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INTRODUCTION: The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele exerts a significant influence on peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. METHODS: The present study enrolled 54 patients diagnosed with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD; including 28 APOE ε4 carriers and 26 non-carriers). Plasma inflammatory cytokine concentration was assessed, alongside bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS: Plasma tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, and interleukin (IL)-33 levels increased in the APOE ε4 carriers but IL-7 expression notably decreased. A negative correlation was observed between plasma IL-7 level and the hippocampal atrophy degree. Additionally, the expression of IL-7R and CD28 also decreased in PBMCs of APOE ε4 carriers. ScRNA-seq data results indicated that the changes were mainly related to the CD4+ Tem (effector memory) and CD8+ Tem T cells. DISCUSSION: These findings shed light on the role of the downregulated IL-7/IL-7R pathway associated with the APOE ε4 allele in modulating neuroinflammation and hippocampal atrophy. HIGHLIGHTS: The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele decreases plasma interleukin (IL)-7 and aggravates hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Plasma IL-7 level is negatively associated with the degree of hippocampal atrophy. The expression of IL-7R signaling decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of APOE ε4 carriers Dysregulation of the IL-7/IL-7R signal pathways enriches T cells.
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Enantioselective transformation of ubiquitous C(sp3)-H bonds into three-dimensional chiral scaffolds is of longstanding interest to synthetic chemists. Herein, an asymmetric paired electrolysis enables a highly efficient and sustainable approach to the enantioselective alkylation of sulfonylimines via C(sp3)-H functionalization. In this protocol, anodic oxidation for benzylic radical formation and Lewis acid-catalyzed sulfonylimine reduction on the cathode were seamlessly cross-coupled (up to 88% yield). Enantioenriched chiral amines containing a tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenter are accessed with high enantioselectivity (up to 96% ee). Mechanistic studies suggest that the amine generated in situ could serve as a base to deprotonate phenols and decrease the oxidation potential of the reaction, allowing phenols with lower potentials to be preferentially oxidized.
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Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are one of the most widely used plasticizers globally, extensively employed in various decoration materials. However, studies on the impact of these materials on indoor environmental PAE pollution and their effects on human health are limited. In this study, forty dust samples were collected from four types of stores specializing in decoration materials (flooring, furniture boards, wall coverings, and household articles). The levels, sources, exposure doses, and potential health risks of PAEs in dust from decoration material stores were assessed. The total concentrations of Σ9PAE (the sum of nine PAEs) in dust from all decoration-material stores ranged from 46,100 ng/g to 695,000 ng/g, with a median concentration of 146,000 ng/g. DMP, DEP, DBP, and DEHP were identified as the predominant components. Among all stores, furniture board stores exhibited the highest Σ9PAE (159,000 ng/g, median value), while flooring stores exhibited the lowest (95,300 ng/g). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that decoration materials are important sources of PAEs in the indoor environment. The estimated daily intakes of PAEs through non-dietary dust ingestion and dermal-absorption pathways among staff in various decoration-material stores were 60.0 and 0.470 ng/kg-bw/day (flooring stores), 113 and 0.780 ng/kg-bw/day (furniture board stores), 102 and 0.510 ng/kg-bw/day (wall covering stores), and 114 and 0.710 ng/kg-bw/day (household article stores). Particularly, staff in wall-covering and furniture-board stores exhibited relatively higher exposure doses of DEHP. Risk assessment indicated that although certain PAEs posed potential health risks, the exposure levels for staff in decoration material stores were within acceptable limits. However, staff in wall covering stores exhibited relatively higher risks, necessitating targeted risk-management strategies. This study provides new insights into understanding the risk associated with PAEs in indoor environments.
