Management of granulomatous lobular mastitis: an international multidisciplinary consensus (2021 edition).

Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is a rare and chronic benign inflammatory disease of the breast. Difficulties exist in the management of GLM for many front-line surgeons and medical specialists who care for patients with inflammatory disorders of the breast. This consensus is summarized to establish evidence-based recommendations for the management of GLM. Literature was reviewed using PubMed from January 1, 1971 to July 31, 2020. Sixty-six international experienced multidisciplinary experts from 11 countries or regions were invited to review the evidence. Levels of evidence were determined using the American College of Physicians grading system, and recommendations were discussed until consensus. Experts discussed and concluded 30 recommendations on historical definitions, etiology and predisposing factors, diagnosis criteria, treatment, clinical stages, relapse and recurrence of GLM. GLM was recommended as a widely accepted definition. In addition, this consensus introduced a new clinical stages and management algorithm for GLM to provide individual treatment strategies. In conclusion, diagnosis of GLM depends on a combination of history, clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, laboratory examinations and pathology. The approach to treatment of GLM should be applied according to the different clinical stage of GLM. This evidence-based consensus would be valuable to assist front-line surgeons and medical specialists in the optimal management of GLM.

Analysis of the impact of bariatric surgery on medium-term pharmacological expenditure.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity and associated diseases represent an important health and economic problem since pharmacological treatment for many of these pathologies needs lifelong subsidies. Theoretically, bariatric and metabolic surgery decreases the medication requirements of patients for these diseases but may result in other types of pharmacological needs. This study aims to demonstrate whether there is a real decrease in pharmacological expenditure after bariatric surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of patients who were treated in our centre between 2012 and 2016, comparing different associated comorbidities and pharmacological expenses one month before and 2 years after surgery. RESULTS: 400 patients were operated. The results were presented, showing the differences between the resolution of the different comorbidities and the pharmacological savings generated for each of the surgical techniques studied. The most cost-effective comorbidity in the study was type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). The surgical technique with the best results was metabolic bypass, presenting a cost difference after surgery of 507 euros per month (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In a 2-year follow-up after bariatric surgery, a decreased prevalence of obesity-related diseases and associated pharmacological expenditure was observed, showing the efficiency of this intervention over the medium term.

Bull horn injuries. A 40-year retrospective study with 572 patients.

BACKGROUND: Although bullfighting festivals were traditionally attributed to the cultural idiosyncrasies of the Ibero-American people, they also exist world-wide. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted, reviewing the medical records of patients treated on our service for bull horn injuries between January 1978 and December 2019. RESULTS: There were 572 admissions due to bull horn injuries. 54 of these patients had multiple injuries. The average annual admission was 13.6 patients. The most frequent injuries were located in the lower extremities, perineum, and abdomen. Forty-seven laparotomies were performed, revealing intra-abdominal visceral impairment on 39 occasions. The most frequently injured organs were the intestine and liver. The most frequent complications were skin devitalisation, infection and post-operative eventration. The recorded mortality was 0.87%. CONCLUSION: We wish to highlight the importance of injuries caused by bull horns worldwide. These are high-impact injuries with specific intrinsic characteristics that require regulated medical and surgical care.

Analysis of the impact of bariatric surgery on medium-term pharmacological expenditure. / Análisis del impacto de la cirugía bariátrica en el gasto farmacológico a medio plazo.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity and associated diseases represent an important health and economic problem since pharmacological treatment for many of these pathologies needs lifelong subsidies. Theoretically, bariatric and metabolic surgery decreases the medication requirements of patients for these diseases but may result in other types of pharmacological needs. This study aims to demonstrate whether there is a real decrease in pharmacological expenditure after bariatric surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of patients who were treated in our centre between 2012 and 2016, comparing different associated comorbidities and pharmacological expenses one month before and 2years after surgery. RESULTS: 400 patients were operated. The results were presented, showing the differences between the resolution of the different comorbidities and the pharmacological savings generated for each of the surgical techniques studied. The most cost-effective comorbidity in the study was type2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). The surgical technique with the best results was metabolic bypass, presenting a cost difference after surgery of 507euros per month (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: In a 2-year follow-up after bariatric surgery, a decreased prevalence of obesity-related diseases and associated pharmacological expenditure was observed, showing the efficiency of this intervention over the medium term.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: A systematic review of 3060 patients.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a rare benign breast disease. A systematic review was designed. Clinical and therapeutic characteristics were analyzed. Human Development Index (HDI) was used to define two groups of study: group A (very high and high HDI) and group B (medium and low HDI). Corticosteroid therapy was done in 69% group A and 78% group B. Surgery was done in 63% in group A and 83% in group B. Antibiotics were used in 68% group A and 88% group B. There is no consensus about optimal treatment for granulomatous mastitis.

