RESUMEN
Lipid metabolism is fundamental to CD4+ T cell metabolism yet remains poorly understood across subsets. Therefore, we performed targeted in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 screens to identify lipid-associated genes essential for T cell subset functions. These screens established mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFAS) genes Mecr, Mcat and Oxsm as highly impactful. Of these, the inborn error of metabolism gene Mecr was most dynamically regulated. Effector and memory T cells were reduced in Mecrfl/fl; Cd4cre mice, and MECR was required for activated CD4+ T cells to efficiently proliferate, differentiate, and survive. Mecr-deficient T cells also had decreased mitochondrial respiration, reduced TCA intermediates, and accumulated intracellular iron, which contributed to cell death and sensitivity to ferroptosis. Importantly, Mecr-deficient T cells exhibited fitness disadvantages in inflammatory, tumor, and infection models. mtFAS and MECR thus play important roles in activated T cells and may provide targets to modulate immune functions in inflammatory diseases. The immunological state of MECR- and mtFAS-deficient patients may also be compromised.
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Obesity is a leading risk factor for progression and metastasis of many cancers1,2, yet can in some cases enhance survival3-5 and responses to immune checkpoint blockade therapies, including anti-PD-1, which targets PD-1 (encoded by PDCD1), an inhibitory receptor expressed on immune cells6-8. Although obesity promotes chronic inflammation, the role of the immune system in the obesity-cancer connection and immunotherapy remains unclear. It has been shown that in addition to T cells, macrophages can express PD-19-12. Here we found that obesity selectively induced PD-1 expression on tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). Type I inflammatory cytokines and molecules linked to obesity, including interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor, leptin, insulin and palmitate, induced macrophage PD-1 expression in an mTORC1- and glycolysis-dependent manner. PD-1 then provided negative feedback to TAMs that suppressed glycolysis, phagocytosis and T cell stimulatory potential. Conversely, PD-1 blockade increased the level of macrophage glycolysis, which was essential for PD-1 inhibition to augment TAM expression of CD86 and major histocompatibility complex I and II molecules and ability to activate T cells. Myeloid-specific PD-1 deficiency slowed tumour growth, enhanced TAM glycolysis and antigen-presentation capability, and led to increased CD8+ T cell activity with a reduced level of markers of exhaustion. These findings show that obesity-associated metabolic signalling and inflammatory cues cause TAMs to induce PD-1 expression, which then drives a TAM-specific feedback mechanism that impairs tumour immune surveillance. This may contribute to increased cancer risk yet improved response to PD-1 immunotherapy in obesity.
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Neoplasias , Obesidad , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1 , Macrófagos Asociados a Tumores , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Presentación de Antígeno/efectos de los fármacos , Antígeno B7-2/antagonistas & inhibidores , Antígeno B7-2/inmunología , Antígeno B7-2/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Glucólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase I/inmunología , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase II/inmunología , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/farmacología , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/uso terapéutico , Mediadores de Inflamación/inmunología , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Activación de Linfocitos , Diana Mecanicista del Complejo 1 de la Rapamicina/metabolismo , Diana Mecanicista del Complejo 1 de la Rapamicina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/inmunología , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patología , Obesidad/inmunología , Obesidad/metabolismo , Fagocitosis/efectos de los fármacos , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Macrófagos Asociados a Tumores/inmunología , Macrófagos Asociados a Tumores/metabolismo , Macrófagos Asociados a Tumores/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is characterized by dysregulated hypoxia signaling and a tumor microenvironment (TME) highly enriched in myeloid and lymphoid cells. Loss of the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene is a critical early event in ccRCC pathogenesis and promotes stabilization of HIF. Whether VHL loss in cancer cells affects immune cells in the TME remains unclear. Using Vhl WT and Vhl-KO in vivo murine kidney cancer Renca models, we found that Vhl-KO tumors were more infiltrated by immune cells. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) from Vhl-deficient tumors demonstrated enhanced in vivo glucose consumption, phagocytosis, and inflammatory transcriptional signatures, whereas lymphocytes from Vhl-KO tumors showed reduced activation and a lower response to anti-programmed cell death 1 (anti-PD-1) therapy in vivo. The chemokine CX3CL1 was highly expressed in human ccRCC tumors and was associated with Vhl deficiency. Deletion of Cx3cl1 in cancer cells decreased myeloid cell infiltration associated with Vhl loss to provide a mechanism by which Vhl loss may have contributed to the altered immune landscape. Here, we identify cancer cell-specific genetic features that drove environmental reprogramming and shaped the tumor immune landscape, with therapeutic implications for the treatment of ccRCC.
