Reduced hepatic impairment study to evaluate pharmacokinetics and safety of zavegepant and to inform dosing recommendation for hepatic impairment.

Zavegepant, a high-affinity, selective, small-molecule calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist, is approved in the United States for acute treatment of migraine in adults. The effects of moderate hepatic impairment (8 participants with Child-Pugh score 7-9 points) on the pharmacokinetics of a single 10-mg intranasal dose of zavegepant versus eight matched participants with normal hepatic function were evaluated in a phase I study. Pharmacokinetic sampling determined total and unbound plasma zavegepant concentrations. Moderate hepatic impairment increased the exposure of total zavegepant (~2-fold increase in AUC0-inf and 16% increase in Cmax) versus normal hepatic function, which is not considered clinically meaningful. The geometric least squares mean ratios (moderate impairment/normal) of plasma zavegepant AUC0-inf and Cmax were 193% (90% confidence interval [CI]: 112, 333; p = 0.051) and 116% (90% CI: 69, 195; p = 0.630), respectively. The geometric mean fraction unbound of zavegepant was similar for participants with moderate hepatic impairment (0.13; coefficient of variation [CV] 13.71%) versus those with normal hepatic function (0.11; CV 21.43%). Similar exposure findings were observed with unbound zavegepant versus normal hepatic function (~2.3-fold increase in AUC0-inf and 39% increase in Cmax). One treatment-emergent adverse event (mild, treatment-related headache) was reported in a participant with normal hepatic function. No dosage adjustment of intranasal zavegepant is required in adults with mild or moderate hepatic impairment.

Evaluation of the effect of modafinil on the pharmacokinetics of encorafenib and binimetinib in patients with BRAF V600-mutant advanced solid tumors.

BACKGROUND: A clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) study was designed to evaluate the effect of multiple doses of modafinil, a moderate CYP3A4 inducer at a 400 mg QD dose, on the multiple oral dose pharmacokinetics (PK) of encorafenib and its metabolite, LHY746 and binimetinib and its metabolite, AR00426032. METHODS: This study was conducted in patients with BRAF V600-mutant advanced solid tumors. Treatment of 400 mg QD modafinil was given on Day 15 through Day 21. Encorafenib 450 mg QD and binimetinib 45 mg BID were administered starting on Day 1. PK sampling was conducted from 0 to 8 h on Day 14 and Day 21. Exposure parameters were calculated for each patient by noncompartmental analysis and geometric least-squares mean ratio. Corresponding 90% confidence intervals were calculated to estimate the magnitude of effects. RESULTS: Among 11 PK evaluable patients, encorafenib Cmax and AUClast were decreased in presence of steady-state modafinil by 20.2% and 23.8%, respectively. LHY746 exposures were not substantially changed in the presence of steady-state modafinil. CONCLUSION: The results from this clinical study indicate modafinil 400 mg QD had a weak effect on encorafenib PK. Based on these results, encorafenib can be coadministered with a moderate CYP3A4 inducer without dosing adjustment. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03864042, registered 6 March 2019.

No clinically relevant electrocardiogram effects in a randomized TQT study of single therapeutic/supratherapeutic rimegepant doses in healthy adults.

A single-center, phase I, partially double-blind (double-blind regarding doses of rimegepant and placebo, and open label with respect to moxifloxacin), randomized, 12-sequence, four-period crossover study of therapeutic (75 mg) and supratherapeutic (300 mg) doses of rimegepant with placebo and moxifloxacin (400 mg) controls was designed to evaluate drug effect on the Fridericia corrected QT (QTcF) interval in healthy fasted adults. A total of 38 participants were randomized and dosed in the study. Electrocardiogram (ECG) data were available from 37 participants in the rimegepant 75-mg group, 38 participants in the rimegepant 300-mg group, and 36 participants in the moxifloxacin and placebo groups. Both the 75- and 300-mg doses of rimegepant had no clinically relevant effect on ECG parameters, including QTcF, heart rate, PR and QRS interval, T-wave morphology, and U-wave presence. All upper 90% confidence intervals for the QTcF effect with rimegepant were less than or equal to 4.69 ms, well below the 10-ms threshold for potential clinical significance. Assay sensitivity was demonstrated by the QT effect of moxifloxacin. Using both by-timepoint and concentration-QTc analysis, a placebo-corrected change-from-baseline QTcF greater than 10 ms could be excluded for rimegepant plasma concentrations up to ~10,000 ng/mL, representing concentrations at least 10.8-fold the maximum observed concentration of the 75-mg therapeutic dose of rimegepant.

