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1.
Front Vet Sci ; 10: 1241080, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37885615

RESUMEN

Obesity is the most common nutritional problem in companion animals today, and Australian British shorthair (BSH) cats have been shown to have a greater likelihood of being overweight relative to other cat breeds. The objectives of this research were to quantify bodyweight (BW) and body condition scores (BCSs) of BSH cats attending first opinion practice in Australia for the period 2008-2017 and to determine if: (1) being classified as overweight was associated with geographical location (urban versus rural and socio-economic index); and (2) BW recorded in the first 12 months of life was associated with length of life beyond 12 months. Electronic medical records from BSH cats were obtained from VetCompass Australia and used for BW and BCS analysis. Desexed males (n = 971) had the highest mean BW followed by entire males (n = 79), desexed females (n = 815), and entire females (n = 82). The desexed males, desexed females, and entire females had a mean BCS classified as overweight using a 1-to-9 point BCS scale. The entire male population was the only group with a mean BCS classified as ideal. No statistically significant association between BW and urban-rural status and no consistent trend between BW and socioeconomic deprivation was found. For cats with at least one BW measurement in the first 12 months of life that was ≤3.3 kg, the age when 20 percent of the group had died or were euthanised was 12.3 (95% CI 11.7 to 13.1) years. For cats with at least one BW measurement in the first 12 months of life that was ≥3.3 kg age, the age when 20 percent of the group had died or were euthanised was 6.6 (95% CI 5.2 to 6.6) years. This was a substantial clinical difference in survival. The study concluded that a large proportion of BSH cats attending first opinion veterinary clinics in Australia between 2008 and 2017 (48%) were classified as overweight. Cats less than 12 months of age that were greater than 3.3 kg had a shortened lifespan beyond 12 months of age compared with cats that were less than 3.3 kg.

2.
BMC Vet Res ; 16(1): 104, 2020 Mar 30.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32228685

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Adipose tissue may have different metabolic and endocrine functions depending on the region of the body in which it is located. While visceral or intra-abdominal fat has been found to contribute to leptin concentrations, insulin resistance and obesity-related diseases, there are only a few imaging studies documenting the preferential distribution of body fat to either the intra-abdominal or subcutaneous compartments in dogs. This study aimed to determine if CT-measured abdominal fat distributed preferentially to the visceral space (V) relative to the subcutaneous space (SQ), with increasing DXA-determined total body fat percentage; and if ultrasound measurements of the ventral midline subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose thickness (VAT) can be used to estimate the distribution of fat to the subcutaneous and visceral abdominal spaces, in a sample of 22 dogs with variable body condition. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis showed no statistically significant correlation between visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio (V/SQ) and increasing total body fat percentage (ß = - 0.07, p = 0.733), but strong correlation with age (ß = 0.71 p = 0.002). A substantial amount of variation for the ultrasound visceral adipose thickness to subcutaneous fat thickness (VAT/SAT) could be explained by both CT V/SQ and sex (R2Adjusted = 0.477, p = 0.001), with female dogs having significant lower VAT/SAT ratios compared to the male dogs (p = 0.047). The ultrasound fat measurements appeared moderately reliable, but a larger sample number is required to confirm this. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that dogs with a relatively healthy to slightly overweight body condition score, distribute fat relatively similarly between their peritoneal (visceral) and subcutaneous abdominal compartments with increasing total body fat percentage. However, there was increased fat distribution to the peritoneal space relative to the subcutaneous space with increasing age. Further, abdominal ultrasound may be useful in estimating the ratio of fat distribution to both the abdominal visceral and subcutaneous spaces.


Asunto(s)
Distribución de la Grasa Corporal , Perros/anatomía & histología , Factores de Edad , Animales , Composición Corporal , Femenino , Grasa Intraabdominal/anatomía & histología , Grasa Intraabdominal/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Factores Sexuales , Grasa Subcutánea Abdominal/anatomía & histología , Grasa Subcutánea Abdominal/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/veterinaria , Ultrasonografía/veterinaria
3.
Aust Vet J ; 97(9): 301-307, 2019 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31328260

