Intraoral Ultrasound versus MRI for Depth of Invasion Measurement in Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Prospective Diagnostic Accuracy Study.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of the tongue is the most common type of oral cavity cancer, and tumor depth of invasion (DOI) is an important prognostic factor. In this study, we investigated the accuracy of intraoral ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessing DOI in patients with OSCC. Histopathological measurement of DOI was used as a reference standard. We conducted a prospective study including patients planned for surgical treatment of OSCC in the tongue. The DOI was measured in an outpatient setting by intraoral ultrasound and MRI, and was compared to the histopathological DOI measurements. Bland-Altman analysis compared the mean difference and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) for ultrasound and MRI, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to test for significance. The correlation was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. We included 30 patients: 26 with T1 or T2 tumors, and 4 with T3 tumors. The mean difference from histopathology DOI was significantly lower for ultrasound compared to MRI (0.95 mm [95% LOA -4.15 mm to 6.06 mm] vs. 1.90 mm [95% LOA -9.02 mm and 12.81 mm], p = 0.023). Ultrasound also led to significantly more correct T-stage classifications in 86.7% (26) of patients compared to 56.7% (17) for MRI, p = 0.015. The Pearson correlation between MRI and histopathology was 0.57 (p < 0.001) and the correlation between ultrasound and histopathology was 0.86 (p < 0.001). This prospective study found that intraoral ultrasound is more accurate than MRI in assessing DOI and for the T-staging of oral tongue cancers. Clinical practice and guidelines should implement intraoral ultrasound accordingly.

3D Ultrasound and MRI in Assessing Resection Margins during Tongue Cancer Surgery: A Research Protocol for a Clinical Diagnostic Accuracy Study.

Surgery is the primary treatment for tongue cancer. The goal is a complete resection of the tumor with an adequate margin of healthy tissue around the tumor.Inadequate margins lead to a high risk of local cancer recurrence and the need for adjuvant therapies. Ex vivo imaging of the resected surgical specimen has been suggested for margin assessment and improved surgical results. Therefore, we have developed a novel three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging technique to improve the assessment of resection margins during surgery. In this research protocol, we describe a study comparing the accuracy of 3D ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and clinical examination of the surgical specimen to assess the resection margins during cancer surgery. Tumor segmentation and margin measurement will be performed using 3D ultrasound and MRI of the ex vivo specimen. We will determine the accuracy of each method by comparing the margin measurements and the proportion of correctly classified margins (positive, close, and free) obtained by each technique with respect to the gold standard histopathology.

3D Ultrasound versus Computed Tomography for Tumor Volume Measurement Compared to Gross Pathology-A Pilot Study on an Animal Model.

The margin of the removed tumor in cancer surgery has an important influence on survival. Adjuvant treatments, prognostic complications, and financial costs are required when the pathologist observes a close/positive surgical margin. Ex vivo imaging of resected cancer tissue has been suggested for margin assessment, but traditional cross-sectional imaging is not optimal in a surgical setting. Instead, three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound is a portable, high-resolution, and low-cost method to use in the operation room. In this study, we aimed to investigate the accuracy of 3D ultrasound versus computed tomography (CT) to measure the tumor volume in an animal model compared to gross pathology assessment. The specimen was formalin fixated before systematic slicing. A slice-by-slice area measurement was performed to compare the accuracy of the 3D ultrasound and CT techniques. The tumor volume measured by pathological assessment was 980.2 mm3. The measured volume using CT was 890.4 ± 90 mm3, and the volume using 3D ultrasound was 924.2 ± 96 mm3. The correlation coefficient for CT was 0.91 and that for 3D ultrasound was 0.96. Three-dimensional ultrasound is a feasible and accurate modality to measure the tumor volume in an animal model. The accuracy of tumor delineation on CT depends on the soft tissue contrast.

Adaptive transverse blood velocity estimation in medical ultrasound: A simulation study.

Undoubtedly, highly valuable information about vascular anomalies is attained by the examination of the blood flow profile. The chief drawback of the conventional medical ultrasound in preparation of the blood periodogram is the measurement system shortcoming at the beam to flow angles near 90°. Recently, a method based on transverse oscillation (TO) approach, known as "Fourth-order estimation", has been developed to directly estimate the transverse power spectral density (PSD) of the fully transverse blood flow. One of the basic requirements to accomplish acceptable PSDs by this technique is the sufficiently large observation window. In this paper, two adaptive approaches for efficient estimation of the velocity spectrum of a fully transverse flow by a limited observation window length are described. The first proposed adaptive approach is based on the minimum variance adaptive spectral estimation in combination with the well-known TO technique (TO-MV). Then, by exploiting the eigenspace separation of the observed data to eliminate the contribution of the undesired components, the second technique (TO-EIBMV) is developed. The approaches are validated using Field II simulations for pulsating flow. The proposed methods are tested and compared to the conventional TO transverse spectral estimator by metrics of relative standard deviation (RSD) and relative bias (RB). One of the main achievements is the decrement of the required data samples for spectrogram estimation, which leads to a better temporal resolution. Moreover, for the analyzed adaptive techniques, the robustness of the estimation results for the beam to flow angles of 60-90° and vessel depths ranging from 20 mm to 60 mm are investigated.

Subspace-Based Blood Power Spectral Capon Combined with Wiener Postfilter to Provide a High-Quality Velocity Waveform with Low Mathematical Complexity.

In Doppler analysis, the power spectral density (PSD), which accounts for the axial velocity distribution of the blood scatterers, is estimated. The conventional spectral estimator is Welch's method, which suffers from frequency leakage at small observation window length. The performance of adaptive techniques such as blood power Capon (BPC) has been promising at the cost of higher computation complexity. Reducing the computational complexity while retaining the benefits of BPC would be necessary for real-time implementation. The purpose of the work described here was to investigate whether it is possible to decrease the computation load in BPC and still obtain acceptable results. The computation complexity in BPC is owing primarily to the matrix inversion required for computing the PSD estimate. We here propose the subspace blood power Capon technique, which employs a data covariance matrix with reduced number of rows in estimation of the weight vector. In maximum velocity estimation in the spectra, the signal noise slope intersection envelop estimator that makes use of the integrated power spectrum is employed. The evaluations are made based on both simulated and in vivo data. The results indicate that it is possible to reduce the order of complexity to almost 12.25% at the cost of 2.31% and 2.24% increases in the relative standard deviation and relative bias of the estimates. Moreover, the Wiener post-filter as a post-weighting factor, which will be multiplied by the final weight vector of the spectral estimator, estimates the power of the desired signal and the power of the interference plus noise to improve the contrast. The proposed estimator has exhibited a promising performance at beam-to-flow angles of 45°, 60° and 75°. Furthermore, the robust performance of the proposed estimator against variation in the flow rate is also documented.