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Carcinoma de Células Renales , Neoplasias Renales , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Carcinogénesis/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renales/genética , Transformación Celular Neoplásica , Riñón , Neoplasias Renales/genética , Microambiente Tumoral , Proteína Supresora de Tumores del Síndrome de Von Hippel-Lindau/genéticaRESUMEN
Activated T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to meet anabolic, differentiation, and functional demands. Glutamine supports many processes in activated T cells, and inhibition of glutamine metabolism alters T cell function in autoimmune disease and cancer. Multiple glutamine-targeting molecules are under investigation, yet the precise mechanisms of glutamine-dependent CD8 T cell differentiation remain unclear. We show that distinct strategies of glutamine inhibition by glutaminase-specific inhibition with small molecule CB-839, pan-glutamine inhibition with 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON), or by glutamine-depleted conditions (No Q) produce distinct metabolic differentiation trajectories in murine CD8 T cells. T cell activation with CB-839 treatment had a milder effect than did DON or No Q treatment. A key difference was that CB-839-treated cells compensated with increased glycolytic metabolism, whereas DON and No Q-treated cells increased oxidative metabolism. However, all glutamine treatment strategies elevated CD8 T cell dependence on glucose metabolism, and No Q treatment caused adaptation toward reduced glutamine dependence. DON treatment reduced histone modifications and numbers of persisting cells in adoptive transfer studies, but those T cells that remained could expand normally upon secondary Ag encounter. In contrast, No Q-treated cells persisted well yet demonstrated decreased secondary expansion. Consistent with reduced persistence, CD8 T cells activated in the presence of DON had reduced ability to control tumor growth and reduced tumor infiltration in adoptive cell therapy. Overall, each approach to inhibit glutamine metabolism confers distinct effects on CD8 T cells and highlights that targeting the same pathway in different ways can elicit opposing metabolic and functional outcomes.
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Diazooxonorleucina , Neoplasias , Animales , Ratones , Diazooxonorleucina/farmacología , Glutamina/metabolismo , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/metabolismoRESUMEN
The tumor-associated vasculature imposes major structural and biochemical barriers to the infiltration of effector T cells and effective tumor control. Correlations between stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway activation and spontaneous T cell infiltration in human cancers led us to evaluate the effect of STING-activating nanoparticles (STANs), which are a polymersome-based platform for the delivery of a cyclic dinucleotide STING agonist, on the tumor vasculature and attendant effects on T cell infiltration and antitumor function. In multiple mouse tumor models, intravenous administration of STANs promoted vascular normalization, evidenced by improved vascular integrity, reduced tumor hypoxia, and increased endothelial cell expression of T cell adhesion molecules. STAN-mediated vascular reprogramming enhanced the infiltration, proliferation, and function of antitumor T cells and potentiated the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive T cell therapy. We present STANs as a multimodal platform that activates and normalizes the tumor microenvironment to enhance T cell infiltration and function and augments responses to immunotherapy.
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Nanopartículas , Neoplasias , Ratones , Animales , Humanos , Inmunoterapia , Linfocitos T , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Microambiente TumoralRESUMEN
R loops are RNA-DNA hybrid containing structures involved in diverse cellular processes, including DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. R loop homeostasis involving the formation and resolution of R loops is critical for DSB repair, and its dysregulation leads to genome instability. Here we show that the HELZ helicase promotes R loop resolution to facilitate DSB repair by homologous recombination (HR). HELZ depletion causes hypersensitivity to DSB-inducing agents, and HELZ localizes and binds to DSBs. HELZ depletion further leads to genomic instability in a R loop dependent manner and the accumulation of R loops globally and at DSBs. HELZ binds to R loops in response to DSBs and promotes their resolution, thereby facilitating HR to promote genome integrity. Our findings thus define a role for HELZ in promoting the resolution of R loops critical for DSB repair by HR.
