Higher mortality risk from gynaecological neoplasms and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: an observational study from the Spanish National Registry.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the different types of neoplasms and lineages on mortality of patients with SLE. METHODS: Retrospective and observational comparison of the neoplasm-related deaths in patients with SLE and the general Spanish population reported in the Spanish Hospital Discharge Database. To determine the impact of SLE on the risk of dying from each neoplasm lineage, a binary logistic regression considering age, female sex, tobacco and alcohol consumption, was performed. RESULTS: During 2016-2019, 139 531 in-hospital deaths from neoplasms were certified in Spain (91 in patients with SLE). Patients with SLE presented a lower mortality rate from solid organ neoplasms, (80.2% vs 91.1%, OR 0.393), linked to their lower risk of colorectal carcinoma (1.1% vs 10.8%, OR 0.110). By contrast, gynaecological neoplasms presented a higher risk (8.8% vs 3%, OR 3.039) in the deceased patients with SLE, associated with the higher frequency of vulvar neoplasms (2% vs 0.2%, OR 14.767) and cervical carcinomas (3.3% vs 0.5%, OR 3.809). Haematological neoplasm-related deaths were also more prevalent in patients with SLE (19.8% vs 8.9%, OR 2.546), mostly attributable to the higher proportion of deaths due to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (11% vs 2.9%, OR 4.060) of B cell lineage (9.9% vs 2.5%, OR 4.133). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with SLE present a higher risk of death from vulvar neoplasms, cervical carcinomas and B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in comparison with the general Spanish population. In addition to developing strategies that might help to attenuate their occurrence and impact, such as decreasing the immunosuppressive burden, specific early detection programmes for these conditions should be investigated and considered carefully.

Sarcoidosis and lymphoma mortality risk: An observational study from the Spanish National Registry.

Introduction: Patients with sarcoidosis have a lower survival rate than the general population, in part due to cardiovascular disease, infections and neoplasms. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of haematological neoplasms (HN) and lymphomas on sarcoidosis patient mortality in a nation-wide analysis conducted in Spain, a country with a population of 47 million. Methods: Retrospective and observational comparison of the HN related deaths in sarcoidosis patients and the general Spanish population reported in the Spanish Hospital Discharge Database. To determine the impact of sarcoidosis on the risk of dying from each HN lineage, a binary logistic regression considering age, female sex, tobacco and alcohol consumption, was performed. Results: In the period 2016 and 2019, 139,531 in-hospital deaths from neoplasms were certified in Spain (77 in patients with sarcoidosis). Patients with sarcoidosis died at younger age than the general Spanish population (72.9 vs 77.6, p<0.001). Sarcoidosis patients presented a higher mortality risk from HN (20.8% vs 8.9%, p=0.001, OR=2.64, 95% CI 1.52-4.59), attributable to the higher proportion of deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), (9.2% vs 2.9%, p=0.006, OR= 3.33, 95% CI 1.53-7.25) from both B cell (6.6% vs 2.5%, p=0.044, OR= 2.62, 95% 1.06-6.5) and T/NK cell lineages (2.6% vs 0.3%, p=0.024, OR= 7.88, 95% CI 1.92-32.29) as well as HN with uncertain behavior and myeloproliferative disorders (2.6% vs 0.3%, p=0.018, OR= 11.88, 95% CI 2.88-49.02). The mean age of sarcoidosis patients who died from HN (63.6 vs 71.9, p=0.032) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (56.9 vs 71, p=0.009) was lower than that of the general population. Conclusion: Patients with sarcoidosis present a higher risk of premature death from HN, including NHL from B, T/NK cell lineage and myeloproliferative disorders in comparison with the general Spanish population. In addition to developing strategies that might help to attenuate their occurrence and impact, such as decreasing the immunosuppressive burden, specific early-detection programs for these conditions should be investigated and considered carefully.

COVID-19 in hospitalized solid organ transplant recipients in a nationwide registry study.