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Compared to the particle-gas partition coefficients (KPG), the rain-gas (KRG) and snow-gas (KSG) partition coefficients are also essential in studying the environmental behavior and fate of chemicals in the atmosphere. While the temperature dependence for the KPG have been extensively studied, the study for KRG and KSG are still lacking. Adsorption coefficients between water surface-air (KIA) and snow surface-air (KJA), as well as partition coefficients between water-air (KWA) and octanol-air (KOA) are vital in calculating KRG and KSG. These four basic adsorption and partition coefficients are also temperature-dependent, given by the well-known two-parameters Antoine equation logKXY = AXY + BXY/T, where KXY is the adsorption or partition coefficients, AXY and BXY are Antoine parameters (XY stand for IA, JA, WA, and OA), and T is the temperature in Kelvin. In this study, the parameters AXY and BXY are calculated for 943 chemicals, and logKXY can be estimated at any ambient temperature for these chemicals using these Antoine parameters. The results are evaluated by comparing these data with published experimental and modeled data, and the results show reasonable accuracy. Based on these coefficients, temperature-dependence of logKRG and logKSG is studied. It is found that both logKRG and logKSG are linearly related to 1/T, and Antoine parameters for logKRG and logKSG are also estimated. Distributions of the 943 chemicals in the atmospheric phases (gas, particle, and rain/snow), are illustrated in a Chemical Space Map. The findings reveal that, at environmental temperatures and precipitation days, the dominant state for the majority of chemicals is the gaseous phase. All the AXY and BXY values for logKSG, logKRG, and basic adsorption and partition coefficients, both modeled by this study and collected from published work, are systematically organized into an accessible dataset for public utilization.
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Lluvia , Nieve , Temperatura , Nieve/química , Lluvia/química , Adsorción , Gases/química , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/química , Atmósfera/química , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
The deleterious impact of pollution point sources on the surrounding environment and human has long been a focal point of environmental research. When considering the local atmospheric dispersion of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) around the emission sites, it is essential to account the dynamic process for the gas/particle (G/P) partitioning, which involves the transition from an initial state to a steady state. In this study, we have developed a model that enables the prediction of the dynamic process for G/P partitioning of SVOCs, particularly considering the influence from emission. It is important to note that the dynamic processes of the concentrations of SVOCs in particle phase (CP) and in gas phase (CG) differ significantly. These differences arise due to the influence of two critical factors: particulate proportion of SVOCs in the emissions (Ï0) and octanol-air partitioning coefficient (KOA). The validity of our model was assessed by comparing its predictions of the extremum value of the G/P partitioning quotient (KP) with the results obtained from the steady-state model. Remarkably, the characteristic time (tC), used to evaluate the timescale required for SVOCs to reach steady state, demonstrated different variations with KOA for CP and CG. Additionally, the values of tC were quite different for CP and CG, which were markedly influenced by Ï0. For some SVOCs with high KOA values, it took approximately 35 h to reach steady state. Furthermore, it was found that the time to achieve 95 % of steady state (t95 ≈ 3tC) could reach approximately 105 h. This duration is sufficient for chemicals to disperse from their emission site to the surrounding areas. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the dynamic process of G/P partitioning in local atmospheric transport studies. Moreover, the influence of Ï0 should be incorporated into future investigations examining the dynamic process of G/P partitioning.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have the capability for solar radiation absorption related to climate forcing. Herein, pollution characteristics and absorption spectra of size-resolved PAHs in atmospheric particles in a cold megacity were comprehensively investigated. The mean concentrations of Σ18PAHs in all the 11 particle size ranges were 3.95 ± 4.77 × 104 pg/m3 and 2.17 ± 1.54 × 103 pg/m3 in heating period (HP) and non-heating period (NHP), respectively. Except for most PAHs with 2 and 3 benzene rings in NHP, most other PAHs showed a unimodal distribution pattern with the peak at 0.56-1.0 µm in both periods, which was caused by PAH emission sources. The PAH-related climate forcing was mainly caused by the solar radiation absorptions at â¼325 (â¼330) nm and â¼365 nm. In general, the absorption intensities were higher in HP than NHP. The absorption intensity in the particle size range of 0.56-1.0 µm was the highest, and benzo[e]pyrene was the dominant contributor. In colder periods in HP, higher PAH concentrations caused more intensive PAH-related climate forcing. This study provided new insights for pollution characteristics and absorption spectra of size-resolved PAHs in atmospheric particles, which will be useful for better understanding PAH-related climate forcing.
