The Brazilian identified human osteological collections.

This short communication aims to inform the scientific community of the existence of seven identified osteological collections in Brazil, most of which are housed in universities: 21st Century Collection of the Center for Studies in Forensic Anthropology, Recife; Identified Skeletal Collection of Sergipanos of the University Tiradentes, Aracaju; Identified Skull Collection of the State of Bahia, Aracaju; Osteological and Tomographic Collection - Prof. Dr. Eduardo Daruge, Piracicaba; Osteological Collection of the Institute of Teaching and Research in Forensic Sciences, Guarulhos; Identified Skull Collection of the Anatomy Museum Alfonso Bovero, São Paulo; and the Identified Skull Collection, São Paulo. Three of these collections are from a northeast population, whereas the others are from individuals from the southeast region. Altogether, there are 925 skeletons and more than 998 skulls (three of the referenced collections have only skulls). Data on the number of individuals, sex, age, origin, and dates of inhumation and exhumation are available. This large quantity of identified skeletal remains is a fundamental source of research material that can be used to characterize the Brazilian population and facilitate the development of forensic anthropology. When contextualized within the reference series from South and Central America, it is clear that the Brazilian skeletal reference series hold a position of prominence.

Duplicidad no ectópica del uréter: implicancias clínicas / Non-ectopic duplicity of the ureter: clinical implications

La duplicación del sistema colector renal es la variación más frecuente del sistema urinário y se puede presentar como duplicación completa o incompleta, así como la inserción ectópica en todas las partes del sistema urinario a partir de la parte distal hacia la vejiga. Este artículo presenta uma duplicación completa no ectópica del ureter en el riñón izquierdo de un cadáver de un individuo brasileño, de sexo masculino. Ambos uréteres tenían origen en el hilio renal y continuaban hasta la vejiga urinaria separadamente, desembocando en ostios diferentes, en el área del trígono vesical, donde el ostio perteneciente al uréter que drenaba el polo superior presentó posición distal y lateral en relación al ostio del uréter que drenaba el polo inferior. Esta disposición es uma excepción a la regla de Weigert-Meyer, que indica que el uréter del polo superior, por el hecho de permanecer fijo por más tiempo al conducto mesonéfrico, presenta mayor migración, terminando medial e inferiormente al uréter que drena el polo inferior en 97 % de los casos.

Duplication of the urinary tract is the most frequent variation of this system and may present as complete or incomplete duplication, as well as ectopic insertion throughout all parts of the urinary system from distal to the bladder. This article presents a complete non-ectopic duplication of the ureter in the left kidney of a cadaver of one Brazilian individual of male sex. In this study, both ureters originated in the renal hilum and continued to the urinary bladder separately, opening into different ostia, in the area of the bladder trigone, where the ostium belonging to the ureter that draining the upper pole presented a distal and lateral position in relation to the ostium of the ureter draining the lower pole. This arrangement is an exception to the Weigert-Meyer rule, which indicates that the ureter of the upper pole, due to its longer fixation to the mesonephric duct, presents a greater migration, ending medial and inferior to the ureter draining the inferior pole in 97 % of cases.

An unusual case of accessory head of coracobrachialis muscle involving lateral cord of brachial plexus and its clinical significance.

Knowledge of anatomical variations in the peripheral nervous system is key in the interpretation of unusual clinical signs or during physical or diagnostic imaging. This case study is a description of an anatomical variation between the coracobrachialis muscle and brachial plexus. In a routine dissection in the human anatomy laboratory, we were faced with an anatomical variation in the coracobrachialis muscle, observed in the upper right limb of a male cadaver. The coracobrachialis muscle had a common origin at the apex of the coracoid process and then divided into two heads. The lateral head followed its normal course until insertion into the middle third of the humerus, while the medial head involved the lateral cord of the brachial plexus before insertion into the intermuscular septum in the proximal third of the humerus. Atypical anatomical variations have clinical and surgical implications in procedures such as brachial plexus block and lateral cord compression. In these cases the result could be paralysis of the flexor musculature of the forearm and hypoesthesia of the forearm.

