral microbiota findings with plasma cytokines, blood cell gene expression profiles, and disease activity. RESULTS: We found 61 bacterial species that were differentially abundant when comparing all multiple sclerosis cases with healthy controls, among which 31 species were enriched in cases. A cluster of inflammation markers composed of blood leukocytes, CRP, and blood cell gene expression of IL17A and IL6 was positively associated with a cluster of multiple sclerosis-related species. Bacterial species that were more abundant in cases with disease-active treatment-naïve multiple sclerosis were positively linked to a group of plasma cytokines including IL-22, IL-17A, IFN-ß, IL-33, and TNF-α. The bacterial species richness of treatment-naïve multiple sclerosis cases was associated with number of relapses over a follow-up period of 2 years. However, in non-disease-active cases, we identified two bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens, whose absolute abundance was enriched. These bacteria are known to produce anti-inflammatory metabolites including butyrate and urolithin. In addition, cases with multiple sclerosis had a higher viral species diversity and a higher abundance of Caudovirales bacteriophages. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable aberrations are present in the gut microbiota of patients with multiple sclerosis that are directly associated with blood biomarkers of inflammation, and in treatment-naïve cases bacterial richness is positively associated with disease activity. Yet, the finding of two symbiotic bacterial species in non-disease-active cases that produce favorable immune-modulating compounds provides a rationale for testing these bacteria as adjunct therapeutics in future clinical trials.

Multiomics signatures of type 1 diabetes with and without albuminuria.

Aims/hypothesis: To identify novel pathophysiological signatures of longstanding type 1 diabetes (T1D) with and without albuminuria we investigated the gut microbiome and blood metabolome in individuals with T1D and healthy controls (HC). We also mapped the functional underpinnings of the microbiome in relation to its metabolic role. Methods: One hundred and sixty-one individuals with T1D and 50 HC were recruited at the Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Denmark. T1D cases were stratified based on levels of albuminuria into normoalbuminuria, moderate and severely increased albuminuria. Shotgun sequencing of bacterial and viral microbiome in stool samples and circulating metabolites and lipids profiling using mass spectroscopy in plasma of all participants were performed. Functional mapping of microbiome into Gut Metabolic Modules (GMMs) was done using EggNog and KEGG databases. Multiomics integration was performed using MOFA tool. Results: Measures of the gut bacterial beta diversity differed significantly between T1D and HC, either with moderately or severely increased albuminuria. Taxonomic analyses of the bacterial microbiota identified 51 species that differed in absolute abundance between T1D and HC (17 higher, 34 lower). Stratified on levels of albuminuria, 10 species were differentially abundant for the moderately increased albuminuria group, 63 for the severely increased albuminuria group while 25 were common and differentially abundant both for moderately and severely increased albuminuria groups, when compared to HC. Functional characterization of the bacteriome identified 23 differentially enriched GMMs between T1D and HC, mostly involved in sugar and amino acid metabolism. No differences in relation to albuminuria stratification was observed. Twenty-five phages were differentially abundant between T1D and HC groups. Six of these varied with albuminuria status. Plasma metabolomics indicated differences in the steroidogenesis and sugar metabolism and circulating sphingolipids in T1D individuals. We identified association between sphingolipid levels and Bacteroides sp. abundances. MOFA revealed reduced interactions between gut microbiome and plasma metabolome profiles albeit polar metabolite, lipids and bacteriome compositions contributed to the variance in albuminuria levels among T1D individuals. Conclusions: Individuals with T1D and progressive kidney disease stratified on levels of albuminuria show distinct signatures in their gut microbiome and blood metabolome.

Serum Metabolome Mediates the Antiobesity Effect of Celastrol-Induced Gut Microbial Alterations.