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Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) production from waste activated sludge (WAS) by chain extension (CE) is a promising technology. However, the effects and mechanisms of CE process on the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) remain unclear. In this study, the results showed that the removal efficiency of ARGs was 81.15 % in CE process, suggesting its efficacy in reducing environmental risks. Further, the observed decrease in mobile genetic elements (MGEs) indicated that CE process restricted the horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Complementing this, the increase in soluble organic matters and extracellular 16 S rDNA confirmed that MCFAs production caused bacterial damage. Decreased intracellular ARGs and increased extracellular ARGs further revealed that MCFAs production impaired ARGs hosts, thereby limiting the vertical gene transfer (VGT) of ARGs. Shift of microbial community combined with co-occurrence network analysis demonstrated that functional bacteria without host potential for ARGs were enriched, but potential ARGs and MGEs hosts decreased, showing the role of functional bacterial phylogeny and selection pressure of MCFAs in reducing ARGs. Finally, partial least squares path model was used to systematic verify the mechanism of ARGs removal in CE process, which was attributed to the inhibition of ARGs transmission (HGT and VGT) and shift of microbial community.
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Bacterias , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Ácidos Grasos , Aguas del Alcantarillado , Aguas del Alcantarillado/microbiología , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana/genética , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias/metabolismo , Microbiota/efectos de los fármacos , Transferencia de Gen Horizontal , Genes Bacterianos , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Antibacterianos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) can pose exposure risks by inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species. As a new class of pollutants, EPFRs have been frequently detected in atmospheric particulate matters. In this study, the seasonal variations and sources of EPFRs in a severe cold region in Northeastern China were comprehensively investigated, especially for the high pollution events. The geomean concentration of EPFRs in the total suspended particle was 6.58 × 1013 spins/m3 and the mean level in winter was one order of magnitude higher than summer and autumn. The correlation network analysis showed that EPFRs had significantly positive correlation with carbon component, K+ and PAHs, indicating that EPFRs were primarily emitted from combustion and pyrolysis process. The source appointment by the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model indicated that the dominant sources in the heating season were coal combustion (48.4%), vehicle emission (23.1%) and biomass burning (19.4%), while the top three sources in the non-heating season were others (41.4%), coal combustion (23.7%) and vehicle emissions (21.2%). It was found that the high EPFRs in cold season can be ascribed to the extensive use of fossil fuel for heating demand; while the high EPFRs occurred in early spring were caused by the large-scale opening combustion of biomass. In summary, this study provided important basic information for better understanding the pollution characteristics of EPFRs, which suggested that the implementation of energy transformation and straw utilization was benefit for the control of EPFRs in severe cold region.
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Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Carbón Mineral , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Estaciones del Año , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Carbón Mineral/análisis , China , Radicales Libres/análisis , Biomasa , Material Particulado/análisis , Ciudades , Contaminación del Aire/análisisRESUMEN
Pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) pose a growing concern with potential environmental impacts, commonly introduced into the environment via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The occurrence, removal, and season variations of 60 different classes of PhCs were investigated in the baffled bioreactor (BBR) wastewater treatment process during summer and winter. The concentrations of 60 PhCs were 3400 ± 1600 ng/L in the influent, 2700 ± 930 ng/L in the effluent, and 2400 ± 120 ng/g dw in sludge. Valsartan (Val, 1800 ng/L) was the main contaminant found in the influent, declining to 520 ng/L in the effluent. The grit chamber and BBR tank were substantially conducive to the removal of VAL. Nonetheless, the BBR process showcased variable removal efficiencies across different PhC classes. Sulfadimidine had the highest removal efficiency of 87 ± 17% in the final effluent (water plus solid phase). Contrasting seasonal patterns were observed among PhC classes within BBR process units. The concentrations of many PhCs were higher in summer than in winter, while some macrolide antibiotics exhibited opposing seasonal fluctuations. A thorough mass balance analysis revealed quinolone and sulfonamide antibiotics were primarily eliminated through degradation and transformation in the BBR process. Conversely, 40.2 g/d of macrolide antibiotics was released to the natural aquatic environment via effluent discharge. Gastric acid and anticoagulants, as well as cardiovascular PhCs, primarily experienced removal through sludge adsorption. This study provides valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of PhCs in wastewater treatment, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies to effectively mitigate their release and potential environmental risks.