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Hematopoiesis integrates cytokine signaling, metabolism, and epigenetic modifications to regulate blood cell generation. These processes are linked, as metabolites provide essential substrates for epigenetic marks. In this study, we demonstrate that ATP citrate lyase (Acly), which metabolizes citrate to generate cytosolic acetyl-CoA and is of clinical interest, can regulate chromatin accessibility to limit myeloid differentiation. Acly was tested for a role in murine hematopoiesis by small-molecule inhibition or genetic deletion in lineage-depleted, c-Kit-enriched hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from Mus musculus. Treatments increased the abundance of cell populations that expressed the myeloid integrin CD11b and other markers of myeloid differentiation. When single-cell RNA sequencing was performed, we found that Acly inhibitor-treated hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells exhibited greater gene expression signatures for macrophages and enrichment of these populations. Similarly, the single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing showed increased chromatin accessibility at genes associated with myeloid differentiation, including CD11b, CD11c, and IRF8. Mechanistically, Acly deficiency altered chromatin accessibility and expression of multiple C/EBP family transcription factors known to regulate myeloid differentiation and cell metabolism, with increased Cebpe and decreased Cebpa and Cebpb. This effect of Acly deficiency was accompanied by altered mitochondrial metabolism with decreased mitochondrial polarization but increased mitochondrial content and production of reactive oxygen species. The bias to myeloid differentiation appeared due to insufficient generation of acetyl-CoA, as exogenous acetate to support alternate compensatory pathways to produce acetyl-CoA reversed this phenotype. Acly inhibition thus can promote myelopoiesis through deprivation of acetyl-CoA and altered histone acetylome to regulate C/EBP transcription factor family activity for myeloid differentiation.
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ATP Citrato (pro-S)-Liasa , Ensamble y Desensamble de Cromatina , Epigénesis Genética , Mielopoyesis , Animales , Ratones , Acetilcoenzima A/genética , Acetilcoenzima A/metabolismo , ATP Citrato (pro-S)-Liasa/deficiencia , ATP Citrato (pro-S)-Liasa/genética , Cromatina/metabolismo , Mielopoyesis/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Current cancer immunotherapies have made tremendous impacts but generally lack high response rates, especially in ovarian cancer. New therapies are needed to provide increased benefits. One understudied approach is to target the large population of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Using inducible transgenic mice, we recently reported that upregulating nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling in TAMs promotes the M1, anti-tumor phenotype and limits ovarian cancer progression. We also developed a mannose-decorated polymeric nanoparticle system (MnNPs) to preferentially deliver siRNA payloads to M2, pro-tumor macrophages in vitro. In this study, we tested a translational strategy to repolarize ovarian TAMs via MnNPs loaded with siRNA targeting the inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα) using mouse models of ovarian cancer. METHODS: We evaluated treatment with MnNPs loaded with IκBα siRNA (IκBα-MnNPs) or scrambled siRNA in syngeneic ovarian cancer models. ID8 tumors in C57Bl/6 mice were used to evaluate consecutive-day treatment of late-stage disease while TBR5 tumors in FVB mice were used to evaluate repetitive treatments in a faster-developing disease model. MnNPs were evaluated for biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy in both models. RESULTS: Stimulation of NF-κB activity and repolarization to an M1 phenotype via IκBα-MnNP treatment was confirmed using cultured luciferase-reporter macrophages. Delivery of MnNPs with fluorescent payloads (Cy5-MnNPs) to macrophages in the solid tumors and ascites was confirmed in both tumor models. A three consecutive-day treatment of IκBα-MnNPs in the ID8 model validated a shift towards M1 macrophage polarization in vivo. A clear therapeutic effect was observed with biweekly treatments over 2-3 weeks in the TBR5 model where significantly reduced tumor burden was accompanied by changes in immune cell composition, indicative of reduced immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. No evidence of toxicity associated with MnNP treatment was observed in either model. CONCLUSIONS: In mouse models of ovarian cancer, MnNPs were preferentially associated with macrophages in ascites fluid and solid tumors. Evidence of macrophage repolarization, increased inflammatory cues, and reduced tumor burden in IκBα-MnNP-treated mice indicate beneficial outcomes in models of established disease. We have provided evidence of a targeted, TAM-directed approach to increase anti-tumor immunity in ovarian cancer with strong translational potential for future clinical studies.