RESUMEN

Chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs is common worldwide, but little data is available from Australia. The aim of this study was to describe treatment response and long-term outcome in a cohort of dogs with CE. Dogs were prospectively enrolled at Murdoch University and the University of Melbourne. After diagnostic investigation to rule out diseases other than CE, dogs underwent sequential therapeutic trials until achieving a clinical response (diet then antibiotics, and finally immunosuppressants). Success was defined as 75% reduction of clinical severity for a minimum of five weeks. A total of 21 dogs were enrolled, and 19 completed the study. One dog was euthanised for lack of response to treatment and one excluded for lack of owner compliance. Most dogs responded to diet (n = 10), followed by antibiotics (n = 7) and immunosuppressants (n = 2). Long-term remission (median 21.1 months, [3.0-44.7]) was achieved in eight out of ten dietary responders without additional treatment. In contrast, only two dogs with antibiotic response remained in long-term remission, of which one needed on-going antibiotic treatment. Longer term remission was achieved in the two dogs treated with immunosuppressants with on-going low dose therapy. This study concludes that most dogs referred for CE in Australia respond to dietary treatment (even after previous dietary interventions), and remission is long-term compared to dogs treated with an antibiotic. Furthermore, the need for long-term antibiotics in some dogs to maintain response may lead to antibiotic resistance. This study supports adequate dietary trials for CE in dogs, and a need for alternative second-line treatments.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/dietoterapia , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Animales , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Australia , Enfermedad Crónica , Estudios de Cohortes , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Perros , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/dietoterapia , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/veterinaria , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Victoria
4.
N Z Vet J ; 67(3): 138-142, 2019 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30753790

RESUMEN

AIM: To compare the concentration of faecal cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, -8, -10, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in dogs with acute diarrhoea with clinically normal (non-diarrhoeic) dogs. METHODS: A total of 14 dogs presenting with acute diarrhoea, and 25 dogs with no history of gastrointestinal signs in the 2 months prior to enrolment, were recruited from two veterinary hospitals in Melbourne, Australia. Concentrations of IL-6, -8, -10, and TNF-α were measured in faecal samples using canine-specific ELISA. RESULTS: The diarrhoeic dogs were diagnosed with or managed for acute gastroenteritis (n = 6), extra-intestinal neoplasia (n = 2), parvoviral enteritis (n = 1), hepatopathy (n = 1), acute pancreatitis (n = 1), hypoadrenocorticism (n = 1), gastric dilatation volvulus (n = 1) and myelopathy (n = 1). IL-6 was detectable in the faeces of 10/14 (71%) diarrhoeic and 7/25 (28%) non-diarrhoeic dogs, and median concentrations were 10.8 (min 0.0, max 54.0) and 2.0 (min 0.0, max15.0) pg/mL, respectively (p = 0.01). IL-8 was detectable in the faeces of all diarrhoeic and 11 non-diarrhoeic dogs, and median concentrations were 149.7 (min 3.72, max 730.1) and 3.4 (min 0.0, max 22.5) pg/mL, respectively (p < 0.001). TNF-α was detected in the faeces of two of the diarrhoeic dogs (3.4 and 15.6 pg/mL) and none of the non-diarrhoeic dogs. IL-10 was not detected in the faeces of any dog. CONCLUSIONS: Faecal concentrations of IL-6 and -8 were higher in diarrhoeic compared to non-diarrhoeic dogs, and are therefore potential candidates for non-invasive biomarkers to assess the severity and resolution of acute intestinal disease in dogs. However their correlation with disease progression and severity needs to be further investigated before their full clinical application can be determined.


Asunto(s)
Citocinas/metabolismo , Diarrea/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/metabolismo , Heces/química , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedad Aguda , Animales , Biomarcadores , Citocinas/química , Citocinas/genética , Diarrea/metabolismo , Perros , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Interleucina-10/química , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/química , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/química , Interleucina-8/genética , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/química , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo
5.
BMC Vet Res ; 15(1): 21, 2019 Jan 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30621710