Bioequivalence of rimegepant, a small molecule CGRP receptor antagonist, administered as an oral tablet, a sublingual orally disintegrating tablet, and a supralingual orally disintegrating tablet: two phase 1 randomized studies in healthy adults.

BACKGROUND: Rimegepant is an orally administered small molecule calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist indicated for the acute and preventive treatment of migraine. METHODS: Two single-center, phase 1, open-label, randomized bioequivalence studies were conducted in healthy adult non-smokers, aged 18-55 years. One study compared the rate and extent of absorption of the marketed formulation of rimegepant 75 mg orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) administered sublingually with rimegepant 75 mg oral tablet, an earlier development formulation; the second compared the rate and extent of absorption of 75 mg rimegepant ODT administered supralingually with rimegepant oral tablet. RESULTS: The ln-transformed geometric mean ratios for the area under the curve (AUC) from time 0 to the last available concentration time point (time t) (AUC0-t), AUC from time 0 to infinity (AUC0-inf), and maximum observed concentration (Cmax) of sublingual rimegepant ODT vs. rimegepant tablet were 97, 97, and 105%, respectively, and the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) were all within the predefined range (80-125%) for bioequivalence. The ln-transformed geometric mean ratios for the AUC0-t and AUC0-inf of supralingual rimegepant ODT vs. rimegepant tablet were 98%, the 90% CIs were within the predefined range (80-125%), and the geometric mean ratio for Cmax was 103% with the 95% upper confidence bound for the scaled average bioequivalence criterion of -0.0575 (within-participant coefficient of variation for the reference for Cmax > 30%) for bioequivalence. CONCLUSIONS: Rimegepant 75 mg ODT, administered sublingually or supralingually, and rimegepant 75 mg oral tablet were bioequivalent.

Clinical Evaluation of the Effect of Encorafenib on Bupropion, Rosuvastatin, and Coproporphyrin I and Considerations for Statin Coadministration.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Encorafenib is a kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma or metastatic colorectal cancer, respectively, with selected BRAF V600 mutations. A clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) study was designed to evaluate the effect of encorafenib on rosuvastatin, a sensitive substrate of OATP1B1/3 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and bupropion, a sensitive CYP2B6 substrate. Coproporphyrin I (CP-I), an endogenous substrate for OATP1B1, was measured in a separate study to deconvolute the mechanism of transporter DDI. METHODS: DDI study participants received a single oral dose of rosuvastatin (10 mg) and bupropion (75 mg) on days - 7, 1, and 14 and continuous doses of encorafenib (450 mg QD) and binimetinib (45 mg BID) starting on day 1. The CP-I data were collected from participants in a phase 3 study who received encorafenib (300 mg QD) and cetuximab (400 mg/m2 initial dose, then 250 mg/m2 QW). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis was performed using noncompartmental and compartmental methods. RESULTS: Bupropion exposure was not increased, whereas rosuvastatin Cmax and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) increased approximately 2.7 and 1.6-fold, respectively, following repeated doses of encorafenib and binimetinib. Increase in CP-I was minimal, suggesting that the primary effect of encorafenib on rosuvastatin is through BCRP. Categorization of statins on the basis of their metabolic and transporter profile suggests pravastatin would have the least potential for interaction when coadministered with encorafenib. CONCLUSION: The results from these clinical studies suggest that encorafenib does not cause clinically relevant CYP2B6 induction or inhibition but is an inhibitor of BCRP and may also inhibit OATP1B1/3 to a lesser extent. Based on these results, it may be necessary to consider switching statins or reducing statin dosage accordingly for coadministration with encorafenib. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03864042, registered 6 March 2019.

A Drug-Drug Interaction Study to Evaluate the Impact of Rimegepant on OCT2- and MATE1-Mediated Transport of Metformin in Healthy Participants.