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Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Purificación del Agua , Aguas Residuales , Aguas del Alcantarillado/análisis , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos , Estaciones del Año , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Antibacterianos/análisis , Medición de Riesgo , Macrólidos/análisis , Preparaciones FarmacéuticasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B cirrhosis (HBC) is a chronic disease characterized by irreversible diffuse liver damage and aggravated by intestinal microbial imbalance and metabolic dysfunction. Although the relationship between certain single probiotics and HBC has been explored, the impact of the complex ready-to-eat Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 (LP N1115) supplement on patients with HBC has not been determined. AIM: To compare the changes in the microbiota, inflammatory factor levels, and liver function before and after probiotic treatment in HBC patients. METHODS: This study included 160 HBC patients diagnosed at the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University between October 2018 and December 2020. Patients were randomly divided into an intervention group that received LP N1115 supplementation and routine treatment and a control group that received routine treatment only. Fecal samples were collected at the onset and conclusion of the 12-wk intervention period. The structure of the intestinal microbiota and the levels of serological indicators, such as liver function and inflammatory factors, were assessed. RESULTS: Following LP N1115 intervention, the intestinal microbial diversity significantly increased in the intervention group (P < 0.05), and the structure of the intestinal microbiota was characterized by an increase in the proportions of probiotic microbes and a reduction in harmful bacteria. Additionally, the intervention group demonstrated notable improvements in liver function indices and significantly lower levels of inflammatory factors (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: LP N1115 is a promising treatment for ameliorating intestinal microbial imbalance in HBC patients by modulating the structure of the intestinal microbiota, improving liver function, and reducing inflammatory factor levels.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Hepatitis B , Lacticaseibacillus paracasei , Humanos , Cirrosis Hepática/diagnósticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The alveolar epithelial type II cell (AT2) and its senescence play a pivotal role in alveolar damage and pulmonary fibrosis. Cell circadian rhythm is strongly associated with cell senescence. Differentiated embryonic chondrocyte expressed gene 1 (DEC1) is a very important circadian clock gene. However, the role of DEC1 in AT2 senescence and pulmonary fibrosis was still unclear. RESULTS: In this study, a circadian disruption model of light intervention was used. It was found that circadian disruption exacerbated pulmonary fibrosis in mice. To understand the underlying mechanism, DEC1 levels were investigated. Results showed that DEC1 levels increased in lung tissues of IPF patients and in bleomycin-induced mouse fibrotic lungs. In vitro study revealed that bleomycin and TGF-ß1 increased the expressions of DEC1, collagen-I, and fibronectin in AT2 cells. Inhibition of DEC1 mitigated bleomycin-induced fibrotic changes in vitro and in vivo. After that, cell senescence was observed in bleomycin-treated AT2 cells and mouse models, but these were prevented by DEC1 inhibition. At last, p21 was confirmed having circadian rhythm followed DEC1 in normal conditions. But bleomycin disrupted the circadian rhythm and increased DEC1 which promoted p21 expression, increased p21 mediated AT2 senescence and pulmonary fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, circadian clock protein DEC1 mediated pulmonary fibrosis via p21 and cell senescence in alveolar epithelial type II cells.