Directional charge separation in isolated organic semiconductor crystalline nanowires.

One of the fundamental design paradigms in organic photovoltaic device engineering is based on the idea that charge separation is an extrinsically driven process requiring an interface for exciton fission. This idea has driven an enormous materials science engineering effort focused on construction of domain sizes commensurate with a nominal exciton diffusion length of order 10 nm. Here, we show that polarized optical excitation of isolated pristine crystalline nanowires of a small molecule n-type organic semiconductor, 7,8,15,16-tetraazaterrylene, generates a significant population of charge-separated polaron pairs along the π-stacking direction. Charge separation was signalled by pronounced power-law photoluminescence decay polarized along the same axis. In the transverse direction, we observed exponential decay associated with excitons localized on individual monomers. We propose that this effect derives from an intrinsic directional charge-transfer interaction that can ultimately be programmed by molecular packing geometry.

Hanseníase em menores de 15 anos: a importância do exame de contato / Leprosy in children under 15 years: the importance of early diagnosis / Enfermedad de Hansen en menores de 15 años: la importancia del examen de contacto

Descrever dois casos de hanseníase em menores de 15 anos, sendo um de paciente com 18 meses de idade e outro de 13 anos, diagnosticados por modos de detecção diferentes, ressaltando a importância de examinar os contatos. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Um dos casos foi diagnosticado precocemente por meio do exame de contatos intradomiciliares, enquanto o outro foi diagnosticado por demanda espontânea após quatro anos de aparecimento das lesões e, apesar de ser contato de um ex-paciente, não foi examinado na época. COMENTÁRIOS: Em países endêmicos, a alta detecção da hanseníase em menores de 15 anos revela a persistência na transmissão do bacilo e as dificuldades dos programas de saúde para o controle da doença. O maior tempo para diagnóstico ocasiona sequelas e deformidades e, dessa forma, a busca dos contatos constitui importante método para o diagnóstico precoce da doença na infância, quando os sinais clínicos nem sempre são fáceis de serem identificados e há grande diversidade de formas clínicas em que a doença pode se apresentar.

To describe two cases of leprosy in children under 15 years old, being one patient aged with 18 months and other 13 years, diagnosed by different modes of detection, emphasizing the importance of examining the contacts. CASE DESCRIPTION: One of the cases was diagnosed early by examining household contacts, while the other was diagnosed by spontaneous demand, after four years of the onset of lesions, although he had been a former patient contact who was not examined at the time. COMMENTS: In endemic countries, the high detection of leprosy in children under 15 years old reveals the persistence of the bacillus transmission and the difficulties encountered by public health programs to control the disease. Delay in leprosy diagnosis leads to sequels and deformities and, thus, the search for contacts is important as an effective method for early diagnosis of the disease in childhood, where clinical signs are not always easy to be identified due to the great variety of clinical forms in which the disease may occur.

Describir dos casos de enfermedad de Hansen en menores de 15 años, siendo uno de paciente con 18 meses de edad y otro de 13 años, diagnosticados por modos de detección distintos, subrayando la importancia de examinar a los contactos. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL CASO: Uno de los casos tuvo diagnóstico temprano mediante examen de contactos intradomiciliares, mientras que el otro fue diagnosticado por demanda espontánea después de cuatro años de surgimiento de las lesiones y, a pesar de ser contacto de un ex-paciente, no fue examinado en la época. COMENTARIOS: En países endémicos, la alta detección de enfermedad de Hansen en menores de 15 años revela la persistencia en la transmisión del bacilo y las dificultades de los programas de salud para el control de la enfermedad. El mayor tiempo para diagnóstico ocasiona secuelas y deformidades y, de ese modo, la búsqueda por los contactos constituye importante método para el diagnóstico temprano de la enfermedad en la infancia, cuando las señales clínicas no siempre son fáciles de identificarse y hay gran diversidad de formas clínicas en que la enfermedad puede presentarse.

Immunohistochemical expression of types I and III collagen antibodies in the temporomandibular joint disc of human foetuses.

