The Physicochemical Properties and Melting Behavior of Ice Cream Fortified with Multimineral Preparation from Red Algae.

Ice cream is a popular frozen food consumed worldwide throughout the year. However, as a thermally unstable product, it requires proper cold chain management. Thermal fluctuations alter the physicochemical properties of ice cream and reduce its quality. This study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical and sensory properties of ice cream containing different amounts (0.5; 0.8; 1.0%) of a multimineral preparation from Atlantic red algae. The effect of thermal shock on the quality of ice cream after preparation and 90 days of frozen storage was studied. The addition of a multimineral component slightly increased the freezing and glass transition temperatures of the ice cream. The overrun of the ice cream ranged from 48.55 to 52.78% and decreased with the frozen storage time, but the samples with 0.8 and 1.0% mineral content had the most stable overrun in terms of storage time and thermal fluctuations. Ice cream stored for both 7 and 90 days showed a similar melting behavior, although a shift in the melting curves was observed after long frozen storage. The samples exposed to the thermal treatment had lower melting rates by 39.2-59.9% and 55.2-65.4% for 7-day and 90-day stored ice cream, respectively. The hardness parameters of the ice cream did not change significantly under the conditions applied, so the fragility of the ice cream and its fluffiness did not seem to be affected. The organoleptic evaluation showed that ice cream with a mineral content of 0.8% was the most acceptable in terms of taste, texture, and overall acceptability. The applied mineral and sucrose content ratios did not alter the main physicochemical and organoleptic parameters, but significantly affected the nutrient density of the ice cream.

The influence of the grass mixture composition on the quality and suitability for football pitches.

The selection of grass mixtures with appropriate visual and functional parameters for sowing football fields is a key element in shaping the sports infrastructure, ensuring the spectacularity of a match and comfort for players. The aim of the research was to investigate the properties of lawn grass mixtures and their suitability for football pitches. The experiment was conducted at the Toya Golf & Country Club (51° 20' E, 17° 07' N), Wroclaw, Poland, between 2007 and 2009. 12 grass mixtures were selected, mainly based on red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, and perennial ryegrass. The assessment was carried out using a nine-point scale, according to the Plant Variety Office methodology for crops and turf grass. Six features of sports turf were studied: appearance, density, colour, leaf fineness, overwintering, and susceptibility to disease and they significantly varied, depending on the grass mixture and the year of research. Our study showed that mixtures based on the dominance of meadow grass were characterized by higher values of the general visual aspect, colour and slenderness of the leaf blade and these based on the dominance of perennial ryegrass and co-dominance of perennial ryegrass and meadow grass were the most useful in terms of wintering, resistance to diseases and sodding.

The concept of a participatory approach to water management on a reservoir in response to wicked problems.

Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in the social, economic and environmental aspect is widely accepted although still represents a big challenge for its implementation in global, regional and local scales. This is particularly important in the situation of new investments. In the case of already existing hydro-technical facilities, which were built at the end of the nineties of the last century, water management takes into account only the ecological awareness for their design and social participation is limited to acceptance of the local community. The Msciwojów retention reservoir analysed in the article is an example of an object whose project included ecological solutions aimed at ensuring high water quality, and its construction was approved and supported by the local community. At present, the reservoir does not function in accordance with the adopted assumptions, and water management requires the implementation of system solutions that take into account contradicting expectations of users and stakeholders of the reservoir. The current situation can be categorized as a wicked problem. The article presents a proposal to solve the situation on the basis of a participatory approach involving stakeholders through social learning as a part of the reservoir management system. The system approach was developed based on the principles of Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) and 10 Steps Planning Processing by Wilhite while using the causal loop diagrams (CLD). The result is an organizational model of the reservoir management structure and framework methodology for building solution scenarios. The key assumption of the proposed approach is the cyclicality of activities as part of the management process taking into account changes in the reservoir system and its settings in the social, economic and environmental aspects.

Vitreous humour - routine or alternative material for analysis in forensic medicine.

Biological materials used in toxicological analyses in forensic medicine traditionally include blood, urine and vitreous humour. Forensic use of the vitreous body is mostly due to the need to assess the endogenous concentration of ethyl alcohol in the process of human body decomposition. The vitreous body is an underestimated biological material, even though its biochemical properties and anatomical location make it suitable for specific forensic toxicology tests as a reliable material for the preparation of forensic expert opinions. Based on the available literature the paper gathers information on the biochemical structure of the vitreous body, ways to secure the material after collection and its use in postmortem diagnostics. Specific applications of the vitreous humour for biochemical and toxicological tests are discussed, with a focus on its advantages and limitations in forensic medical assessment which are attributable to its biochemical properties, anatomical location and limited scientific studies on the distribution of xenobiotics in the vitreous body.

Shore zone in protection of water quality in agricultural landscape-the Msciwojów Reservoir, southwestern Poland.