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) has been used to estimate body composition and determine tissue distribution in dogs, despite limited validation. This may introduce error into estimates of body composition studies and its effect on health in dogs. Further, the modality has not been validated against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or over a wide range of dog breeds, ages and sexes. The objective of this study was to validate the use of semi-automated, abdominal volume CT for estimating total body composition of dogs relative to DXA. Twenty-two staff-owned dogs (weighing between 5.1-60 kg) were sedated and underwent full body DXA scan and abdominal CT. Abdominal tissue composition was estimated by CT using semi-automated volume segmentation, over predetermined tissue Hounsfield threshold values. Abdominal tissue composition determined by the various CT threshold ranges was compared to total body composition determined by DXA. RESULTS: Abdominal tissue composition estimated by CT strongly correlated with the estimates derived from DXA with a small Bland-Altman mean percentage differences in values: total body mass (- 250/2000HU: r2 = 0.985; - 1.10%); total fat mass (- 250/-25HU: r2 = 0.981; - 1.90%); total lean tissue mass (- 25/150HU: r2 = 0.972; 3.47%); and total bone mineral content (150/2000HU: r2 = 0.900; - 0.87%). Although averaged CT values compared well to DXA analysis, there was moderate variation in the individual predicted values. There was near perfect inter- and intra-observer agreement in segmentation volumes for abdominal fat. CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal volume computed tomography (CT) accurately and reliably estimates total body composition in dogs, but greater variations may be observed in dogs weighing less than 10 kg.


Asunto(s)
Abdomen/diagnóstico por imagen , Composición Corporal , Perros/anatomía & histología , Abdomen/anatomía & histología , Absorciometría de Fotón/veterinaria , Tejido Adiposo/anatomía & histología , Tejido Adiposo/diagnóstico por imagen , Animales , Densidad Ósea , Femenino , Masculino , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/veterinaria
6.
Aust Vet J ; 96(4): 120-126, 2018 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29577254

RESUMEN

AIM: A prospective, observational study to determine the prevalence of post-exercise conditions at Australian Greyhound race meetings and to assess association with race performance and other environmental, race- and dog-related factors was undertaken. METHODS: A total of 4020 starters were observed (2813 Greyhounds, 1009 trainers, 536 races, 52 race meets, 48 race dates and 11 race tracks) following a race. The presence of diaphragmatic flutter (DF), ataxia, seizure, collapse or sudden death was recorded. Risk factors were screened by univariable logistic regression prior to multivariable backward stepwise model building. RESULTS: In this study, 962 starters (n = 768 dogs) had DF (23.9%), 16 starters were ataxic (0.4%) and there were no observed cases of collapse, seizure or sudden death. Race track location, increasing race distance, race grade based on increasing 1st place prize value, lower (earlier) race number at the meeting, age, a previous observation of DF at the last start, females, colour (white) and better finishing position were all associated with an increased risk of a Greyhound being observed with DF. However, when logistic regression assessing the random effect of dog was performed, the presence of previous DF was not significant. In this cohort, DF was common following strenuous exercise in Greyhounds and on its own does not appear to result in reduced performance or distress to the animal. CONCLUSION: The incidence of ataxia was low and collapse, seizure and sudden death were not observed. However, even though uncommon, ataxia has welfare concerns for racing Greyhounds that warrants further investigation.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Condicionamiento Físico Animal/efectos adversos , Animales , Ataxia/epidemiología , Ataxia/etiología , Ataxia/veterinaria , Rendimiento Atlético , Australia/epidemiología , Muerte Súbita/epidemiología , Muerte Súbita/etiología , Muerte Súbita/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Perros , Femenino , Masculino , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Carrera , Convulsiones/epidemiología , Convulsiones/etiología , Convulsiones/veterinaria
7.
J Vet Intern Med ; 31(6): 1849-1857, 2017 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28961322

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Aerosolized medications are increasingly being used to treat respiratory diseases in dogs. No previous studies assessing respiratory tract deposition of radiolabeled aerosols have been performed in conscious dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Assess respiratory tract deposition of radiolabeled, inhalant corticosteroid (fluticasone propionate labeled with 99m Tc) delivered from a nebulizer and metered dose inhaler (MDI) to healthy dogs. ANIMALS: Ten healthy Foxhounds. METHODS: Prospective, randomized, cross-over pilot study. Initial inhalation method (nebulizer or MDI) was randomly assigned. Treatments were crossed over after a 7-day washout period. Treatments initially were performed using sedation. Dogs were imaged using 2-dimensional planar scintigraphy, with respiratory tract deposition quantified by manual region-of-interest analysis. Deposition calculated as percentage of delivered dose. Six of 10 dogs were randomly selected and reassessed without sedation. RESULTS: Inhalation method had significant effect on respiratory tract deposition (P = 0.027). Higher deposition was achieved by nebulization with mean deposition of 4.2% (standard deviation [SD], 1.4%; range, 1.9-6.1%); whereas MDI treatment achieved a mean of 2.3% (SD, 1.4%; range, 0.2-4.2%). Nebulization achieved higher respiratory tract deposition than MDI in 7 of 10 dogs. No statistical difference (P = 0.68) was found between mean respiratory tract deposition achieved in dogs when unsedated (3.8%; SD, 1.5%) or sedated (3.6%; SD, 1.7%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Study confirms respiratory tract deposition of inhalant medications delivered from a nebulizer and MDI in healthy dogs, breathing tidally with and without sedation. Respiratory tract deposition in these dogs was low compared to reported deposition in adult humans, but similar to reported deposition in children.