OBJECTIVES: Underlying immunodeficiency has been associated with worse clinical presentation and increased mortality in patients with COVID-19. We evaluated the mortality of solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients (SOTR) hospitalized in Spain due to COVID-19. METHODS: Nationwide, retrospective, observational analysis of all adults hospitalized because of COVID-19 in Spain during 2020. Stratification was made according to SOT status. The National Registry of Hospital Discharges was used, using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision coding list. RESULTS: Of the 117,694 adults hospitalized during this period, 491 were SOTR: kidney 390 (79.4%), liver 59 (12%), lung 27 (5.5%), and heart 19 (3.9%). Overall, the mortality of SOTR was 13.8%. After adjustment for baseline characteristics, SOTR was not associated with higher mortality risk (odds ratio [OR] = 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.60-1.03). However, lung transplantation was an independent factor related to mortality (OR = 3.26, 95% CI 1.33-7.43), while kidney, liver, and heart transplantation were not. Being a lung transplant recipient was the strongest prognostic factor in SOT patients (OR = 5.12, 95% CI 1.88-13.98). CONCLUSION: This nationwide study supports that the COVID-19 mortality rate in SOTR in Spain during 2020 did not differ from the general population, except for lung transplant recipients, who presented worse outcomes. Efforts should be focused on the optimal management of lung transplant recipients with COVID-19.

Prevalence and impact of cerebrovascular risk factors in patients with giant cell arteritis: An observational study from the Spanish national registry.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and impact of cerebrovascular risk factors (CRF) on cerebrovascular events (CVE) in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA). METHODS: Analysis of the patients diagnosed with GCA identified in the Spanish Hospital Discharge Database between 2016 and 2018. RESULTS: 8,474 hospital admissions from patients diagnosed with GCA were identified. 3.4% of the admissions were motivated by CVE (stroke in 2.8% and transient ischemic attack in 0.6%). When compared with the admissions due to other causes, the patients who suffered from CVE presented a higher rate of male sex (36.2% vs 43.5%, p=0.007), hypertension (66.9% vs 74.4%, p=0.004), diabetes (27.6% vs 33.7%, p=0.016) and atherosclerosis (6.6% vs 10.2%, p=0.0.017). After adjustment, male sex (OR=1.35, 95% CI 1.06-1.72) and mainly hypertension (OR=1.44, 95% CI 1.11-1.90) were associated with a higher risk of CVE. CONCLUSION: Hypertension, along with male sex, was the strongest risk factor for cerebrovascular events in GCA patients. In these high-risk patients, antiplatelet therapy should be re-considered and evaluated in prospective studies.

Increased incidence of giant cell arteritis and associated stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: A nation-wide population study.

INTRODUCTION: SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines might have increased the incidence of giant-cell arteritis (GCA) and the risk of associated stroke in Spain. METHODS: Retrospective nation-wide observational analysis of all adults hospitalized with GCA in Spain during 5 years (Jan-2016 and Dec-2021). The incidence and proportion of admissions with or because of GCA and GCA-associated stroke were compared between pre-pandemic (2016-2019) and pandemic (2020 and 2021) years. Sensitivity analyses were conducted for the different COVID-19 waves and vaccine timing schedules. RESULTS: A total of 17,268 hospital admissions in patients diagnosed with GCA were identified. During 2020 there were 79.3 and 8.1 per 100,000 admissions of GCA and GCA-associated stroke, respectively. During 2021 these figures were 80.8 and 7.7 per 100,00 admissions, respectively. As comparison, yearly admissions due to GCA and GCA-associated stroke were 72.4 and 5.7 per 100,00, respectively, during the pre-pandemic period (p < 0.05). Coincident with the third wave of COVID-19 (and first vaccine dosing), the rate of GCA-associated stroke admissions increased significantly (from 6.7 to 12%; p < 0.001). Likewise, there was an increase in GCA-associated stroke (6.6% vs 4.1%, p = 0.016) coincident with the third dose vaccination (booster) in patients older than 70 at the end of 2021. In multivariate analysis, only patients admitted during the third COVID-19 wave (and first vaccine dosing) (OR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.22-2.93), and during the third vaccination dosing in patients older than 70 (booster) (OR = 1.66, CI 1.11-2.49), presented a higher GCA-associated stroke risk than the same months of previous years after adjustment by age, sex, classical cardiovascular risk factors and COVID-19 diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic led to an increased incidence of GCA during 2020 and 2021. Moreover, the risk of associated stroke significantly risen accompanying times of COVID-19 vaccine dosing, hypothetically linked to an increased thrombotic risk of mRNA-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Hence, forthcoming vaccine policies and indications must weigh the risk of severe COVID-19 with the risk of flare or stroke in patients with GCA.