The objective was to study the morphology of the articular disc and analyse the immunohistochemical expression of types I and III collagen markers in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc of human foetuses of different gestational ages. Twenty TMJ from human foetuses supplied by Universidade Federal de Uberaba with gestational ages from 17 to 24 weeks were studied. The gestational age of the foetuses was determined by measuring the crown-rump (CR) length. Macroscopically, the foetuses were fixed in 10% formalin solution and dissected by removing the skin and subcutaneous tissue and exposing the deep structures. Immunohistochemical markers of type I and III were used to characterize the existence of collagen fibres. Analysis of the immunohistochemical markers of types I and III collagen revealed the presence of heterotypical fibril networks.

The flagellum in malarial parasites.

The malarial parasites assemble flagella exclusively during the formation of the male gamete in the midgut of the female mosquito vector. The observation of gamete formation ex vivo reported by Laveran (Laveran MA: De la nature parasitaire des accidents de l'impaludisme. Comptes Rendues De La Societe de Biologie. Paris 1881, 93:627-630) was seminal to the discovery of the parasite itself. Following ingestion of malaria-infected blood by the mosquito, microgamete formation from the terminally arrested gametocytes is exceptionally rapid, completing three mitotic divisions in just a few minutes, and is precisely regulated. This review attempts to draw together the diverse original observations with subsequent electron microscopic studies, and recent work on the signalling pathways regulating sexual development, together with transcriptomic and proteomic studies that are paving the way to new understandings of the molecular mechanisms involved and the potential they offer for effective interventions to block the transmission of the parasites in natural communities.

Anatomical variations of the occipital artery: relate of two casesc

Due to the great importance of the knowledge about variations occurring in the vascular system to surgeons and professionals who work with imaging, we describe in this article a variation of the origin of the occipital artery. 110 cadavers of male and female individuals had they carotid vascular tree in the region of the neck carefully dissected using loupe magnification and its origin and course were measured as well as a simple diameter. This artery usually branches off from the posterior part of the wall of the external carotid artery at the same level of the facial artery branching however, the two cases presented showed the occipital artery branching off very close to the carotid bifurcation, which characterize it as a trifurcation instead. The occipital artery branching off too close to the carotid bifurcation is a rarity as demonstrated by our results and the its literature is insufficient.

Phenotypic variation of a new P0 mutation in genetically identical twins.

We have identified a new point mutation in the myelin protein zero (P0) gene in two genetically identical twins with a demyelinating neuropathy. The G to A transition at nucleotide position 382 caused an aspartic acid to asparagine substitution in exon 3. Moreover, we found clear clinical differences which were most evident at an early age. These observations suggest that the expression of this P0 mutation may be susceptible to external, non-genetic influences that may act early in the course of the disease to alter the phenotype.

[Pediatric nosocomial infections] / Infecção hospitalar em pediatria.

OBJECTIVE: Considering that the nosocomial infections have been a serious problem of public health all over the world in both developed and developing countries, this revision has the aim of amplifying the pediatrician's knowledge, in different interfaces of the question. METHODS: A review of the articles from the specific literature of the area leading to a practical presentation of the topics as well on the personal experience of the writers, who work in this area. RESULTS: We have characterized which topics are important when dealing with nosocomial infection as, for example, the concepts used in nosocomial infections, the methods of epidemiological surveillance, the nosocomial infections in pediatric critical areas as the intensive care and the neonatal units, the techniques of isolation and precaution, ending with general and specific preventive actions. CONCLUSION: Technical knowledge about the central questions in nosocomial infections should be basis for a conscious and responsible involvement of all the professionals in the health area to control and prevent these infections.

Persistência da artéria ciática com aneurisma associada à artéria femoral superficial hipoplásica / Persistent sciatic artery with aneurism associated with hypoplastic superficial femoral artery

Um caso de persistência da artéria ciática com aneurisma associada à artéria femoral hipoplásica no membro inferior direito é relatado. Esta associação é rara, sendo o primero caso descrito na literatura brasileira. As peculiaridades anatômicas, ultra-sonográficas desta observação são revistas