Asunto(s)
Perros , Fluticasona/administración & dosificación , Inhaladores de Dosis Medida , Nebulizadores y Vaporizadores , Acepromazina/administración & dosificación , Administración por Inhalación , Aerosoles , Animales , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/administración & dosificación , Proyectos Piloto , Estudios Prospectivos , Cintigrafía/veterinaria , Tecnecio
8.
Aust Vet J ; 95(7): 232-236, 2017 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28653385

RESUMEN

CASE REPORT: An 11-year-old male neutered Miniature Poodle was investigated for ptyalism, weight loss and anorexia. Cricopharyngeal dysphagia was diagnosed using fluoroscopy, and non-inflammatory salivary disease was diagnosed using a combination of cytology and computed tomography. The dog was successfully managed with phenobarbitone. CONCLUSION: To the authors' knowledge this is the first time acquired cricopharyngeal dysphagia and phenobarbitone-responsive sialoadenosis have been described together.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Deglución/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Fenobarbital/uso terapéutico , Sialadenitis/veterinaria , Animales , Trastornos de Deglución/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Deglución/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos de Deglución/etiología , Perros , Fluoroscopía/métodos , Fluoroscopía/veterinaria , Masculino , Sialadenitis/complicaciones , Sialadenitis/diagnóstico , Sialadenitis/tratamiento farmacológico
9.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol ; 187: 28-34, 2017 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28494926

RESUMEN

Gastrokines (GKNs) are bioactive substances secreted by gastric cells. Evidence supports functional roles for GKNs in gastric homeostasis, immune responses and tumour suppression. Down-regulation has been reported in Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis and other inflammatory gastrointestinal conditions in mice and people. The aim of this study was to evaluate GKN gene expression in dogs positive for other Helicobacter spp. both before and after treatment. Expression of Gkn-1 and Gkn-2 mRNA was studied in endoscopic biopsy samples collected from seven healthy dogs over three time-points pre- (T0) and at 1 and 18 weeks post-treatment for Helicobacter spp. colonisation (T1 & T2). The relative expression software tool (REST) was used to provide efficiency corrected expression ratios for comparisons between groups and these results were compared to a standard 2ΔΔCT methodology. Compared with T1 Gkn1 and Gkn2 mRNA expression was greater at T0 by a mean factor of 2.53 (SE=1.83-3.54) for Gkn1 (P=0.000) and 2.85 (SE=2.23-3.75) for Gkn2 (P=0.000). This difference was attenuated when comparisons were made between T0 and T2. Histopathological evidence of gastritis was not present in any Helicobacter spp. positive sample. When compared to post-eradication samples Gkn gene expression is increased in the presence of Helicobacter spp. in dogs without evidence for concurrent inflammation. Further evaluation is required to determine the relevance of this finding, however given a suspected role in gastric homeostasis, up-regulation of GKN1 and GKN2 could limit development of gastritis in Helicobacter spp. positive dogs.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Hormonas Gastrointestinales/metabolismo , Infecciones por Helicobacter/veterinaria , Hormonas Peptídicas/metabolismo , Amoxicilina/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Claritromicina/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Perros/inmunología , Perros , Gastritis/inmunología , Gastritis/metabolismo , Gastritis/microbiología , Gastritis/veterinaria , Expresión Génica , Infecciones por Helicobacter/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Helicobacter/inmunología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/microbiología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Estómago/microbiología
10.
J Vet Intern Med ; 28(3): 799-808, 2014.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24597616