Shore zones are transition areas (ecotones) between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Their function in the environment is crucial because they serve as buffer zones that capture pollutants and slow down erosion of reservoir and watercourse banks provided that they are managed properly. Research on a shore zone was conducted at the Msciwojów retention reservoir with an innovative water self-purification system. After several years of its operation, an increased phosphate concentration in the main part of the reservoir was reported. The mapping of the terrain's surface and modeling of hydrological processes in the direct catchment area of the said reservoir were done using the digital elevation model (DEM). The DEM was created from LiDAR data obtained in 2012 by airborne laser scanning. Analyses of the surface runoff led to identification of surface runoff transport pathways, along which the eroded material from cultivated fields is discharged directly to the reservoir. Surface runoff transport pathways gather the eroded material from a maximum area of 45,000 m(2) in the western part of the direct catchment and 40,000 m(2) in the eastern part of it. Due to the reservoir management negligence, the riparian zone designed for the Msciwojów Reservoir no longer exists. The percentage of the natural shore that undergoes erosion processes is over 54. The said processes and fluctuations of the water level in the reservoir, as well as degradation of the shore zone caused by human activity, bring about limited plant development in the littoral zone, which in turn lowers the reservoir's resistance to degradation.

[STR loci D2S1338 and D19S433 in a population sample from the Lower Silesia region]. / Loci STR D2S1338 i D19S433 w próbce populacyjnej z terenu dolnego Slaska.

Over the past decade, the human identity testing community has established a set of core short tandem repeat (STR) loci that are widely used for DNA typing applications [1]. The present paper analyzed the usefulness of STR D2S1338 and D19S433 loci in paternity testing and human identity establishment. The population study was performed on 1500 individuals, inhabitants of the Lower Silesia region. The DNA samples were amplified simultaneously at 15 STR loci using a multiplex kit AmpFISTR Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit. The amplified products were separated by capillary electrophoresis using an ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems) with the separation medium POP4 according to the manufacturer's recommended protocols. Loci D2S1338 and D19S433 are highly polymorphic [2]. There were no detectable differences from Hardy-Weinberg expectations (HWE) in both the tested loci. The distribution of the observed allele is shown in Figures 1 and 2. The observed and expected homozygotes, the exact test for departures from HWE, probability of discrimination (PD), power of exclusion (PE), matching probability (MP), polymorphism information content (PIC), typical paternity index (TPI) and probability of paternity (PP) were also calculated and presented.

[Clinical and radiographic evaluation of Bio-Oss for the treatment of periodontal intra-bony defects--6 months study]. / Bio-Oss w leczeniu sródkostnych ubytków przyzebia --ocena kliniczna i radiologiczna w 6-miesiecznej obserwacji.

Intra-bony defects remain a significant therapeutic problem in periodontal theraphy. Periodontal surgery with various bone grafts is being used. The aim of the study was clinical and radiographic evaluation of 6 months treatment efects following periodontal surgery with grafting procedures with Bio-Oss Spongiosa and Bio-Oss Collagen. The following clinical parameters were evaluated: probing pocket depth, clinical attachement level and gingival recession. Radiographic assessment included defect depth, width and radiographic Engelberger, Marthaler and Rateitschak index. Treatment was performed in 40 defects: 16 one-walled, 21 two-walled and 3 three-walled. Statistic analisis was carried out using t-tests. The follow-up examination performed 6 months following surgery found a statistic significant reduction of probing pocket depth and gain in clinical attachement level as well as reduction of radiographic defects depth and width and increase of radiographic Engelberger, Marthaler and Rateitschak index.

[Confocal laser scanning tomography (HRT) in diagnosis and monitoring glaucomatous optic nerve damage in primary open angle glaucoma]. / Konfokalna skaningowa tomografia laserowa (HRT) w diagnostyce i monitorowaniu uszkodzenia jaskrowego nerwu wzrokowego w jaskrze pierwotnej otwartego kata.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to estimate HRT usefulness in quantitative evaluation of structural glaucomatous optic nerve head damage and in monitoring this atrophy in POAG patients and normal subjects, during 18-monthly follow up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 130 eyes of 84 patients with primary open angle glaucoma, 52 women (79 eyes) and 32 men (51 eyes) in age 45-70 (mean = 54.69 yrs) and 96 eyes of 48 normal subjects, 33 women (66 eyes) and 15 men (30 eyes) in age 40-70 (mean=51.90 yrs). The ONH-stereometric parameters were examined using confocal laser scanning tomography--HRT (version 2.01). RESULTS: All of ONH stereometric parameters (except: HVC) statistically significant distinguish glaucoma and normal eyes. The most marked of ONH-parameters are: C/D area ratio, CA, CSM, RA, RV, Mean cup depth, CV, Max cup depth, Mean RNFL thickness, RNFL-csa and DA. Statistically significant changes of all ONH stereometric parameters in primary open angle glaucoma were found during follow up (except: HVC, CV and CSM). CONCLUSIONS: HRT is precise method for ONH-parameters evaluation. All of ONH-stereometric parameters (except HVC) are good markers of quantitative ONH-glaucomatous damage. HRT is valuable and precise method of quantitative monitoring progression of glaucomatous neuropathy.