Mastitis granulomatosa idiopática. Análisis descriptivo de 10 casos en una unidad de referencia española / Idiopatic granulomatous mastitis. A descriptive analysis of 10 cases in a Spanish unit of reference

Introducción La mastitis granulomatosa es unaenfermedad infrecuente caracterizada por una inflamación granulomatosa crónica de los lobulillos mamarios. Las opciones de tratamiento siguen siendo controvertidas. Objetivo El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar nuestra experiencia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las pacientes con mastitis granulomatosas, valorando la conveniencia de tratamientos quirúrgicos o tratamientos más conservadores. Material y método Se presenta un estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de las pacientes diagnosticadas y tratadas en nuestro centro desde enero de 2010 hasta diciembre de 2018. Se analizaron las características clínicas y radiológicas de cada una, así como el tratamiento y su evolución. Resultados Los resultados del estudio fueron los siguientes: • El número de pacientes fue 10; el tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 10,5 meses (rango 2-49 meses); la mediana de edad fue de 44,5 años (rango 31-81 años);ocho pacientes (80%)se manifestaron como tumoración palpable; el tiempo medio de duración de los síntomas fue de 6,8 meses (rango 2-24 meses); el tamaño medio de la lesión alcanzó los 23,6 mm (rango 12-40); una paciente se clasificó como bi-rads 2, 1 paciente como bi-rads 3, 1 paciente como bi-rads 4y 3 pacientes como bi-rads 5. • El tratamiento fue quirúrgico en 6 ocasiones (4 resecciones y 2 drenajes con biopsia) y médico en 4 ocasiones. Siete de las pacientes (70%) se curaron con el tratamiento efectuado (5 con cirugía y 2 con tratamiento conservador). Tres pacientes presentaron recurrencia o persistencia (1 con cirugía y 2 con tratamiento conservador). Conclusiones La mastitis granulomatosa es una enfermedad infrecuente y de causa desconocida, con tendencia a la recurrencia y cronicidad, cuyo tratamiento es todavía motivo de controversia

Introduction Granulomatous mastitis is an infrequent disease characterized by a chronic granulomatous inflammation of mammary lobules. Treatment options remain controversial. Objective The aim of the present study was to analyze our experience in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with granulomatous mastitis, assessing the convenience of surgical treatments or more conservative treatments. Materials and method This is a retrospective and descriptive study of the patients diagnosed and treated in our center from January 2010 to December 2018. We analyzed the clinical and radiological characteristics of each one, as well as the treatment and its evolution. Results • Number of patients 10; mean time of follow-up 10.5 months (range 2-49 months); median of age 44.5 years (range 31-81 years); eight patients (80%) manifested as a palpable tumor;mean duration of symptoms was 6.8 months (range 2-24 months); mean lesion size of 23.6mm (range 12-40); one patient was classified as bi-rads 2, 1 patient as bi-rads 3, 1 patient as bi-rads 4 and 3 patients as bi-rads 5. • The treatment was surgical 6 times (4 resections and 2 drainages with biopsy) and doctor on 4 occasions. Seven of the patients (70%) were cured with the treatment performed (5 with surgery and 2 with conservative treatment). Three patients presented recurrence or persistence (1 with surgery and 2 with conservative treatment). Conclusions Granulomatous mastitis is an infrequent disease of unknown cause, with a tendency to recurrence and chronicity, whose treatment is still controversial

Modelling the probability of erroneous negative lymph node staging in patients with colon cancer.