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Bleomicina , Senescencia Celular , Ritmo Circadiano , Fibrosis Pulmonar , Animales , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Células Epiteliales Alveolares/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales Alveolares/patología , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/genética , Ritmo Circadiano/genética , Inhibidor p21 de las Quinasas Dependientes de la Ciclina/metabolismo , Inhibidor p21 de las Quinasas Dependientes de la Ciclina/genética , Proteínas de Homeodominio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Homeodominio/genética , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Fibrosis Pulmonar/patología , Fibrosis Pulmonar/inducido químicamente , Fibrosis Pulmonar/genética , Fibrosis Pulmonar/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/genética , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/genética , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/metabolismoRESUMEN
Iron overload can lead to oxidative stress and intestinal damage and happens frequently during blood transfusions and iron supplementation. However, how iron overload influences intestinal mucosa remains unknown. Here, the aim of current study was to investigate the effects of iron overload on the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). An iron overload mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg/kg body weight iron dextran once a fortnight for a duration of 12 weeks, and an iron overload enteroid model was produced by treatment with 3 mM or 10 mM of ferric ammonium citrate for 24 h. We found that iron overload caused damage to intestinal morphology with a 64 % reduction in villus height/crypt depth ratio, and microvilli injury in the duodenum. Iron overload mediated epithelial function by inhibiting the expression of nutrient transporters and enhancing the expression of secretory factors in the duodenum. Meanwhile, iron overload inhibited the proliferation of ISCs and regulated their differentiation into secretory mature cells, such as goblet cells, through inhibiting Notch signaling pathway both in mice and enteroid. Furthermore, iron overload caused oxidative stress and ferroptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, ferroptosis could also inhibit Notch signaling pathway, and affected the proliferation and differentiation of ISCs. These findings reveal the regulatory role of iron overload on the proliferation and differentiation of ISCs, providing a new insight into the internal mechanism of iron overload affecting intestinal health, and offering important theoretical basis for the scientific application of iron nutrition regulation.
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Diferenciación Celular , Ferroptosis , Células Caliciformes , Sobrecarga de Hierro , Estrés Oxidativo , Receptores Notch , Transducción de Señal , Células Madre , Animales , Ferroptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Células Caliciformes/metabolismo , Sobrecarga de Hierro/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre/metabolismo , Células Madre/citología , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , MasculinoRESUMEN
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have attracted wide attention due to their environmental impacts and health risks. PPCPs released through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are estimated to be 80 %. Nevertheless, the occurrence of PPCPs in the WWTPs equipped with Bacillus spec.-based bioreactors (BBR) treatment system remains unclear. In this study, sludge and waste water samples were collected during separate winter and summer sampling campaigns from a typical BBR treatment system. The results indicate that out of 58 target PPCPs, 27 compounds were detected in the waste water (0.06-1900 ng/L), and 23 were found in the sludge (0.6-7755 ng/g dw). Paraxanthine was the chemical of the highest abundance in the influent due to the high consumption of the parent compounds caffeine and theobromine. The profile for PPCPs in the wastewater and sludge exhibited no seasonal variation. Overall, the removal of target PPCPs in summer is more effective than the winter. In the BBR bio-reactor, it was found that selected PPCPs (at ng/L level) can be completely removed. The efficiency for individual PPCP removal was increased from 1.0 % to 50 % in this unit, after target specific adjustments of the process. The effective removal of selected PPCPs by the BBR treatment system is explained by combined sorption and biodegradation processing. The re-occurrence of PPCPs in the wastewater was monitored. Negative removal efficiency was explained by the cleavage of Phase II metabolites after the biotransformation process, and the lack of equilibrium for PPCPs in the sludge of the second clarifier. A compound specific risk quotient (RQ) was calculated and applied for studying the potential environmental risks. Diphenhydramine is found with the highest environmental risk in wastewater, and 15 other PPCPs show negligible risks in sewage sludge.
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Cosméticos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Purificación del Agua , Aguas Residuales , Aguas del Alcantarillado , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Cosméticos/análisis , Purificación del Agua/métodos , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas , Monitoreo del AmbienteRESUMEN
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been linked to increased severity and incidence of airway diseases, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Airway remodeling is an important event in both COPD and asthma, and airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) are key cells which directly involved in airway remodeling. However, it was unclear how PM2.5 affected ASMCs. This study investigates the effects of PM2.5 on airway smooth muscle and its mechanism. We first showed that inhaled particulate matter was distributed in the airway smooth muscle bundle, combined with increased airway smooth muscle bundle and collagen deposition in vivo. Then, we demonstrated that PM2.5 induced up-regulation of collagen-I and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in rat and human ASMCs in vitro. Next, we found PM2.5 led to rat and human ASMCs senescence and exhibited senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) by autophagy-induced GATA4/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling, which contributed to collagen-I and α-SMA synthesis as well as airway smooth muscle remodeling. Together, our results provided evidence that SASP induced by PM2.5 in airway smooth muscle cells prompted airway remodeling.