An Interplay between Oxidative Stress (Lactate Dehydrogenase) and Inflammation (Anisocytosis) Mediates COVID-19 Severity Defined by Routine Clinical Markers.

Viral infections activate the innate immune response and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. They also alter oxidative stress markers, which potentially can have an involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease. The aim of this research was to study the role of the oxidative stress process assessed through lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) on the severity of COVID-19 measured by oxygen saturation (SaO2) and the putative interaction with inflammation. The investigation enrolled 1808 patients (mean age of 68 and 60% male) with COVID-19 from the HM Hospitals database. To explore interactions, a regression model and mediation analyses were performed. The patients with lower SaO2 presented lymphopenia and higher values of neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio and on the anisocytosis coefficient. The regression model showed an interaction between LDH and anisocytosis, suggesting that high levels of LDH (>544 U/L) and an anisocytosis coefficient higher than 10% can impact SaO2 in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, analysis revealed that LDH mediated 41% (p value = 0.001) of the effect of anisocytosis on SaO2 in this cohort. This investigation revealed that the oxidative stress marker LDH and the interaction with anisocytosis have an important role in the severity of COVID-19 infection and should be considered for the management and treatment of the oxidative phenomena concerning this within a precision medicine strategy.

Impact of severe infections in SLE: an observational study from the Spanish national registry.

OBJECTIVE: Infections are a common complication of SLE. Our objective was to evaluate their causes and impact on the survival of patients with SLE. METHODS: Analysis of the admissions and death causes in patients diagnosed with SLE from the Spanish Hospital Discharge Database and the infection-related deaths of the Spanish population from the National Statistical Institute, between 2016 and 2018.Only infections recorded as the main diagnosis were analysed (severe or clinically relevant infection). RESULTS: Among 18 430 admissions in patients with SLE, disease activity was the cause of admission in 19% of all patients and infection in 15%. However, infection was the main cause of death (25%) while SLE activity was responsible for only 6% of deaths (p<0.001). Severe infection exceeded SLE as a cause of death for patients dying at ages between 40-59 (23% vs 4%, p<0.001), 60-79 (26% vs 6%, p<0.001) and older than 80 years (25% vs 6%, p<0.001). Infection was the cause of death in 8% of the Spanish population, a significantly lower rate when compared with patients with SLE (p<0.001). Compared with the general population, infections were the highest relative cause of death in patients with SLE, particularly at younger ages: 40% vs 3% for those below 20 years old (p<0.01), 33% vs 4% between 20 and 39 (p<0.001), 23% vs 5% between 40 and 59 (p<0.001), 26% vs 5% between 60 and 79 (p<0.001) and 25% vs 9% for those older than 80 years (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our nationwide study confirms that infections are the leading cause of death in SLE in Spain, with the highest proportion occurring in young patients with lupus compared with the general population of the same age range.

Systemic Autoimmune Diseases in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in Spain: A Nation-Wide Registry Study.

We aimed to evaluate the clinical outcome of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (SADs) patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Spain, before the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. A nationwide, retrospective and observational analysis of the patients admitted during 2020, based on the ICD10 codes in the National Registry of Hospital Discharges, was performed. Among 117,694 patients, only 892 (0.8%) presented any type of SAD before COVID-19-related admission: Sjogren's Syndrome constituted 25%, Systemic Vasculitides 21%, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 19%, Sarcoidosis 17%, Systemic Sclerosis 11%, Mixed and Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease 4%, Behçet's Disease 4% and Inflammatory Myopathies 2%. The in-hospital mortality rate was higher in SAD individuals (20% vs. 16%, p < 0.001). After adjustment by baseline conditions, SADs were not associated with a higher mortality risk (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.78−1.11). Mortality in the SADs patients was determined by age (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.04−1.07), heart failure (OR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.10−2.49), chronic kidney disease (OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.05−1.59) and liver disease (OR = 1.97, 95% CI 1.13−3.44). In conclusion, the higher COVID-19 mortality rate seen in SADs patients hospitalized in Spain in 2020 was related to the higher burden of comorbidities, secondary to direct organ damage and sequelae of their condition. Whilst further studies should evaluate the impact of baseline immunosuppression on COVID-19 outcomes in this population, efforts should be focused on the optimal management of SAD to minimize the impact of the organ damage that has been shown to determine COVID-19 prognosis.