BACKGROUND: Patients in who with insufficient number of analysed lymph nodes (LNs) are more likely to receive an incorrect LN staging. The ability to calculate the overall probability of undiagnosed LN involvement errors in these patients could be very useful for approximating the real patient prognosis and for giving possible indications for adjuvant treatments. The objective of this work was to establish the predictive capacity and prognostic discriminative ability of the final error probability (FEP) among patients with colon cancer and with a potentially incorrectly-staged LN-negative disease. METHODS: This was a retrospective multicentric population study carried out between January 2004 and December 2007. We used a mathematical model based on Bayes' theorem to calculate the probability of LN involvement given a FEP test result. Cumulative sum graphs were used to calculate risk groups and the survival rates were calculated, by month, using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: A total of 548 patients were analysed and classified into three risk groups according to their FEP score: low-risk (FEP < 2%), intermediate-risk (FEP 2%-15%), and high-risk (FEP > 15%). Patients with LN involvement had the lowest overall survival rate when compared to the three risk groups. This difference was statistically significant for the low- and intermediate-risk groups (P = 0.002 and P = 0.004, respectively), but high-risk group presented similar survival curves to pN+ group (P = 0.505). In terms of disease-free survival, the high-risk group presented similar curves to the intermediate-risk group until approximately 60 months' follow-up (P = 0.906). After 80 months' follow-up, the curve of high-risk group coincided with that of the pN+ group (P = 0.172). Finally, we summarized the FEP according to the number of analysed LNs and accompanied by a contour plot which represents its calculation graphically. CONCLUSIONS: The application of Bayes' theorem in the calculation of FEP is useful to delimit risk subgroups from among patients without LN involvement.

CUSUM charts in the quality control of colon cancer lymph node analysis: a population-registry study.

BACKGROUND: The most important determinant of survival in patients with colon cancer is the presence or absence of regional lymph node metastases. This factor is consistently associated with long-term and disease-specific survival. Cumulative summation of differences (CUSUM) charts can help to discriminate abnormalities that cannot be explained by the general variability of a process. We used CUSUM charts to analyse the quality of nodal analysis in colon cancer and to use a population-registry cancer database to estimate the optimal number of lymph nodes for adequate prognostic analysis. METHODS: This was a multicentre population-registry cancer study from January 2004 to December 2007. We used these data to produce the different CUSUM curves, focusing on the main variables. To calculate survival, we used the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: In this study, we examined 548 patients. The CUSUM curves were calculated for overall mortality, specific mortality, and recurrence according to (1) the number of lymph nodes analysed and affected and (2) compared the ratio of the number of lymph nodes affected to the number analysed. Finally, the lymph node ratio was compared to the overall survival CUSUM curve. DISCUSSION: This CUSUM control chart analysis reinforces the unquestionable importance of analysing at least 12 lymph nodes in patients with colon cancer in order to accurately estimate their prognosis. However, our findings indicate that the analysis of at least 20 lymph nodes is a more appropriate cutoff point for accomplishing the demanding objective of diagnosing a high-quality prognosis in colon cancer patients.

The lymph node status as a prognostic factor in colon cancer: comparative population study of classifications using the logarithm of the ratio between metastatic and nonmetastatic nodes (LODDS) versus the pN-TNM classification and ganglion ratio systems.