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Confocal endomicroscopy (CEM) is an endoscopic technology permitting in vivo cellular and subcellular imaging. CEM aids real-time clinical assessment and diagnosis of various gastrointestinal diseases in people. CEM allows in vivo characterization of small intestinal mucosal morphology in dogs. OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of CEM to evaluate gastric mucosal morphology in dogs and to characterize the appearance in healthy dogs. ANIMALS: Fourteen clinically healthy research colony dogs. METHODS: Experimental study. Under general anesthesia, dogs underwent standard endoscopic evaluation and CEM of the gastric mucosa. In the initial 6 dogs, fluorescent contrast was provided with the fluorophore acriflavine (0.05% solution), applied topically. Subsequently, 8 dogs were assessed using a combination of fluorescein (10% solution, 15 mg/kg IV), followed by acriflavine administered topically. For each fluorophore, a minimum of 5 sites were assessed. RESULTS: Confocal endomicroscopy provided high quality in vivo histologically equivalent images of the gastric mucosa, but reduced flexibility of the endoscope tip limited imaging of the cranial stomach in some dogs. Intravenous administration of fluorescein allowed assessment of cellular cytoplasmic and microvasculature features. Topical application of acriflavine preferentially stained cellular nucleic acids, allowing additional evaluation of nuclear morphology. Identification of Helicobacter-like organisms was possible in 13 dogs. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Confocal endomicroscopy provides in vivo images allowing assessment of gastric mucosal morphology during endoscopy, potentially permitting real-time diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease.


Asunto(s)
Mucosa Gástrica/ultraestructura , Acriflavina , Animales , Colorantes , Perros , Estudios de Factibilidad , Femenino , Mucosa Gástrica/anatomía & histología , Gastroscopía/métodos , Gastroscopía/veterinaria , Masculino , Microscopía Confocal/métodos , Microscopía Confocal/veterinaria , Microscopía Fluorescente/métodos , Microscopía Fluorescente/veterinaria
11.
J Vet Intern Med ; 27(6): 1372-8, 2013.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24128334

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Confocal endomicroscopy (CEM) is an endoscopic technology that permits in vivo cellular and subcellular imaging of the gastrointestinal mucosa. OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of CEM to evaluate small intestinal mucosal topologic morphology in dogs and to characterize the appearance in healthy dogs. ANIMALS: Fourteen clinically healthy research colony dogs. METHODS: Experimental study. Dogs were anesthetized for standard endoscopic evaluation of the small intestine followed by CEM. Two fluorophores were used to provide contrast: fluorescein (10% solution, 15 mg/kg IV) before administration of topical acriflavine (0.05% solution) via an endoscopy spray catheter. A minimum of 5 sites within the small intestine were assessed and at each location, sequential adjustment of imaging depth allowed collection of a three-dimensional volume equivalent to an 'optical biopsy'. CEM-guided pinch biopsies were obtained for histologic examination. RESULTS: CEM provided high-quality in vivo cellular and subcellular images. Intravenous administration of fluorescein provided sufficient contrast to allow assessment of the vasculature, cellular cytoplasmic features and goblet cell numbers, and distribution. Topical application of acriflavine preferentially stained cellular nucleic acids, allowing evaluation of nuclear morphology. Quality of captured images was occasionally affected by motion artifact, but improved with operator experience. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: CEM provides in vivo images that allow for cellular and subcellular assessment of intestinal mucosal morphology during endoscopy. This has implications for aiding in vivo diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease.


Asunto(s)
Perros/anatomía & histología , Endoscopía Gastrointestinal/veterinaria , Mucosa Intestinal/ultraestructura , Intestino Delgado/ultraestructura , Microscopía Confocal/veterinaria , Acriflavina/administración & dosificación , Animales , Biopsia/veterinaria , Endoscopía Gastrointestinal/métodos , Femenino , Fluoresceína/administración & dosificación , Histocitoquímica/veterinaria , Masculino , Microscopía Confocal/métodos
12.
J Vet Pharmacol Ther ; 36(5): 450-5, 2013 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23240692