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Asma , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica , Humanos , Ratas , Animales , Remodelación de las Vías Aéreas (Respiratorias) , Fenotipo Secretor Asociado a la Senescencia , Miocitos del Músculo Liso , Asma/metabolismo , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/inducido químicamente , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/metabolismo , Colágeno Tipo I , Proliferación Celular , Material Particulado/metabolismo , Células CultivadasRESUMEN
The pyrolysis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has emerged as a promising route to synthesize carbon/metal oxide-based materials with diverse phase compositions, morphologies, sizes and surface areas. In this paper, 1,3,5-benzoic acid (BTC) and 2,4,6-tri(4-pyridinyl)-1-pyridine (TPP) were used as ligands to prepare a novel cobalt-based MOF (Co-MOF) which was used as a precursor to obtain five carbon-based materials at different temperatures (Co-C200/400/600/800/1000). Furthermore, five dyes were used as degradation targets to investigate the photocatalytic degradation performance of the title materials under UV light irradiation. Co-C1000 exhibited the best photocatalytic degradation performance for methyl orange (MO), and the degradation rate could reach 99.21%. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was attributed to narrower band-gaps and a synergistic effect originating from the well-aligned straddling band structures between Co/CoO/Co3O4 and C, also resulting in a faster interfacial charge transfer during the photocatalytic reaction. This study will aid in the development of photocatalysts generated from carbon-based materials via the pyrolysis transformation of MOFs, therefore greatly enhancing the photocatalytic performance.
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It is widely accepted that prevéraison application of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) can delay the ripening of grapes and improve their quality. However, how NAA impacts grape aroma compound concentrations remains unclear. This study incorporated the analyses of aroma metabolome, phytohormones, and transcriptome of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon grapes cultivated in continental arid/semiarid regions of western China. The analyses demonstrated that NAA application increased ß-damascenone and 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN) in the harvested grapes by delaying véraison and upregulating VvPSY1 and VvCCD4b expressions. Additionally, NAA treatment decreased 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine (IBMP) at the same phenological stage. Notably, abscisic acid (ABA) levels increased in NAA-treated grapes during véraison, which triggered further changes in norisoprenoid metabolisms. The ABA-responsive factor VvABF2 was potentially involved in VvPSY1 positive modulation, while the auxin response factor VvARF10 may play a role in VvCCD4b upregulation and VvOMT2 downregulation during NAA induction. VvARF10 possibly acts as a crosstalk node between the ABA and auxin signaling pathways following NAA treatment in regulating aroma biosynthesis.
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Vitis , Vino , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Vitis/genética , Vitis/metabolismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Odorantes/análisis , Transcriptoma , Frutas/química , Metaboloma , Ácidos Naftalenoacéticos/análisis , Vino/análisisRESUMEN
The environmental pollution caused by antibiotics, Fe3+ and MnO4- pollutants is becoming increasingly serious. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were used and decorated with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to fabricated three kinds of nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) with different shapes and sizes were prepared by electrospinning technology using in situ growth method and mixed spinning method. The structures and properties of the above three kinds of NFMs were characterized. Among them, PAN@Co/Mn-MOF-74 NFM prepared by in-situ growth method based on PAN was a kind of nano-fluorescent NFM sensor with uniform structure and good fluorescence performance. It showed unique specificity and excellent sensitivity in the detection of ORN, Fe3+ and MnO4-. Compared with previously reported functionalized MOFs, PAN@Co/Mn-MOF-74 NFM has a lower limit of detection (LOD). This study provides a feasible technical route for the preparation of nano-fluorescent NFMs and the targeted detection of trace metal ions and antibiotics.