Usefulness of the hemogram as a measure of clinical and serological activity in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Background and objectives: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) follow-up is based on clinical, and analytical parameters. We aimed to determine the differences between the Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) between SLE patients and healthy controls and to assess their association with anemia status, classical inflammatory biomarkers and cytokines, disease activity, SLE related factors and treatment received for SLE. Methods: Seventy-seven patients with SLE according to 2012 SLICC criteria and 80 healthy controls were included. Patients with SLE were classified in SLE with anemia (SLE-a) and SLE without anemia (SLE-na). Statistical analysis between SLE patients and controls and the association of serological and clinical activity markers with proposed hematological indices among SLE patients were performed. Results: RDW, NLR and PLR, were significantly higher in SLE patients than in healthy control group (p < 0.001), in SLE-a patients as compared to SLE-na (p < 0.0001) and were significantly associated with hypocomplementemia (p < 0.05). PLR was higher in active patients measured by SLEDAI-2K score and with longer disease duration (p < 0.05). RDW was associated with serological activity of the patients (p < 0.05) and was correlated with SLEDAI-2K and SLICC/ACR scores, hsCRP, D-dimer, fibrinogen, IL-6 and TNF as well as with corticosteroids intake (p = 0.05). A logistic regression analysis confirmed that after adjustment by age and hemoglobin values, RDW presented linear correlation with IL-6 levels (Beta-coefficient = 0.369, p = 0.003). Conclusion: NLR, PLR and RDW values suggest SLE serological and clinical activity. Given their availability, these markers not only could be useful tools to identify and monitor active SLE patients but whose application should be considered in inflammatory pathologies orchestrated by IL-6 and TNF.

Serum cytokines to predict systemic lupus erythematosus clinical and serological activity.

We aimed to explore the role of interleukin (IL)-6, interferon-gamma (IFNγ), IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as predictors of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) clinical and serological activity, and their correlation with the treatment received. We performed a retrospective analysis of 77 patients with SLE according to the 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics (SLICC) criteria. The outcomes were serological activity (SA), active disease (AD), complete remission (CR), the low-disease activity state (LDAS), and immunosuppressive treatment. SA was present in 17.1%, AD in 17.3%, CR in 13%, and LDAS in 64.9% of patients. IL-6 values were higher in patients in SA, in AD, in those receiving steroids alone, and in patients without CR or LDAS (p < 0.05). IFNγ was associated with anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies positivity and immunosuppression, whereas IL-10 values were higher in patients with CR (p < 0.05). The IL6-IFN product was able to predict anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies positivity (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC-ROC] = 0.705, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.563-0.847), SA (AUC-ROC = 0.720, 95% CI 0.542-0.899), AD (AUC-ROC = 0.701, 95% CI 0.520-0.882), steroid treatment (AUC-ROC = 0.751, 95% CI 0.622-0.879), and the absence of LDAS (AUC-ROC = 0.700, 95% CI 0.558-0.834). The IL6-IFN/IL10 ratio predicted AD (AUC-ROC = 0.742, 955 CI 0.540-0.944), steroid treatment (AUC-ROC = 0.721, 95% CI 0.572-0.870), and the absence of LDAS (AUC-ROC = 0.694, 95% CI 0.536-0.853). In conclusion, IL-6, IL-10, and IFNγ might help to assess SLE serological and clinical activity. Their combination in the IL-6-IFN product and the IL-6xIFN to IL-10 ratio results in novel tools to determine and predict SA, AD, and LDAS. Prompt detection of SLE activity might allow a rapid intervention to avoid established or chronic damage.