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Nanopartículas , Neoplasias Ováricas , Animales , Ascitis , Carcinoma Epitelial de Ovario , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Manosa/farmacología , Manosa/uso terapéutico , Ratones , Inhibidor NF-kappaB alfa , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ováricas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ováricas/patología , ARN Interferente Pequeño/farmacología , Distribución Tisular , Microambiente TumoralRESUMEN
Antigenic stimulation promotes T cell metabolic reprogramming to meet increased biosynthetic, bioenergetic, and signaling demands. We show that the one-carbon (1C) metabolism enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2) regulates de novo purine synthesis and signaling in activated T cells to promote proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production. In pathogenic T helper-17 (Th17) cells, MTHFD2 prevented aberrant upregulation of the transcription factor FoxP3 along with inappropriate gain of suppressive capacity. MTHFD2 deficiency also promoted regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation. Mechanistically, MTHFD2 inhibition led to depletion of purine pools, accumulation of purine biosynthetic intermediates, and decreased nutrient sensor mTORC1 signaling. MTHFD2 was also critical to regulate DNA and histone methylation in Th17 cells. Importantly, MTHFD2 deficiency reduced disease severity in multiple in vivo inflammatory disease models. MTHFD2 is thus a metabolic checkpoint to integrate purine metabolism with pathogenic effector cell signaling and is a potential therapeutic target within 1C metabolism pathways.
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Inflamación/inmunología , Diana Mecanicista del Complejo 1 de la Rapamicina/metabolismo , Metilenotetrahidrofolato Deshidrogenasa (NADP)/metabolismo , Purinas/biosíntesis , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Células Th17/inmunología , Animales , Diferenciación Celular , Citocinas/metabolismo , Metilación de ADN , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Activación de Linfocitos , Metilenotetrahidrofolato Deshidrogenasa (NADP)/genética , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Mutación/genética , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Although obesity can promote cancer, it may also increase immunotherapy efficacy in what has been termed the obesity-immunotherapy paradox. Mechanisms of this effect are unclear, although obesity alters key inflammatory cytokines and can promote an inflammatory state that may modify tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophage populations. To identify mechanisms by which obesity affects antitumor immunity, we examined changes in cell populations and the role of the proinflammatory adipokine leptin in immunotherapy. Single-cell RNAseq demonstrated that obesity decreased tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte frequencies, and flow cytometry confirmed altered macrophage phenotypes with lower expression of inducible NO synthase and MHC class II in tumors of obese animals. When treated with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) Abs, however, obese mice had a greater absolute decrease in tumor burden than lean mice and a repolarization of the macrophages to inflammatory M1-like phenotypes. Mechanistically, leptin is a proinflammatory adipokine that is induced in obesity and may mediate enhanced antitumor immunity in obesity. To directly test the effect of leptin on tumor growth and antitumor immunity, we treated lean mice with leptin and observed tumors over time. Treatment with leptin, acute or chronic, was sufficient to enhance antitumor efficacy similar to anti-PD-1 checkpoint therapy. Further, leptin and anti-PD-1 cotreatment may enhance antitumor effects consistent with an increase in M1-like tumor-associated macrophage frequency compared with non-leptin-treated mice. These data demonstrate that obesity has dual effects in cancer through promotion of tumor growth while simultaneously enhancing antitumor immunity through leptin-mediated macrophage reprogramming.
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Neoplasias , Macrófagos Asociados a Tumores , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Inmunoterapia , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor , Ratones , Neoplasias/terapia , Obesidad/metabolismoRESUMEN
Cancer cells characteristically consume glucose through Warburg metabolism1, a process that forms the basis of tumour imaging by positron emission tomography (PET). Tumour-infiltrating immune cells also rely on glucose, and impaired immune cell metabolism in the tumour microenvironment (TME) contributes to immune evasion by tumour cells2-4. However, whether the metabolism of immune cells is dysregulated in the TME by cell-intrinsic programs or by competition with cancer cells for limited nutrients remains unclear. Here we used PET tracers to measure the access to and uptake of glucose and glutamine by specific cell subsets in the TME. Notably, myeloid cells had the greatest capacity to take up intratumoral glucose, followed by T cells and cancer cells, across a range of cancer models. By contrast, cancer cells showed the highest uptake of glutamine. This distinct nutrient partitioning was programmed in a cell-intrinsic manner through mTORC1 signalling and the expression of genes related to the metabolism of glucose and glutamine. Inhibiting glutamine uptake enhanced glucose uptake across tumour-resident cell types, showing that glutamine metabolism suppresses glucose uptake without glucose being a limiting factor in the TME. Thus, cell-intrinsic programs drive the preferential acquisition of glucose and glutamine by immune and cancer cells, respectively. Cell-selective partitioning of these nutrients could be exploited to develop therapies and imaging strategies to enhance or monitor the metabolic programs and activities of specific cell populations in the TME.