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Few simultaneous studies of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the atmosphere have been conducted across Southeast and Northeast China, and no data on the gas/particle (G/P) partitioning behaviors of several current-use OCPs are available. In this study, a one-year synchronous monitoring program was conducted for OCPs in Chinese atmosphere spanning 30° latitude and 60 °C temperature. A total of 111 pairs of gas and particle samples were collected from Mohe and Harbin in Northeast China and from Shenzhen in Southeast China. The detection frequency for 66.7 % of the OCPs exceeded 80 %, indicating their prevalence in the atmosphere. The concentrations of individual OCPs spanned six orders of magnitude, indicating different pollution levels. Highest levels of hexachlorobenzene were observed at all sites. Banned OCPs were found predominantly in secondary distribution patterns, whereas current-use OCPs were dominated by primary distribution patterns. In Harbin and Mohe, the concentrations of OCPs were highest in summer, followed by autumn and winter. No obvious seasonal variation was observed in Shenzhen associated with different cultivation types. At all three sites, OCPs were predominantly found in the gas phase, and higher percentages of particle-phase OCPs were observed in Harbin and Mohe than in Shenzhen. In this study, G/P partitioning models were used to study the G/P partitioning mechanism of OCPs. The Li-Ma-Yang model provided the most accurate prediction of the G/P partitioning behavior of OCPs with high molecular weights and low vapor pressures, particularly at low temperatures. However, OCPs with lower molecular weights and higher vapor pressures were predominantly in the equilibrium state, for which the Junge-Pankow model was suitable. This systematic cross-scale study provides new insights into pollution, G/P partitioning, and the environmental behavior of OCPs in the atmosphere.
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Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most devastating diabetic microvascular complications. It has previously been observed that iron metabolism levels are abnormal in diabetic patients. However, the mechanism by which iron metabolism levels affect DN is poorly understood. This study was designed to evaluate the role of iron-chelator deferoxamine (DFO) in the improvement of DN. Here, we established a DN rat model induced by diets high in carbohydrates and fat and streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Our data demonstrated that DFO treatment for three weeks greatly attenuated renal dysfunction as evidenced by decreased levels of urinary albumin, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine, which were elevated in DN rats. Histopathological observations showed that DFO treatment improved the renal structures of DN rats and preserved podocyte integrity by preventing the decrease of transcripts of nephrin and podocin. In addition, DFO treatment reduced the overexpression of fibronectin 1, collagen I, IL-1ß, NF-κB, and MCP-1 in DN rats, as well as inflammatory cell infiltrates and collagenous fibrosis. Taken together, our findings unveiled that iron chelation via DFO injection had a protective impact on DN by alleviating inflammation and fibrosis, and that it could be a potential therapeutic strategy for DN.
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Diabetes Mellitus , Nefropatías Diabéticas , Animales , Ratas , Nefropatías Diabéticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Deferoxamina/farmacología , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Fibrosis , Quelantes del Hierro/farmacología , Quelantes del Hierro/uso terapéutico , HierroRESUMEN
Health risks from exposure to contaminants are generally estimated by evaluating concentrations of the contaminants in environmental matrixes. However, accurate health risk assessment is difficult because of uncertainties regarding exposures. This study aims to utilize data on the concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in surface soil across China coupled with Monte Carlo simulations to compensate for uncertainties in exposure to evaluate the health risks associated with contamination of soil with this class of flame retardants. Results revealed that concentrations of ∑OPFRs were 0.793-406 ng/g dry weight (dw) with an average of 23.2 ng/g dw. In terms of spatial distribution, higher OPFRs concentrations were found in economically developed regions. Although the values of health risk of OPFRs in soil across China were below the threshold, the high concentrations of OPFRs in soil in some regions should attract more attentions in future. Sensitivity analysis revealed that concentrations of OPFRs in soil, skin adherence factor, and exposure duration were the most sensitive parameters in health risk assessment. In summary, the study indicated that the national scale soil measurement could provide unique information on OPFRs exposure and health risk assessment, which was useful for the management of soil in China and for better understanding of the environmental fate of OPFRs in the global perspective.