RESUMEN

This study described the pharmacokinetics of the intravenous fluorophore, fluorescein, and aimed to evaluate its utility for use in upper gastrointestinal confocal endomicroscopy (CEM). Six healthy, mature, mixed-breed dogs were anesthetized and then dosed intravenously with fluorescein at 15 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time-points. Dogs were examined by upper gastrointestinal confocal endomicroscopy and monitored for adverse effects. Plasma fluorescein concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV/Vis detection. Mean plasma concentration at 5 min was 57.6 ± 18.2 mg/L, and plasma concentrations decreased bi-exponentially thereafter with a mean concentration of 2.5 mg/L ± 1.26 at 120 min. Mean terminal plasma elimination half-life (t½ß ) was 34.8 ± 8.94 min, and clearance was 9.1 ± 3.0 mL/kg/min. Apparent volume of distribution at steady-state was 0.3 ± 0.06 L/kg. Fluorescein provided optimal fluorescent contrast to enable in vivo histologically equivalent evaluation of topologic mucosal morphology within the first 30 min following intravenous administration. Adverse effects were not observed. Based upon the calculated clearance, a constant rate infusion at a rate of 0.18 mg/kg/min is predicted to be adequate, following an initial loading dose (2 mg/kg), to maintain plasma concentration at 20 mg/L for optimal CEM imaging during the study period.


Asunto(s)
Fluoresceína , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Mucosa Gástrica/ultraestructura , Mucosa Intestinal/ultraestructura , Microscopía Confocal/veterinaria , Animales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Perros , Femenino , Fluoresceína/administración & dosificación , Fluoresceína/análisis , Colorantes Fluorescentes/administración & dosificación , Colorantes Fluorescentes/análisis , Inyecciones Intravenosas/veterinaria , Masculino , Microscopía Confocal/métodos
13.
J Small Anim Pract ; 53(11): 661-3, 2012 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22957965

RESUMEN

A 12-year-old female neutered ragdoll crossbred cat was presented for investigation of generalised weakness and regurgitation. The cat was being treated with transdermal methimazole for hyper-thyroidism, which had been diagnosed 10 weeks previously. An acetylcholine receptor antibody titre was consistent with acquired myasthenia gravis. Withdrawal of methimazole and treatment with pyridostigmine was followed by resolution of clinical signs and reduction of the acetylcholine -receptor antibody titre. Medical control of hyperthyroidism was subsequently achieved with carbimazole, administered in conjunction with pyridostigmine, and no recurrence of clinical signs was observed. Myasthenia gravis is an uncommon but clinically significant adverse effect of methimazole therapy in cats, and may be caused by immunomodulatory properties of this drug. An adverse drug reaction should be considered in cats receiving methimazole that develop myasthenia gravis, and potentially also other immune-mediated disorders.


Asunto(s)
Antitiroideos/efectos adversos , Enfermedades de los Gatos/inducido químicamente , Metimazol/efectos adversos , Miastenia Gravis/veterinaria , Animales , Antitiroideos/uso terapéutico , Carbimazol/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Gatos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Gatos/inmunología , Gatos , Femenino , Hipertiroidismo/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertiroidismo/veterinaria , Metimazol/uso terapéutico , Miastenia Gravis/inducido químicamente , Bromuro de Piridostigmina/uso terapéutico , Receptores Colinérgicos/inmunología
14.
J Small Anim Pract ; 53(8): 434-44, 2012 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22788729

RESUMEN

Sinonasal aspergillosis is an uncommon, yet debilitating and often frustrating condition to treat in dogs despite years of research evaluating pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. The disease is most commonly caused by non-invasive fungal infection, thought to be secondary to altered innate and/or adaptive immune responses. Attempts to confirm this have however failed. A variety of conflicting opinions regarding the diagnosis and treatment of sinonasal aspergillosis exist. Often the use of a particular treatment protocol is based upon personal or regional preference. Evaluation of the veterinary literature demonstrates that the evidence base in support of individual treatment recommendations is weak. A number of recent publications have helped to expand the current knowledge base and therefore our understanding of important practicalities for both diagnostic options and treatment protocols. The following review examines the current evidence for the pathogenesis of sinonasal aspergillosis in dogs, as well as the various diagnostic options. The available evidence for frequently utilised -therapeutic options and their likely outcomes is also explored.


