Blood-Brain Barrier and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein: A Limit to the Therapy of CNS Tumors and Neurodegenerative Diseases.

The treatment of brain tumors and neurodegenerative diseases, represents an ongoing challenge. In Central Nervous System (CNS) the achievement of therapeutic concentration of chemical agents is complicated by the presence of distinct set of efflux proteins, such as ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters localized on the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). The activity of ABC transporters seems to be a common mechanism that underlies the poor response of CNS diseases to therapies. The molecular characterization of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP/ABCG2), as an ABC transporter conferring multidrug resistance (MDR), has stimulated many studies to investigate its activity on the BBB, its involvement in physiology and CNS diseases and its role in limiting the delivery of drugs in CNS. In this review, we highlight the activity and localization of BCRP on the BBB and the action that this efflux pump has on many conventional drugs or latest generation molecules used for the treatment of CNS tumors and other neurodegenerative diseases.

Specific use of CSII during enteral nocturnal nutrition in a child with type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and Down syndrome.

The management of insulin therapy in diabetic patients who have comorbidities that involve nutritional aspects, is a major challenge for diabetes care teams. In diabetic patients with compromised nutritional status, artificial nutrition, both enteral or parenteral, may help in the treatment of chronic and acute diseases, leading to better and faster recover of the health status but, if not adequately associated with insulin therapy, it may negatively affect blood glucose levels and lead to poorer metabolic control. In particular, evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of diabetic patients during enteral nutrition therapy are not currently available and, therefore, medical practices are often based on case reports, rather than outcomes of research. We report our experience with a diabetic patient receiving nocturnal enteral feeding due to comorbidities and malnutrition, who was followed up at our centre and precociously treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion after the onset of type 1 diabetes. There is great need for adequately powered randomized controlled trials to provide scientific evidence for the insulin treatment of diabetic patients undergoing enteral feeding.

Specific use of CSII during enteral nocturnal nutrition in a child with type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and Down syndrome / Uso específico de ISCI durante a nutrição enteral noturna em criança com diabetes tipo 1, tireoidite de Hashimoto e síndrome de Down

The management of insulin therapy in diabetic patients who have comorbidities that involve nutritional aspects, is a major challenge for diabetes care teams. In diabetic patients with compromised nutritional status, artificial nutrition, both enteral or parenteral, may help in the treatment of chronic and acute diseases, leading to better and faster recover of the health status but, if not adequately associated with insulin therapy, it may negatively affect blood glucose levels and lead to poorer metabolic control. In particular, evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of diabetic patients during enteral nutrition therapy are not currently available and, therefore, medical practices are often based on case reports, rather than outcomes of research. We report our experience with a diabetic patient receiving nocturnal enteral feeding due to comorbidities and malnutrition, who was followed up at our centre and precociously treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion after the onset of type 1 diabetes. There is great need for adequately powered randomized controlled trials to provide scientific evidence for the insulin treatment of diabetic patients undergoing enteral feeding.

O manejo da terapia com insulina em pacientes diabéticos que têm comorbidades que envolvam aspectos nutricionais é um grande desafio para os especialistas em diabetes. Em pacientes diabéticos com estado nutricional comprometido, a nutrição artificial, tanto enteral quanto parenteral, pode ajudar no tratamento de doenças crônicas e agudas, levando à recuperação melhor e mais rápida do estado de saúde. Entretanto, se não adequadamente associada à terapia com insulina, a nutrição artificial pode afetar negativamente os níveis de glucose e levar a um pior controle glicêmico. Particularmente, não há recomendações baseadas em evidências para o tratamento de pacientes diabéticos durante a terapia nutricional enteral e, portanto, as práticas médicas são geralmente baseadas em relatos de caso, em vez de desfechos de estudos. Relatamos nossa experiência com uma paciente diabética que recebeu nutrição enteral noturna em função de comorbidades e desnutrição, acompanhada no nosso centro e tratada precocemente com infusão subcutânea contínua de insulina depois do estabelecimento do diabetes tipo 1. Existe grande necessidade de estudos randomizados controlados para se obter evidências científicas sobre o tratamento insulínico de pacientes diabéticos que sejam submetidos à nutrição enteral.