RESUMEN
We aimed to describe SARS-CoV-2 strains in Iranians from nine distributed cities infected during two months expanding late 2020 and early 2021 by genotyping known informative single nucleotide in five PCR amplicons. Two variants associated with haplotype H1 (clade G) and nine additional variants associated with other haplotypes were genotyped, respectively, in RNA isolates of 244 and 85 individuals. The variants associated with the H1a (GR) and H1b (GH) haplotypes were most prevalent, indicating a significant change in infection pattern with passage of time. The most important findings were that recombinant genomes and co-infection, respectively, were surmised in 44.7% and 12.9% of the samples extensively genotyped. Partners of many of the recombinations were relatively common strains. Co-existing viruses were among those currently circulating in Iran. In addition to random mutations, co-infection with different existing strains and recombination between their genomes may significantly contribute to the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 strains.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19/virología , Variación Genética , Genoma Viral , Recombinación Genética , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Coinfección/genética , Evolución Molecular , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Haplotipos , Humanos , Mutación , Filogenia , ARN Viral/genética , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Metastasis is known as a key step in cancer recurrence and could be stimulated by multiple factors. Calumenin (CALU) is one of these factors which has a direct impact on cancer metastasis and yet, its underlined mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. The current study was aimed to identify CALU co-expressed genes, their signaling pathways, and expression status within the human cancers. To this point, CALU associated genes were visualized using the Cytoscape plugin BisoGenet and annotated with the Enrichr web-based application. The list of CALU related diseases was retrieved using the DisGenNet, and cancer datasets were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and analyzed with the Cufflink software. ROC curve analysis was used to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of DEGs in each cancer, and the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to plot the overall survival of patients. The protein level of the signature biomarkers was measured in 40 biopsy specimens and matched adjacent normal tissues collected from CRC and lung cancer patients. Analysis of CALU co-expressed genes network in TCGA datasets indicated that the network is markedly altered in human colon (COAD) and lung (LUAD) cancers. Diagnostic accuracy estimation of differentially expressed genes showed that a gene panel consisted of CALU, AURKA, and MCM2 was able to successfully distinguish cancer tumors from healthy samples. Cancer cases with abnormal expression of the signature genes had a significantly lower survival rate than other patients. Additionally, comparison of CALU, AURKA, and MCM2 proteins between healthy samples, early and advanced tumors showed that the level of these proteins was increased through normal-carcinoma transition in both types of cancers. These data indicate that the interactions between CALU, AURKA, and MCM2 has a pivotal role in cancer development, and thereby needs to be explored in the future.
Asunto(s)
Aurora Quinasa A , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio , Neoplasias del Colon , Bases de Datos de Ácidos Nucleicos , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Componente 2 del Complejo de Mantenimiento de Minicromosoma , Aurora Quinasa A/biosíntesis , Aurora Quinasa A/genética , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/genética , Neoplasias del Colon/diagnóstico , Neoplasias del Colon/genética , Neoplasias del Colon/metabolismo , Neoplasias del Colon/mortalidad , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidad , Masculino , Componente 2 del Complejo de Mantenimiento de Minicromosoma/biosíntesis , Componente 2 del Complejo de Mantenimiento de Minicromosoma/genética , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Tasa de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
Human epithelial growth factor receptor2 (Her2) and polymorphic epithelial mucin (MUC1) are tumor-associated antigens that have been extensively investigated in adenocarcinomas. Generally, each of these molecules was used separately for diagnosis of adenocarcinomas and as an injective vaccines in cancer therapy researches, but not in the chimeric form as an edible immunogen. In this study, Her2, MUC1, and a novel fusion structure were expressed in the seeds and hairy roots of transgenic plants appropriately. The mice groups were immunized either by feeding of transgenic seeds or hairy roots. All immunized groups showed a considerable rise in anti-glycoprotein serum IgG and IgA, and IFNÉ£ cytokine. However, the animals received chimeric protein showed significant higher immune responses in comparison to ones received one of these immunogen. The results indicated that the oral immunization of an animal model with transgenic plants could effectively elicit immune responses against two major tumor-associated antigens.