[Phacoemulsification of subluxated opacified lens in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma patients, performed with the use of a capsular tension ring and iris retractors]. / Fakoemulsyfikacja podwichnietych zmetnialych soczewek u chorych z jaskra pseudoeksfoliacyjna z zastosowaniem pierscienia dotorebkowego i retraktorów teczówkowych.

PURPOSE: To evaluate results of phacoemulsification of subluxated lens in patients suffering from pseudoexfoliation-related cataract and glaucoma, performed with the use of a capsular tension ring (CTR) and iris retractors and implantation of artificial intracapsular lens. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The retrospective covered 15 patients (15 eyes) at the average age of 75 years, with a subluxated, cloudy lens and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma with IV PEX. Due to poor mydriasis resulting from the course of the pseudoexfoliation syndrome, it was necessary with all the patients to apply iris retractors in order to enlarge the pupil. The opacified lens were removed by means of phacoemulsification. In order to provide additional peripheral support and to maintain the artificial lens in the central position after the surgery, a tension ring was implanted into the lenticular capsule. A foldable intraocular lens was implanted inside the capsule. RESULTS: The observation period was 12 months. The average visual acuity prior the surgery was 0.18+/-0.2, while after a year after the surgery it was 0.56+/-0.32 (p<0.001). Besides, the intraocular pressure was observed to decrease from 18.2+/-5.02 mm Hg before the surgery to 15.8+/-0.84 mmHg (p<0.001) after the surgery. The anti-glaucoma medication ratio was also reduced from 2.1 to 1.3 in the post-surgery period. Inflammatory reaction of the anterior chamber was observed in 7 eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Application of a CTR and iris retractors during a surgery of cataract in patients with subluxated opacified lens considerably facilitates the implantation procedure of an artificial lens into the capsule, and it allows to improve the visual acuity and stabilize the intraocular pressure while reducing the quantity of the applied anti-glaucoma drugs.

[Phacotrabeculectomy in patients with cataract and chronic open angle glaucoma, and patients with cataract and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma]. / Fakotrabekulektomia w leczeniu zacmy z jaskra pierwotna otwartego kata oraz zacmy z jaskra pseudoeksfoliacyjna.

PURPOSE: To compare the results obtained after phacotrabeculectomy followed by implantation of an intracapsular lens in patients with cataract and chronic open angle glaucoma, and patients with cataract and pseudoexfoliation open angle glaucoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The retrospective study covered 55 eyes with cataract and glaucoma. In 28 eyes, chronic open angle glaucoma was diagnosed, and in 27--pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. In all cases, phacoemulsification of the opacified lens was carried out, a foldable intraocular lens was implanted in the capsule, and the trabeculum was removed by means of a punch. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure and the ratio of applied anti-glaucoma drugs were subject to the assessment. RESULTS: The observation period was 12 months. Within the COAG patient group, the average visual acuity prior to the surgery was 0.2+/-0.24, and after one year from the surgery it increased to 0.82+/-0.22. For PEX glaucoma patients, the values were respectively 0.3+/-0.25 before the surgery and 0.75+/-0.29 a year after it. Considerable reduction of the intraocular pressure was also achieved: in the COAG patients--from 19.51+/-3.8 mm Hg to 16.6+/-1.6 mm Hg, and in PEX glaucoma patients--from 22.28+/-5.18 mm Hg to 17.6+/-2.33 mm Hg one year after the surgery. Also, the quantity of anti-glaucoma drugs applied in the study groups was significantly reduced. The anti-glaucoma drug ratio in the COAG patients dropped from 1.8 to 0 after the surgery, and in the PEX glaucoma patients--from 2.3 to 0.3. CONCLUSIONS: Phacotrabeculectomy is an efficient and safe surgical method, to be recommended for patients both with primary open angle glaucoma and with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma.

[Evaluation stereometric parameters of the optic nerve head in the III and IV stage of pseudoexfoliation syndrome]. / Ocena parametrów stereometrycznych glowy nerwu wzrokowego w III i IV stadium zespolu pseudoeksfoliacji.