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Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patología , Nutrientes/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , Animales , Carcinoma de Células Renales/inmunología , Carcinoma de Células Renales/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Renales/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Femenino , Glucosa/metabolismo , Glutamina/metabolismo , Humanos , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Masculino , Diana Mecanicista del Complejo 1 de la Rapamicina/metabolismo , Ratones , Células Mieloides/inmunología , Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Neoplasias/inmunología , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Immune oncology approaches of adoptive cell therapy and immune checkpoint blockade aim to activate T cells to eliminate tumors. Normal stimulation of resting T cells induces metabolic reprogramming from catabolic and oxidative metabolism to aerobic glycolysis in effector T cells, and back to oxidative metabolism in long-lived memory cells. These metabolic reprogramming events are now appreciated to be essential aspects of T-cell function and fate. Here, we review these transitions, how they are disrupted by T-cell interactions with tumors and the tumor microenvironment, and how they can inform immune oncology to enhance T-cell function against tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: T-cell metabolism plays a central role in T-cell fate yet is altered in cancer in ways that can suppress antitumor immunity. Here, we discuss challenges and opportunities to stimulate effector T-cell metabolism and improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Neoplasias/terapia , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Humanos , Microambiente TumoralRESUMEN
Memory T cells are thought to rely on oxidative phosphorylation and short-lived effector T cells on glycolysis. Here, we investigated how T cells arrive at these states during an immune response. To understand the metabolic state of rare, early-activated T cells, we adapted mass cytometry to quantify metabolic regulators at single-cell resolution in parallel with cell signaling, proliferation, and effector function. We interrogated CD8+ T cell activation in vitro and in response to Listeria monocytogenes infection in vivo. This approach revealed a distinct metabolic state in early-activated T cells characterized by maximal expression of glycolytic and oxidative metabolic proteins. Cells in this transient state were most abundant 5 days post-infection before rapidly decreasing metabolic protein expression. Analogous findings were observed in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells interrogated longitudinally in advanced lymphoma patients. Our study demonstrates the utility of single-cell metabolic analysis by mass cytometry to identify metabolic adaptations of immune cell populations in vivo and provides a resource for investigations of metabolic regulation of immune responses across a variety of applications.
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Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Transducción de Señal/inmunología , Animales , Proliferación Celular/fisiología , Femenino , Glucólisis/inmunología , Memoria Inmunológica/inmunología , Listeria monocytogenes/inmunología , Listeriosis/inmunología , Listeriosis/microbiología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Fosforilación Oxidativa , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos/inmunología , Análisis de la Célula Individual/métodosRESUMEN
T effector cells promote inflammation in asthmatic patients, and both Th2 and Th17 CD4 T cells have been implicated in severe forms of the disease. The metabolic phenotypes and dependencies of these cells, however, remain poorly understood in the regulation of airway inflammation. In this study, we show the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic patients had markers of elevated glucose and glutamine metabolism. Further, peripheral blood T cells of asthmatics had broadly elevated expression of metabolic proteins when analyzed by mass cytometry compared with healthy controls. Therefore, we hypothesized that glucose and glutamine metabolism promote allergic airway inflammation. We tested this hypothesis in two murine models of airway inflammation. T cells from lungs of mice sensitized with Alternaria alternata extract displayed genetic signatures for elevated oxidative and glucose metabolism by single-cell RNA sequencing. This result was most pronounced when protein levels were measured in IL-17-producing cells and was recapitulated when airway inflammation was induced with house dust mite plus LPS, a model that led to abundant IL-4- and IL-17-producing T cells. Importantly, inhibitors of the glucose transporter 1 or glutaminase in vivo attenuated house dust mite + LPS eosinophilia, T cell cytokine production, and airway hyperresponsiveness as well as augmented the immunosuppressive properties of dexamethasone. These data show that T cells induce markers to support metabolism in vivo in airway inflammation and that this correlates with inflammatory cytokine production. Targeting metabolic pathways may provide a new direction to protect from disease and enhance the effectiveness of steroid therapy.