Asunto(s)
Aspergilosis/veterinaria , Aspergillus fumigatus/patogenicidad , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/prevención & control , Enfermedades Nasales/veterinaria , Animales , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Aspergilosis/diagnóstico , Aspergilosis/microbiología , Aspergilosis/prevención & control , Aspergillus fumigatus/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Perros , Resultado del Tratamiento
15.
J Vet Intern Med ; 25(3): 419-25, 2011.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21418318

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The putative role of the gut in amplification of systemic inflammation in acute pancreatitis is gaining credence, and intraluminal nutrition has been shown to decrease inflammation in experimental models of pancreatitis. Prepyloric feeding often is used in people with acute pancreatitis, but has not been evaluated in dogs. HYPOTHESIS: Early intervention with enteral nutrition (EN) delivered proximal to the pylorus will be well tolerated in dogs with acute pancreatitis and provide justification for further larger trials. ANIMALS: Ten dogs with severe acute pancreatitis in an open-label, prospective pilot study. METHODS: Dogs were treated with plasma transfusion and standard care, and then consecutively assigned to receive either EN via esophagostomy tube feeding or parenteral nutrition (PN). Outcome was used to determine optimal study size for future studies, and complications were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: A significantly greater number of vomiting or regurgitating episodes occurred in dogs receiving PN. The dogs receiving EN did not demonstrate any noticeable postprandial pain. There were more catheter-related complications in the PN group. There was no difference in outcome between the 2 treatments, and 43 dogs for each treatment would be required in future studies to determine a difference in outcome. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Early EN delivered proximal to the pylorus is well tolerated in dogs with severe pancreatitis and resulted in fewer complications than PN. Prospective trials in a larger cohort are justified to fully establish the potential benefit of early EN, preferably compared with minimal enteral nutrition.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/terapia , Nutrición Enteral/veterinaria , Esofagostomía/veterinaria , Pancreatitis/veterinaria , Enfermedad Aguda , Animales , Perros , Nutrición Enteral/efectos adversos , Nutrición Enteral/métodos , Femenino , Masculino , Pancreatitis/terapia , Nutrición Parenteral/veterinaria , Proyectos Piloto
16.
Aust Vet J ; 89(3): 95-100, 2011 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21323657

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Four dogs presented with clinical signs of severe hepatic disease after consuming a commercial camel meat diet. METHODS: Laboratory investigation revealed evidence of severe liver disease, including markedly increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and total bilirubin concentration, and prolonged clotting times. RESULTS: Two dogs deteriorated despite supportive therapy and were euthanased. Histologically, both livers appeared similar, with the main lesion being extensive periacinar necrosis and haemorrhage. Indospicine, a toxic amino acid of plant origin, was detected in the serum and/or plasma from all four dogs, as well as in tissues of a dog that was necropsied and in a sample of the camel meat fed to this animal. Serum biochemistry tests using blood samples collected from 15 additional dogs identified as having eaten the diet detected indospicine was in the serum of 14 and 3 had increased ALT activity. One of the latter dogs subsequently developed clinical signs of severe liver disease and was euthanased. CONCLUSION: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first published report of the detection of indospicine residues in camel meat and the occurrence of severe, sometimes fatal, liver disease in dogs that consumed this contaminated meat.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Hepatopatías/etiología , Carne/efectos adversos , Norleucina/análogos & derivados , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Alimentación Animal , Animales , Camelus , Enfermedades de los Perros/sangre , Perros , Hepatopatías/sangre , Norleucina/sangre , Norleucina/envenenamiento
17.
N Z Vet J ; 58(5): 265-8, 2010 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20927178

RESUMEN

CASE HISTORY: A dog that had received 8 months of cyclosporin and ketoconazole therapy for treatment of atopic dermatitis subsequently developed severe neurological disease, that failed to respond to treatment with trimethoprim-sulphadiazine and clindamycin. HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS: Histopathological examination of the pulmonary parenchyma and spinal cord revealed loose aggregates of Gram-positive, partially acid-fast, fine, beaded, filamentous bacteria, most consistent with Nocardia spp. DIAGNOSIS: A presumptive diagnosis was made of disseminated nocardiosis of the spinal cord and lungs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Nocardia spp. is an opportunistic actinomycete that may cause disseminated disease, particularly in immunocompromised animals. Cyclosporin is used in veterinary medicine to control immune-mediated and allergic disorders, with few reported adverse side effects. This case gives further evidence that involvement of the spinal cord in nocardiosis of the central nervous system (CNS) carries a poor prognosis, and opportunistic infection by Nocardia spp. may be a potential complication of immunosuppressive cyclosporin therapy in the dog.