BACKGROUND: pN stage in the TNM classification has been the "gold standard" for lymph node staging of colorectal carcinomas, but this system recommends collecting at least 12 lymph nodes for the staging to be reliable. However, new prognostic staging systems have been devised, such as the ganglion quotients or lymph node ratios and natural logarithms of the lymph node odds methods. The aim of this study was to establish and validate the predictive and prognostic ability of the lymph node ratios and natural logarithms of the lymph node odds staging systems and to compare them to the pN nodal classification of the TNM system in a population sample of patients with colon cancer. METHODS: A multicentric population study between January 2004 and December 2007. The inclusion criteria were that the patients were: diagnosed with colon cancer, undergoing surgery with curative intent, and had a complete anatomopathological report. We excluded patients with cancer of the rectum or caecal appendix with metastases at diagnosis. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier actuarial method and the Log-Rank test was implemented to estimate the differences between groups in terms of overall survival and disease-free survival. Multivariate survival analysis was performed using Cox regression. RESULTS: We analysed 548 patients. For the overall survival, the lymph node ratios and natural logarithms of the lymph node odds curves were easier to discriminate because their separation was clearer and more balanced. For disease-free survival, the discrimination between the pN0 and pN1 groups was poor, but this phenomenon was adequately corrected for the lymph node ratios and natural logarithms of the lymph node odds curves which could be sufficiently discriminated to be able to estimate the survival prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Lymph node ratios and natural logarithms of the lymph node odds techniques can more precisely differentiate risk subgroups from within the pN groups. Of the three methods tested in this study, the natural logarithms of the lymph node odds was the most accurate for staging non-metastatic colon cancer. Thus helping to more precisely adjust and individualise the indication for adjuvant treatments in these patients.

[Linfoma anaplásico de células grandes asociado a implantes mamarios. Importancia para el cirujano]. / Anaplastic large cell lymphoma associated with breast implants. Importance for the surgeon.

El linfoma anaplásico de células grandes asociado a implantes mamarios (BIA-ALCL, breast implant associated-anaplastic large cell lymphoma) es una enfermedad infrecuente, pero el número de casos ha aumentado en los últimos años. Se puede presentar en la consulta del cirujano como un aumento del volumen mamario por derrame periprotésico o como masa capsular. El tratamiento de elección es la cirugía, con explante de las prótesis y exéresis de la cápsula periprotésica. El pronóstico, si el diagnóstico es precoz y el tratamiento es adecuado, es bueno. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar la literatura científica existente hasta la fecha sobre el BIA-ALCL y poner de manifiesto la importancia que este tipo de neoplasia tiene para el cirujano.Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is an infrequent disease, although the number of cases has increased in the recent years. BIA-ALCL is revealed during medical screening as an increase in the mammary volume due to periprosthetic effusion or as a capsular mass. Preferred treatment for BIA-ALCL is surgery, with explantation of the prostheses and exeresis of the periprosthetic capsule. Prognosis, after early diagnosis and adequate treatment, is good. The objective of the present work was to review the existing scientific literature on BIA-ALCL and to show the importance of this type of neoplasia for a successful treatment.

Breast cancer in octogenarian. Are we doing our best? A population-registry based study.

BACKGROUND: The number of old people with breast cancer is estimated to increase during the next years in developed countries. However, management of breast cancer in octogenarians is not well established. The main objective was to evaluate if patients older than 80 years with breast cancer are receiving the most convenient treatment by using a population registry cancer analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a population cancer registry was designed. Data were retrieved from the Castellon Cancer Registry (Valencian Community, Spain). Patient records were analyzed from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2013. Two groups were defined: group A, <80 years; and group B, >= 80 years. Survival analyses were sequentially performed into three phases. First, a non-adjusted Kaplan Meier analysis was conducted. For the second survival analyses, Cox's proportional hazards model of Overall survival was used adjusting for condensed-TNM stage and adjuvant treatments. Finally, the third specific adjustment was carried out adding information of life expectancy by age for Spanish women, corresponding to year 2008 with condensed-TNM stage and Propensity Score variable, as an approximation to relative or disease-specific survival. RESULTS: The total number of included patients was 1304. Women ≥80 years presented a more extended disease, larger tumors and less in situ carcinomas. A lower proportion of women ≥80 years received adjuvant therapies. In the absence of any adjustment of results, the overall survival in women ≥80 years was poorer than in younger patients (median of 14.1 years for <80y vs. 5.7 years for ≥80y), the crude HR was 4.6 (95% CI: 2.9-7.5) p < 0.001. For second survival analysis, the HR was 2.5 (95% CI: 1.8-3.5) p < 0.001. After the third adjustment the HR was 1.7 (95% CI: 1.2-2.4) p = 0.004. CONCLUSIONS: Octogenarians with operable breast cancer are receiving suboptimal treatments, which can have repercussions on survival. New studies are required to identify a subgroup of women age ≥80 years who may benefit from more aggressive treatment and a population of older women on the basis of tumor characteristics, comorbidities and life expectancy who may not need as aggressive treatment.