PURPOSE: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) often coexists with glaucomatous optic nerve head damage. Confocal scanning laser tomography Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) is the most competent and accurate technique of monitoring of glaucomatous optic nerve head damage. Our aim was to determine correlation between stage of PEX and glaucomatous optic nerve head damage, by using HRT system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two groups of patients underwent examination. The examined PEX-group with 35 eyes with III stage and 35 eyes with IV stage of PEX. The control group (POAG patients) of 44 eyes. Stereometric parameters Disc Area, Cup Area, Cup/Disc Area Ratio, Rim Area, Height Variation Contour, Cup Volume, Rim Volume, Mean Cup Depth, Max Cup Depth, Cup Shape Measure, Mean RNFL Thickness, RNFL Cross Section Area were obtained by HRT. RESULTS: No statistical differences were noted between III and IV stage of PEX for DA, HVC, RV, Mean RNFL Thickness and RNFL Cross Section Area parameters. Between III stage of PEX and control group no statistical differences were confirmed for HVC. Between IV stage of PEX and control group no statistical differences have respect to: CSM, Mean RNFL Thickness and RNFL Cross Section Area stereometric parameters. CONCLUSIONS: IV stage of PEX syndrome is the serious risk for glaucomatous neuropathy and requires precise monitoring.

[Frequency doubling perimetry in diagnosis of early glaucomatous optic nerve fiber damage]. / Perymetria zdwojonej czestotliwosci w diagnostyce wczesnej neuropatii jaskrowej.

PURPOSE: The comparative evaluation results of frequency doubling technology (FDT) in healthy subjects, in patients with glaucoma suspected and glaucoma, as well as analysis influences of selected risk factors onset, and progression of glaucoma (age, gender, intraocular pressure, refractive errors, circulation system disease, diabetes mellitus, vasospastic vascular disease) on FDT-parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty four patients (128 eyes), in age between 13-80, with refraction error from -14.5 to +6.5 D sph and average intraocular pressure 19.8 +/- SEM were included in this study. All patients were previously diagnosed towards glaucoma. The visual field testing with help of FDT Visual Field Instrument were made at least triple at all patients, with capitalize on the THR N-30 threshold program. Global indices: mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) and numerical value of mean retinal sensitivity for central visual field 5 degree sector (mean sensitivity to central 5 degrees--MS 5 degrees) come in comparative analysis. All data were analyzed by chi2 and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: Comparative analysis examined groups of healthy persons, patients with glaucoma suspect and glaucoma, it proves statistically significant difference between MD, PSD and MS 5 degrees. Statistically no significant difference between PSD and MS 5 degrees at groups of healthy and glaucoma suspect patients was detected. In glaucoma group there did not reveal an influence on selected risk factors on FDT parameters. However, in glaucoma suspect group revealed an influence on most risk factors on perimetry parameters. CONCLUSIONS: FDT is useful for detection of glaucomatous nerve fiber damage. There should be taken precautions of interpretation FDT results at glaucoma suspect patients.

[The estimation of efficacy of the phacotrabeculectomy procedure in patient with cataract and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma]. / Ocena skutecznosci fakotrabekulektomii u pacjentów z zacma i jaskra w przebiegu zespolu pseudoeksfoliacji.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was the estimation of phacotrabeculectomy effectiveness in patient with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The analyzed group consisted of 72 eyes of 65 patients in the range of 61-92 years old. 32 patients have phacoemulsification procedure (gr. I) and 40 patients have performed the procedure of the phacotrabeculectomy (gr. II). RESULTS: In 60% of the eyes marked postoperative improvement of visual acuity to more than 0.6 was observed. We noticed significant decrease of mean intraocular pressure (from 22.45 mmHg-17.88 mmHg), only in group II. CONCLUSIONS: We have concluded that the polyprocedular operation of phacotrabeculectomy in cataract with pseudoexfolation syndrome is an efficient procedure lowering mean intraocular pressure and improving visual acuity.

[Phacoemulsification in patients with cataract and pseudoexfoliation syndrome--own experience]. / Wyniki fakoemulsyfikacji w leczeniu zacmy u pacjentów z zespolem pseudoeksfoliacji w materiale wlasnym.

The aim of the study was the assesment of effectivness of phacoemulsification procedure in patients with cataract and pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Analysed group consisted of 72 eyes (8 patients), age 53 - 93 years with PEX and 50 eyes (50 patients), age 49-82 without PEX. All cases have performed the phacoemulsification with implantation of artificial posterior chamber lens using small incision procedure. In more than 50% of patients marked postoperative improvement of visual acuity up to 0,6. Year after operation significant decrease of intrabulbar pressure was observed. We conclude that phacoemulsification in cataract treatment is an efficient and save procedure with improvement of patient's visual acuity and with low number of postoperative complications.

[Burning mouth syndrome]. / Zespól pieczenia jamy ustnej--nowe spojrzenie na problem kliniczny.

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is currently described as a burning pain in the tongue or other parts of mucous cavi oris without pathological signs of mucous cavi oris and changes in laboratory blood tests. On the basis of the current literature and our patients' examinations we described the incidence, etiology, symptoms and offered model of treatment of BMS.