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Asma/tratamiento farmacológico , Dexametasona/farmacología , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Glutaminasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inmunosupresores/farmacología , Adulto , Alternaria/inmunología , Animales , Asma/sangre , Asma/inmunología , Biomarcadores/análisis , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Glucemia/metabolismo , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/inmunología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Células Cultivadas , Dexametasona/uso terapéutico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Femenino , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 1/metabolismo , Glutaminasa/metabolismo , Glutamina/metabolismo , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Pulmón/citología , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cultivo Primario de Células , Pyroglyphidae/inmunología , Células Th17/efectos de los fármacos , Células Th17/inmunología , Células Th17/metabolismo , Células Th2/efectos de los fármacos , Células Th2/inmunología , Células Th2/metabolismo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with poor outcomes associated with resistance to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is the catalytic subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which silences transcription through trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and has emerged as an important therapeutic target with inhibitors targeting its methyltransferase activity under clinical investigation. Here, we show that EZH2 has a non-catalytic and PRC2-independent role in stabilizing DDB2 to promote nucleotide excision repair (NER) and govern cisplatin resistance in SCLC. Using a synthetic lethality screen, we identified important regulators of cisplatin resistance in SCLC cells, including EZH2. EZH2 depletion causes cellular cisplatin and UV hypersensitivity in an epistatic manner with DDB1-DDB2. EZH2 complexes with DDB1-DDB2 and promotes DDB2 stability by impairing its ubiquitination independent of methyltransferase activity or PRC2, thereby facilitating DDB2 localization to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer crosslinks to govern their repair. Furthermore, targeting EZH2 for depletion with DZNep strongly sensitizes SCLC cells and tumors to cisplatin. Our findings reveal a non-catalytic and PRC2-independent function for EZH2 in promoting NER through DDB2 stabilization, suggesting a rationale for targeting EZH2 beyond its catalytic activity for overcoming cisplatin resistance in SCLC.
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Reparación del ADN/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Proteína Potenciadora del Homólogo Zeste 2/metabolismo , Complejo Represivo Polycomb 2/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Cisplatino/uso terapéutico , ADN/genética , ADN/metabolismo , Reparación del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/genética , Proteína Potenciadora del Homólogo Zeste 2/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Complejo Represivo Polycomb 2/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células Pequeñas/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Macrophages have been described in calcific aortic valve disease, but it is unclear if they promote or counteract calcification. We aimed to determine how macrophages are involved in calcification using the Notch1+/- model of calcific aortic valve disease. Approach and Results: Macrophages in wild-type and Notch1+/- murine aortic valves were characterized by flow cytometry. Macrophages in Notch1+/- aortic valves had increased expression of MHCII (major histocompatibility complex II). We then used bone marrow transplants to test if differences in Notch1+/- macrophages drive disease. Notch1+/- mice had increased valve thickness, macrophage infiltration, and proinflammatory macrophage maturation regardless of transplanted bone marrow genotype. In vitro approaches confirm that Notch1+/- aortic valve cells promote macrophage invasion as quantified by migration index and proinflammatory phenotypes as quantified by Ly6C and CCR2 positivity independent of macrophage genotype. Finally, we found that macrophage interaction with aortic valve cells promotes osteogenic, but not dystrophic, calcification and decreases abundance of the STAT3ß isoform. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that Notch1+/- aortic valve disease involves increased macrophage recruitment and maturation driven by altered aortic valve cell secretion, and that increased macrophage recruitment promotes osteogenic calcification and alters STAT3 splicing. Further investigation of STAT3 and macrophage-driven inflammation as therapeutic targets in calcific aortic valve disease is warranted.