The antiobesity effect of celastrol has been reported in numerous studies, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. It is widely accepted that gut dysbiosis is closely related to obesity. The potential effect of celastrol on microbiota is worth exploring. In this study, the celastrol-induced weight loss was validated in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice, with the detection of reported phenotypes including a reduction in food intake, augments in dyslipidemia and glucose metabolism, and adipose thermogenesis. The anti-inflammatory effect of celastrol was also proved based on the alterations in serum cytokines. Antibiotic interference showed that gut microbiota contributes to celastrol-induced weight loss. Several key bacteria were identified using shotgun metagenomic sequencing to display the alterations of the intestinal microbiome in obese mice treated with celastrol. Meanwhile, the fecal and serum metabolic profiles were generated by pseudotargeted metabolomics, and changes in some critical metabolites related to appetite and metabolism were detected. Importantly, we applied in silico bidirectional mediation analysis to identify the precise connections among the alterations in gut microbes, serum metabolome, and host phenotypes induced by celastrol treatment for the first time. Therefore, we concluded that the celastrol-induced microbial changes partially contribute to the antiobesity effect via the serum metabolome. The mass spectrometry data are deposited on MetaboLights (ID: MTBLS3278).

Transformative Network Modeling of Multi-omics Data Reveals Detailed Circuits, Key Regulators, and Potential Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease.

To identify the molecular mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets of late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD), we performed an integrative network analysis of multi-omics profiling of four cortical areas across 364 donors with varying cognitive and neuropathological phenotypes. Our analyses revealed thousands of molecular changes and uncovered neuronal gene subnetworks as the most dysregulated in LOAD. ATP6V1A was identified as a key regulator of a top-ranked neuronal subnetwork, and its role in disease-related processes was evaluated through CRISPR-based manipulation in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons and RNAi-based knockdown in Drosophila models. Neuronal impairment and neurodegeneration caused by ATP6V1A deficit were improved by a repositioned compound, NCH-51. This study provides not only a global landscape but also detailed signaling circuits of complex molecular interactions in key brain regions affected by LOAD, and the resulting network models will serve as a blueprint for developing next-generation therapeutic agents against LOAD.

The intestinal microbiome is a co-determinant of the postprandial plasma glucose response.

Elevated postprandial plasma glucose is a risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that the inter-individual postprandial plasma glucose response varies partly depending on the intestinal microbiome composition and function. We analyzed data from Danish adults (n = 106), who were self-reported healthy and attended the baseline visit of two previously reported randomized controlled cross-over trials within the Gut, Grain and Greens project. Plasma glucose concentrations at five time points were measured before and during three hours after a standardized breakfast. Based on these data, we devised machine learning algorithms integrating bio-clinical, as well as shotgun-sequencing-derived taxa and functional potentials of the intestinal microbiome to predict individual postprandial glucose excursions. In this post hoc study, we found microbial and clinical features, which predicted up to 48% of the inter-individual variance of postprandial plasma glucose responses (Pearson correlation coefficient of measured vs. predicted values, R = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.45 to 0.84, p<0.001). The features were age, fasting serum triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, BMI, fasting total serum cholesterol, abundance of Bifidobacterium genus, richness of metagenomics species and abundance of a metagenomic species annotated to Clostridiales at order level. A model based only on microbial features predicted up to 14% of the variance in postprandial plasma glucose excursions (R = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.64, p = 0.04). Adding fasting glycaemic measures to the model including microbial and bio-clinical features increased the predictive power to R = 0.78 (95% CI: 0.59 to 0.89, p<0.001), explaining more than 60% of the inter-individual variance of postprandial plasma glucose concentrations. The outcome of the study points to a potential role of the taxa and functional potentials of the intestinal microbiome. If validated in larger studies our findings may be included in future algorithms attempting to develop personalized nutrition, especially for prediction of individual blood glucose excursions in dys-glycaemic individuals.

New 30-norlupane derivatives through chemical-microbial semi-synthesis of betulinic acid and their neuroprotective effect.

In this study, seven 30-norlupane derivatives (2-8) wasobtained from the chemical oxidation ofbetulinic acidfollowed bybiotransformationviaBacillus megateriumCGMCC 1.1741. And metabolites 2-4 and 6-8 were newly identified products. In the first step, betulinic acid was chemically oxidizedto platanic acid (1). Following the chemical oxidation, B. megaterium catalyzed the hydroxylation at C-7, C-11, C-15 and C-23 of platanic acid (1) as well as the oxidation of C-3 hydroxyl group. Compared to the labor-intensive isolation from natural plants, this chemical-microbial semi-synthesis is more capable to provide increased structural diversity of oxygenated 30-norlupane. Finally, the potential neuroprotective effect of the derivatives was assessed on neuron-like PC12 cells induced by cobalt chloride (CoCl2). Metabolite 6 showed a potent neuroprotective activity.