Impact of cardiovascular risk factors in antiphospholipid syndrome: an observational study from the Spanish national registry.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the burden and impact of cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) patients. METHODS: Analysis of the patients diagnosed with APS identified in the Spanish Hospital Discharge Database between 2016 and 2017. We analysed the admissions due to arterial (ATE) and venous thromboembolic events (VTE) and evaluated the incidence and the attributed risk of each CRF. RESULTS: 5424 admissions in patients diagnosed with APS were identified. 64.6% were women and the mean age was 54.6. The mortality rate was 3.1%. Overall, 35.8% of patients had hypertension, 14% were diabetic, 21.7% hypercholesterolaemic, 9.9% obese and 26.7% smokers. Thromboembolic events (67.9% arterial and 32.1% venous) accounted for 11.9% of admissions and 7.1% of deaths. Male sex (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.41-2.21), cholesterol (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.01-1.54) and smoking (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.22-1.81) were independently associated with thromboembolic events. Meanwhile, patients with ATE were older (57 vs. 54.1 years p=0.033), and presented more secondary APS (17.1% vs. 10.6%, p=0.034), hypertension (47.7% vs. 33.5%, p=0.001), diabetes (16.9% vs. 9.6%, p=0.017), cholesterol (34.3% vs. 17.8%, p<0.001) and smoking habit (41.2% vs. 24%, p<0.001) when compared with VTE. Risk factors independently associated with ATE events were male sex (OR=1.61, 95% CI=1.30-2.03), hypertension (OR=1.30, 95% CI=1.03-1.64), cholesterol (OR=1.51, 95% CI=1.18-1.94) and smoking habit (OR=1.84, 95% CI=1.47-2.32), while VTE events were determined by male sex (OR=2.06, 95% CI=1.53-2.77) and obesity (OR=1.61, CI=1.02-2.52). CONCLUSIONS: Thromboembolic events in APS were in part determined by a high prevalence of CRF. The identification of distinct profiles may allow us to undertake a more personalised approach to reduce thromboembolic events and to individualise anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy.

Interaction of ACEI antihypertensive agent's administration with the inflammatory status at admission concerning COVID-19 clinical stay outcomes.

Interactions between anti-hypertensive agents (ACEI), comorbidities, inflammation, and stress status may impact hospital stay duration in COVID-19 patients. This retrospective study analyzed epidemiological data, comorbidities, metabolic/inflammatory markers, and clinical information from 165 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. In a multiple linear regression model, an IL-6 higher than 100 mg/L, glucose at admission (baseline levels at the hospital entry), and the interaction between ACEI administration and LDH predicted the days of hospital admission (P < 0.001). In conclusion, hypertensive patients suffering more severe inflammatory condition assessed by LDH levels clinically benefited more and reduced the hospital stay when prescribed ACEI agents than those with lower systemic baseline inflammation at admission.

Bacterial infections in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.

Bacterial infections may complicate the course of COVID-19 patients. The rate and predictors of bacterial infections were examined in patients consecutively admitted with COVID-19 at one tertiary hospital in Madrid between March 1st and April 30th, 2020. Among 1594 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, 135 (8.5%) experienced bacterial infectious events, distributed as follows: urinary tract infections (32.6%), bacteremia (31.9%), pneumonia (31.8%), intra-abdominal infections (6.7%) and skin and soft tissue infections (6.7%). Independent predictors of bacterial infections were older age, neurological disease, prior immunosuppression and ICU admission (p < 0.05). Patients with bacterial infections who more frequently received steroids and tocilizumab, progressed to lower Sap02/FiO2 ratios, and experienced more severe ARDS (p < 0.001). The mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with bacterial infections as compared to the rest (25% vs 6.7%, respectively; p < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, older age, prior neurological or kidney disease, immunosuppression and ARDS severity were associated with an increased mortality (p < 0.05) while bacterial infections were not. Conversely, the use of steroids or steroids plus tocilizumab did not confer a higher risk of bacterial infections and improved survival rates. Bacterial infections occurred in 8.5% of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic. They were not independently associated with increased mortality rates. Baseline COVID-19 severity rather than the incidence of bacterial infections seems to contribute to mortality. When indicated, the use of steroids or steroids plus tocilizumab might improve survival in this population.

Trends in Hospital Admissions and Death Causes in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Spanish National Registry.