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Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/patología , Válvula Aórtica/patología , Calcinosis/patología , Macrófagos/fisiología , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/fisiología , Animales , Válvula Aórtica/inmunología , Válvula Aórtica/fisiopatología , Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/inmunología , Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/fisiopatología , Trasplante de Médula Ósea , Calcinosis/inmunología , Calcinosis/fisiopatología , Movimiento Celular , Óxidos S-Cíclicos/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Expresión Génica , Genotipo , Humanos , Inflamación/patología , Macrófagos/química , Macrófagos/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Osteogénesis , Receptor Notch1/análisis , Receptor Notch1/genética , Receptor Notch1/fisiología , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/genéticaRESUMEN
Activated T cells differentiate into functional subsets with distinct metabolic programs. Glutaminase (GLS) converts glutamine to glutamate to support the tricarboxylic acid cycle and redox and epigenetic reactions. Here, we identify a key role for GLS in T cell activation and specification. Though GLS deficiency diminished initial T cell activation and proliferation and impaired differentiation of Th17 cells, loss of GLS also increased Tbet to promote differentiation and effector function of CD4 Th1 and CD8 CTL cells. This was associated with altered chromatin accessibility and gene expression, including decreased PIK3IP1 in Th1 cells that sensitized to IL-2-mediated mTORC1 signaling. In vivo, GLS null T cells failed to drive Th17-inflammatory diseases, and Th1 cells had initially elevated function but exhausted over time. Transient GLS inhibition, however, led to increased Th1 and CTL T cell numbers. Glutamine metabolism thus has distinct roles to promote Th17 but constrain Th1 and CTL effector cell differentiation.
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Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Diferenciación Celular/inmunología , Glutaminasa/inmunología , Activación de Linfocitos , Células TH1/inmunología , Células Th17/inmunología , Animales , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/citología , Diferenciación Celular/genética , Glutaminasa/genética , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Células TH1/citología , Células Th17/citologíaRESUMEN
DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR) is initiated by CtIP/MRN-mediated DNA end resection to maintain genome integrity. SAMHD1 is a dNTP triphosphohydrolase, which restricts HIV-1 infection, and mutations are associated with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and cancer. We show that SAMHD1 has a dNTPase-independent function in promoting DNA end resection to facilitate DSB repair by HR. SAMHD1 deficiency or Vpx-mediated degradation causes hypersensitivity to DSB-inducing agents, and SAMHD1 is recruited to DSBs. SAMHD1 complexes with CtIP via a conserved C-terminal domain and recruits CtIP to DSBs to facilitate end resection and HR. Significantly, a cancer-associated mutant with impaired CtIP interaction, but not dNTPase-inactive SAMHD1, fails to rescue the end resection impairment of SAMHD1 depletion. Our findings define a dNTPase-independent function for SAMHD1 in HR-mediated DSB repair by facilitating CtIP accrual to promote DNA end resection, providing insight into how SAMHD1 promotes genome integrity.
Asunto(s)
Reparación del ADN por Unión de Extremidades , Recombinación Homóloga , Proteína 1 que Contiene Dominios SAM y HD/genética , Roturas del ADN de Doble Cadena , Células HCT116 , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Proteína 1 que Contiene Dominios SAM y HD/deficiencia , Proteína 1 que Contiene Dominios SAM y HD/metabolismo , TransfecciónRESUMEN
The ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase checkpoint pathway maintains genome integrity; however, the role of the sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) acetylome in regulating this pathway is not clear. We found that deacetylation of ATR-interacting protein (ATRIP), a regulatory partner of ATR, by SIRT2 potentiates the ATR checkpoint. SIRT2 interacts with and deacetylates ATRIP at lysine 32 (K32) in response to replication stress. SIRT2 deacetylation of ATRIP at K32 drives ATR autophosphorylation and signaling and facilitates DNA replication fork progression and recovery of stalled replication forks. K32 deacetylation by SIRT2 further promotes ATRIP accumulation to DNA damage sites and binding to replication protein A-coated single-stranded DNA (RPA-ssDNA). Collectively, these results support a model in which ATRIP deacetylation by SIRT2 promotes ATR-ATRIP binding to RPA-ssDNA to drive ATR activation and thus facilitate recovery from replication stress, outlining a mechanism by which the ATR checkpoint is regulated by SIRT2 through deacetylation.