Asunto(s)
Ciclosporina/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Atópica/tratamiento farmacológico , Cetoconazol/efectos adversos , Nocardiosis/veterinaria , Nocardia/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones Oportunistas/veterinaria , Animales , Antifúngicos/efectos adversos , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Ciclosporina/uso terapéutico , Perros , Femenino , Terapia de Inmunosupresión/veterinaria , Inmunosupresores/efectos adversos , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Cetoconazol/uso terapéutico , Nocardiosis/microbiología , Infecciones Oportunistas/microbiología
18.
Aust Vet J ; 88(10): 374-80, 2010 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20854292

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Medical records of eight dogs presenting with acute onset of neurological signs and a diagnosis of brain infarction as determined by computed tomography (CT) imaging were reviewed. DESIGN: Retrospective single-centre case review. RESULTS: Ischaemic infarction in the territory of the rostral cerebellar artery was identified in three spaniel-breed dogs. All cerebellar infarcts were non-haemorrhagic. Telencephalic infarcts were identified in five dogs, in the territories of the middle cerebral artery (2/5) and rostral cerebral artery (3/5). One of these dogs had an ischaemic infarction, but all other infarctions appeared haemorrhagic. All dogs were geriatric (≥ 8 years old), with concurrent medical conditions identified in six dogs. One dog was euthanased after diagnosis because of the severity of its neurological signs and one dog was euthanased as a result of associated renal disease 2 months after diagnosis. Six dogs were alive at least 1 year after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: CT is useful in the diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident in dogs, which can present as a spectrum of images with early changes in attenuation and subtle mass effects detected after infarction. CT is particularly sensitive for detecting haemorrhagic infarction, but under-represent ischaemic and lacunar infarctions when compared with MRI.


Asunto(s)
Infarto Encefálico/veterinaria , Encéfalo/patología , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/veterinaria , Animales , Encéfalo/irrigación sanguínea , Infarto Encefálico/diagnóstico , Cruzamiento , Perros , Femenino , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos
19.
Aust Vet J ; 88(6): 222-4, 2010 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20553570

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To determine the specificity of a snake venom detection kit in urine samples from dogs and cats presenting to a referral centre for diseases unrelated to snake envenomation. DESIGN: Urine was collected from 50 dog and 25 cats presented for investigation and treatment of diseases unrelated to snake envenomation. Urine was collected as a voided sample, by cystocentesis or by catheterisation, and routine urinanalysis was performed. Snake venom testing was performed within 2 h of collection using a commercially available snake venom detection kit, which was observed continuously during the 10-min colour reaction phase for evidence of a visible colour indicating a positive test. RESULTS: No false-positive reactions occurred in any sample analysed. CONCLUSION: The snake venom detection kit appears to have 100% specificity for using urine as a test sample.


Asunto(s)
Gatos/orina , Perros/orina , Juego de Reactivos para Diagnóstico/veterinaria , Venenos de Serpiente/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Reacciones Falso Positivas , Sensibilidad y Especificidad
20.
Aust Vet J ; 87(8): 330-3, 2009 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19673849

RESUMEN

Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a rare syndrome for which Rottweilers appear to over-represent the canine cases. A 6-month-old female entire Rottweiler presented with seizures following a traumatic incident. The dog was identified as having a marked, sustained eosinophilia and investigations did not identify an underlying cause. Concurrently, the dog had chronic eosinophilic hepatitis with impaired liver function and mesenteric eosinophilic lymphadenitis. The dog went on to have spontaneous resolution of HES and normal liver function was subsequently documented. To date, the dog is still alive, more than 4 years after initial presentation. The diagnosis of idiopathic HES in Rottweilers may not carry a poor prognosis and the condition may spontaneously resolve, even in cases with documented organ damage.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/inmunología , Síndrome Hipereosinofílico/veterinaria , Convulsiones/veterinaria , Animales , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas/veterinaria , Perros , Femenino , Síndrome Hipereosinofílico/inmunología , Remisión Espontánea , Convulsiones/inmunología
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