BACKGROUND: the admission and death causes of SLE patients might have changed over the last years. METHODS: Analysis of the Spanish National Hospital Discharge database. All individuals admitted with SLE, according to ICD-9, were selected. The following five admission categories were considered: SLE, cardiovascular disease (CVD), neoplasm, infection, and venous-thromboembolic disease (VTED), along four periods of time (1997-2000, 2001-2005, 2006-2010, and 2011-2015). RESULTS: The admissions (99,859) from 43.432 patients with SLE were included. The absolute number of admissions increased from 15,807 in 1997-2000 to 31,977 in 2011-2015. SLE decreased as a cause of admission (from 47.1% to 20.8%, p < 0.001), while other categories increased over the time, as follows: 5% to 8.6% for CVD, 8.2% to 13% for infection, and 1.4% to 5.5% for neoplasm (p < 0.001 for all). The admission mortality rate rose from 2.22% to 3.06% (p < 0.001) and the causes of death evolved in parallel with the admission categories. A significant trend to older age was observed over time in the overall population and deceased patients (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Better control of SLE over the past two decades has led to a decrease in early admissions, and disease chronification. As a counterpart, CVD, infections, and neoplasm have become the main causes of admissions and mortality.

Severe Lymphopenia as a Predictor of COVID-19 Mortality in Immunosuppressed Patients.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a high mortality in certain group of patients. We analysed the impact of baseline immunosuppression in COVID-19 mortality and the role of severe lymphopenia in immunocompromised subjects. METHODS: We analysed all patients admitted with COVID-19 in a tertiary hospital in Madrid between March 1st and April 30th 2020. Epidemiological and clinical data, including severe lymphopenia (<500 lymphocytes/mm3) during admission, were analysed and compared based on their baseline immunosuppression condition. RESULTS: A total of 1594 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia were hospitalised during the study period. 166 (10.4%) were immunosuppressed. Immunocompromised patients were younger (64 vs. 67 years, p = 0.02) but presented higher rates of hypertension, diabetes, heart, neurological, lung, kidney and liver disease (p < 0.05). They showed more severe lymphopenia (53% vs 24.1%, p < 0.001), lower SapO2/FiO2 ratios (251 vs 276, p = 0.02) during admission and higher mortality rates (27.1% vs 13.5%, p < 0.001). After adjustment, immunosuppression remained as an independent factor related to mortality (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.24, p < 0.001). In the immunosuppressed group, age (OR = 1.06, p = 0.01), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (OR = 12.27, p = 0.017) and severe lymphopenia (OR = 3.48, p = 0.04) were the factors related to high mortality rate. CONCLUSION: Immunosuppression is an independent mortality risk factor in COVID-19. Severe lymphopenia should be promptly identified in these patients.

