Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures are episodes of movement, sensation, or behaviors that are similar to epileptic seizures but do not have a neurologic origin; rather, they are somatic manifestations of psychologic distress. Patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures frequently are misdiagnosed and treated for epilepsy. Video-electroencephalography monitoring is preferred for diagnosis. From 5 to 10 percent of outpatient epilepsy patients and 20 to 40 percent of inpatient epilepsy patients have psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. These patients inevitably have comorbid psychiatric illnesses, most commonly depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, other dissociative and somatoform disorders, and personality pathology, especially borderline personality type. Many patients have a history of sexual or physical abuse. Between 75 and 85 percent of patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures are women. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures typically begin in young adulthood. Treatment involves discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs in patients without concurrent epilepsy and referral for appropriate psychiatric care. More studies are needed to determine the best treatment modalities.

Clinical experience of levetiracetam monotherapy for adults with epilepsy: 1-year follow-up study.

We identified 46 patients with a history of partial seizures, with and without secondarily generalization, who received levetiracetam (LEV) (Keppra) monotherapy. Patients began LEV either as first line therapy (n=11) or were converted to LEV monotherapy (n=35) after failing prior antiepileptic medications (AEDs). Patients were followed up to 12 months after LEV started. The majority of these patients were able to continue on LEV and a small number of patients discontinued LEV secondary to lack of efficacy. One third of the non-seizure free group at 6 months of follow-up had worse seizure control at 12 months and two thirds had the same or better seizure control. Our 1-year follow-up data of LEV as monotherapy suggests that LEV can be effective and well tolerated in adults with either new or difficult to control epilepsy. A prospective, large, long-term double-blind study is needed to confirm this finding.

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures are associated with an increased risk of obesity.

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (NES) are somatic manifestations of psychological distress. There is some evidence that weight problems are more common in patients with psychiatric illness. We have observed that patients admitted for video-EEG monitoring who we diagnosed with NES commonly have a larger body habitus than patients with epilepsy. The goal of this study was to test our hypothesis that there was a significant difference in body mass index (BMI) in patients with nonepileptic seizures compared with their epileptic counterparts. We compared the BMIs of 46 NES patients and 46 age- and gender-matched epileptic controls and found that the NES patients had significantly higher BMIs (30.5 vs 26.1, P=0.006) than controls. This remained true after controlling for weight-gain properties of antiepileptic drugs. These results are compared with the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the general population. Possible explanations of the findings and limitations of the study are discussed.