Melanoma anal, importancia del diagnóstico diferencial con la enfermedad anal benigna / Anal melanoma, the importance of differential diagnosis with benign anal pathology

El melanoma anorrectal, descrito inicialmente por Moore en 1857, es un tumor infrecuente y agresivo, cuyo pronóstico suele ser infausto, con una supervivencia a los cinco años menor de 20 %. La principal importancia de este tumor radica en que suele presentarse como una tumoración anorrectal o producir sangrado, o rectorragia, por lo que el diagnóstico diferencial con la enfermedad anal benigna resulta crucial, pues el pronóstico estará condicionado por el estadio en el momento del diagnóstico. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 70 años que consultó por sangrado rectal y cuyo diagnóstico inicial fue de trombosis hemorroidal. Tras el diagnóstico de melanoma anorrectal y el estudio de extensión negativo para metástasis, se practicó una amputación abdóminoperineal según la técnica de Miles. Tras nueve años de seguimiento, la paciente se encuentra libre de enfermedad

Anorectal melanoma was first described by Moore in 1857. Is an uncommon and aggresive tumor, with inauspicious prognosis. Five-year survival rates are less than 20%. The main important feature of this tumor is that it usually manifests as a rectal tumor or rectal bleeding; therefore, a diferential diagnosis with benign anal conditions is of utmost importance. Prognosis is conditioned by tumor stage at diagnosis. We present a 70-year-old woman with rectal bleeding with an initial diagnosis of hemorrhoidal trombosis. With the diagnosis of rectal melanoma without distant metastasis, an abdominoperineal resection (Miles operation) was performed. After 9-years follow-up, she is disease free

Nutritional alterations after very low-calorie diet before bariatric surgery.

INTRODUCTION: There has been an alarming worldwide increase of obese people in recent years. Currently, there is no consensus on whether patients that are scheduled to undergo bariatric surgery should lose weight before the intervention. The objective of this research is to analyse the influence of pre-surgery loss of weight in the nutritional parameters of patients. METHODS: Fifty patients that were scheduled to undergo bariatric surgery followed a very low caloric diet during 4 weeks prior to the surgery. The nutritional parameters were analysed at 3 specific moments: before starting the diet, at the moment of surgery (when the diet was concluded) and one month after the surgery. RESULTS: Average values for hemoglobin, albumina and lymphocytes were kept within the range of normal values at all moments, even though the decrease of those parameters was statistically significant throughout the study (P<.05). By following the very low caloric diet, less than 9.5% of the sample suffered anaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of weight prior to surgery does not have a significant influence in the nutritional parameters of the patient. These results would support the indication of losing weight for patients that are considered candidates for bariatric surgery.

[Local recurrence based on size after conservative surgery in breast cancer stage T1-T2. A population-based study]. / Relación del tamaño tumoral con la recidiva tras cirugía conservadora en el cáncer de mama en estadio tumoral T1-T2. Estudio poblacional.