[Evolution of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 according to previous metabolic status]. / Evolución de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en función del estado metabólico previo del paciente.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) encompasses a wide spectrum of symptoms, including respiratory, gastrointestinal, hematological, and dermatological manifestations. The virus interaction with cells located in the respiratory tract causes the release of inflammatory mediators, whose involvement could be exacerbated by co-existing obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular events. Objectives: the objective of this research was to analyze the clinically metabolic status in patients who have suffered COVID-19 disease in order to predict the outcome. Methods: this research is a retrospective study based on a cohort of 165 consecutively admitted patients with criteria for COVID-19 pneumonia according to WHO guidelines at the Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro between March and April 2020. Recorded variables included demographic and epidemiological data plus diagnoses as well as morbid complications during hospitalization. The Biochemistry Unit Laboratory carried out laboratory analyses according to validated operational procedures. The statistical tests included univariate and multivariate models adjusted for baseline characteristics and clinically relevant features. Results: the most frequent comorbidity in our cohort was arterial hypertension (44.0 %), followed by dyslipidemia (32.1 %), obesity (30.9 %), and diabetes mellitus (20.0 %). The association between admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) with body mass index (BMI) in a multivariate model was statistically significant, evidencing that obese subjects (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) have a 19 % higher risk of requiring ICU care. The univariate model revealed a statistically significant association between obesity and ICU admission and length of hospital stay (p < 0.05). The relationship between baseline blood glucose and in-hospital mortality was also statistically significant (p = 0.03), as well as with total cholesterol and ICU admission (p = 0.007). Conclusions: obesity is related to a longer time of hospitalization and a higher rate of admissions to the ICU. Low total cholesterol levels and abnormal baseline blood glucose were risk factors for ICU requirement and in-hospital mortality. Patient categorization based on obesity could be valuable in the development of a precision medicine model within the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la enfermedad por COVID-19 engloba un amplio espectro de síntomas entre los que destacan los trastornos respiratorios, digestivos, hematológicos y dermatológicos. La interacción del virus con las células ubicadas en el tracto respiratorio provoca la liberación de mediadores inflamatorios cuya producción podría estar relacionada con la obesidad, la diabetes y los eventos cardiovasculares. Objetivos: analizar el estado metabólico al ingreso de los pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV-2 y su capacidad para predecir el desenlace clínico. Métodos: este trabajo consiste en un estudio retrospectivo basado en una cohorte de 165 pacientes ingresados consecutivamente en el Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda entre marzo y abril de 2020 con criterios de neumonía COVID-19 según las pautas de la OMS. Las variables registradas incluyeron datos socio-demográficos y epidemiológicos, herramientas diagnósticas y complicaciones durante el ingreso hospitalario. El Servicio de Bioquímica del centro realizó los análisis de laboratorio empleando procedimientos validados. El estudio estadístico incluye modelos univariantes y multivariados, ajustados por las características basales clínicamente relevantes de la población. Resultados: la comorbilidad más frecuente en nuestra población fue la hipertensión arterial (44,0 %), seguida por la dislipemia (32,1 %), la obesidad (30,9 %) y la diabetes mellitus (20,0 %). En el análisis multivariante, la asociación del ingreso en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) resultó estadísticamente significativa, con un 19 % más de riesgo en aquellos pacientes con IMC ≥ 30 kg/m2. El modelo univariante reveló la asociación estadísticamente significativa de la obesidad y el ingreso en la UCI con la duración de la estancia hospitalaria (p < 0,05). La relación entre glucemia basal y mortalidad intrahospitalaria también resultó estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,03). Los niveles bajos de colesterol total se asociaron a una tasa mayor de ingresos en la UCI (p = 0,007). Conclusiones: la obesidad se asocia a una mayor estancia hospitalaria y necesidad de ingreso en la UCI en los pacientes infectados por el SARS-CoV-2. El descenso en las cifras de colesterol total y una glucemia basal alterada son factores de riesgo del ingreso en la UCI y la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. La categorización en función del grado de obesidad de los pacientes podría ser de utilidad en el desarrollo de un modelo de medicina de precisión en el contexto de la COVID-19.

Inflammatory-Related Clinical and Metabolic Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection elicits inflammatory manifestations that relate with a "cytokine storm." OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to assess the role of circulating interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels and other inflammatory markers in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on metabolic functions and accompanying clinical complications. Patients and Methods. A total of 165 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia were examined for medical features and inflammatory markers such as blood IL-6, CRP, ferritin, LDH, neutrophil/lymphocyte index (NLI), D-Dimer, and Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW). Regression analyses concerning electronically collected medical data were adjusted by appropriate factors and confounding variables. Results. Plasma IL-6 determinations evidenced a consistent association with hospital stay days, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, and mortality rates. Similar trends were found for other proinflammatory variables, where ferritin and NLI showed a remarkable value as surrogates. Hyperglycaemia and the Charlson Comorbidity Index Score were positively associated with the inflammatory response induced by the SARS-COV-2 infection. An unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking and alcoholic drinks consumption as well as excessive body adiposity influenced inflammatory-related outcomes in the screened patients. CONCLUSION: IL-6 together with other inflammatory biomarkers accompanied poor clinical and metabolic outcomes in COVID-19-infected patients. IL-6 may result in a suitable proxy to individually categorise patients in order to manage this infectious pandemic.

The urgent need for integrated science to fight COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

The COVID-19 pandemic has become the leading societal concern. The pandemic has shown that the public health concern is not only a medical problem, but also affects society as a whole; so, it has also become the leading scientific concern. We discuss in this treatise the importance of bringing the world's scientists together to find effective solutions for controlling the pandemic. By applying novel research frameworks, interdisciplinary collaboration promises to manage the pandemic's consequences and prevent recurrences of similar pandemics.