BACKGROUND: Conservative surgery can be regarded as the standard treatment for most early stage breast tumors. However, a minority of patients treated with conservative surgery will present local or locoregional recurrence. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate the possible factors associated with this recurrence. METHODS: A population-based retrospective study using data from the Tumor Registry of Castellón (Valencia, Spain) of patients operated on for primary nonmetastatic breast cancer between January 2000 and December 2008 was designed. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test to estimate 5-year local recurrence were used. Two groups of patients were defined, one with conservative surgery and another with nonconservative surgery. Cox multivariate analysis was conducted. RESULTS: The total number of patients was 410. Average local recurrence was 6.8%. In univariate analysis, only tumor size and lymph node involvement showed significant differences. On multivariate analysis, independent prognostic factors were conservative surgery (hazard ratio [HR] 4.62; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-16.82), number of positive lymph nodes (HR 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01-1.17) and tumor size (in mm) (HR 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.06). CONCLUSIONS: Local recurrence after breast-conserving surgery is higher in tumors >2 cm. Although tumor size should not be a contraindication for conservative surgery, it should be a risk factor to be considered.

Antecedentes: la cirugía conservadora es un patrón de referencia del tratamiento de la mayor parte de los tumores mamarios en estadios iniciales. Sin embargo, una minoría de pacientes intervenidas con esta opción tendrá recurrencia local o locorregional. Por ello resulta de interés evaluar los posibles factores relacionados con esta recurrencia. Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo, con base poblacional, efectuado con base en los datos del Registro de Tumores de Castellón (Comunidad Valenciana, España) de pacientes intervenidas de cáncer primario de mama no metastático de enero de 2000 a diciembre de 2008. Se utilizaron las curvas de Kaplan-Meier y la prueba de log-rank para estimar la recurrencia local a cinco años. Se definieron dos grupos de pacientes, uno con cirugía conservadora y otro con cirugía no conservadora de la mama. Se realizó un estudio multivariado de Cox. Resultados: se encontraron 410 pacientes con promedio de 6.8% de recurrencias locales. En el análisis univariado sólo el tamaño tumoral y la afectación ganglionar demostraron diferencias significativas. En el análisis multivariado los factores pronóstico independientes fueron: la cirugía conservadora (Hazard ratio [HR] 4.62; IC [intervalo de confianza] 95% 1.12-16.82), el número de ganglios linfáticos positivos (HR 1.07; IC 95% 1.01-1.17) y el tamaño del tumor en milímetros (HR 1.02; IC 95% 1.01-1.06). Conclusiones: la recurrencia local postcirugía conservadora de mama es mayor en tumores de más de 2 cm. Aunque el tamaño del tumor no debería ser una contraindicación para esta cirugía sí deben tomarse en cuenta como un factor de riesgo.

[Diagnostic yield of pancreatic percutaneous puncture depending on the size of the lesion]. / Rentabilidad diagnóstica de la punción percutánea pancreática en función del tamaño de la lesión.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to study the diagnostic efficacy of the percutaneous puncture of pancreatic tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on patients with suspicion of pancreatic neoplasm, and with a percutaneous biopsy of pancreatic tissue, from 2000 to 2011. For the statistical comparative analysis, the sample was stratified by tumour size: ≤ 3cm and > 3cm. RESULTS: A total of 90 biopsies were performed. Pancreatic neoplasm diagnosis was made in 47 cases (52%), with 16 false negatives (18%), no false positives, and chronic pancreatitis in 24 cases (27%). The efficacy of the test results were: an overall sensitivity of 75% (95% CI: 62%-85%), a specificity of 100% (95% CI: 87%-100%), a positive predictive value of 100% (95% CI: 92%-100%), and a negative predictive value of 63% (95% CI: 46%-77%). For tumour sizes ≤ 3cm the sensitivity was 70% (95% CI: 45%-88%), with a specificity of 100% (95% CI 66%-100%), a positive predictive value of 100% (95% CI: 76%-100%, and a negative predictive value 60% (95% CI: 32%-83%). For tumours greater than 3cm, the sensitivity was 88% (95% CI: 70%-98%), the specificity was 100% (95% CI: 75%-100%), with a positive predictive value of 100% (95% CI: 85%-100%) and a negative predictive value of 81% (95% CI: 54%-96%). CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic percutaneous biopsy efficacy was strongly determined by lesion size. For tumour sizes less than 3cm, the sensitivity and negative predictive value are unacceptably low, as negative results would not reliable.