Rimegepant is a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist approved for migraine treatment. This phase 1, open-label, single-center, fixed-sequence study evaluated the effect of rimegepant on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of metformin. Twenty-eight healthy participants received metformin 500 mg twice daily from Days 1 to 4 and Days 7 to 10, and once daily on Days 5 and 11. Rimegepant, 75 mg tablet, was administered once daily from Days 9 to 12. At pre-specified time points, plasma metformin concentration, serum glucose levels, and safety and tolerability were evaluated. A 16% increase in the area under the plasma metformin concentration-time curve (AUC) for 1 dosing interval (AUC0-τ,ss), a statistically insignificant increase in maximum and minimum steady-state metformin concentration (Cmax,ss and Cmin,ss), and a decrease in metformin renal clearance were observed on Day 11 following metformin-rimegepant coadministration compared with metformin alone; however, the changes were not clinically relevant. Additionally, coadministration of rimegepant with metformin did not induce clinically meaningful change in the maximum observed glucose concentration (Gmax) or AUCgluc compared with metformin alone. Overall, rimegepant and metformin coadministration did not result in clinically relevant changes in metformin PK, renal clearance, or the antihyperglycemic effects of metformin. Rimegepant is considered safe for use with metformin.

Relative bioavailability of ertugliflozin tablets containing the amorphous form versus tablets containing the cocrystal form.

OBJECTIVES: Ertugliflozin is a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in adults. In its natural form, ertugliflozin exists as an amorphous solid with physicochemical properties that prevent commercial manufacture. The commercial product was developed as an immediate-release tablet, consisting of an ertugliflozin-L-pyroglutamic acid cocrystal of 1 : 1 molar stoichiometry as the active pharmaceutical ingredient. The ertugliflozin cocrystal may partially dissociate when exposed to high humidity for extended periods, leading to the formation of free amorphous ertugliflozin. Therefore, a study was conducted to estimate the relative bioavailability of ertugliflozin when administered in non-commercial formulated tablets containing the amorphous form vs. the cocrystal form. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this phase 1, open-label, randomized, two-period, two-sequence, single-dose crossover study, 16 healthy subjects received 15 mg immediate-release ertugliflozin in its amorphous and cocrystal forms under fasted conditions, separated by a washout period of ≥ 7 days. Blood samples were collected post-dose for 72 hours to determine plasma ertugliflozin concentrations. RESULTS: Mean ertugliflozin plasma concentration-time profiles were nearly superimposable following administration of the amorphous and cocrystal forms. The 90% confidence intervals for the geometric mean ratios for AUCinf and Cmax were wholly contained within the pre-specified criteria for similarity (70 - 143%), as well as the acceptance range for bioequivalence (80 - 125%). Most adverse events were mild in intensity. CONCLUSION: Any dissociation of ertugliflozin to the amorphous form that occurs in tablets containing the cocrystal will not have any clinically meaningful impact on the oral bioavailability of ertugliflozin.

Evaluation of Proton Pump Inhibitor Esomeprazole on Crizotinib Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Participants.

Crizotinib is a small-molecule, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor that exhibits decreased aqueous solubility at a higher pH. This open-label, randomized, phase 1 study (NCT01549574) evaluated the effect of multiple doses of the proton pump inhibitor esomeprazole on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of crizotinib and the safety of crizotinib with or without esomeprazole in healthy adults. Participants received a single 250-mg crizotinib dose after overnight fast or a single 250-mg crizotinib dose following esomeprazole 40 mg/day for 5 days. After a washout of ≥14 days, participants crossed over to the alternate treatment. Blood samples for plasma analysis were taken up to 144 hours after crizotinib dosing and relevant PK parameters estimated. Safety was assessed in all participants receiving ≥1 dose of study medication. Fifteen participants were evaluable for PK and safety for each treatment. Coadministration with esomeprazole resulted in a slight decrease (≈10%) in the crizotinib geometric mean area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time 0 to infinity (adjusted geometric mean ratio, 89.81% [90% confidence interval, 79.05-102.03]). Coadministration of esomeprazole did not affect peak crizotinib exposure. Adverse events (AEs) occurred in similar numbers between treatments; no serious or severe AEs occurred. The most common AE was diarrhea. Although esomeprazole decreased total exposure of crizotinib, it is not considered clinically meaningful, and dose modification is not required when crizotinib is coadministered with agents that affect gastric pH.

Bioequivalence of Metformin in Ertugliflozin/Metformin Fixed-Dose Combination Tablets to Canadian-Sourced Metformin Coadministered With Ertugliflozin Under Fasted and Fed States.

A fixed-dose combination (FDC) product of a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor ertugliflozin and immediate-release metformin is approved for type 2 diabetes mellitus in the United States, European Union countries, Canada, and other countries. Two studies were conducted to assess the bioequivalence of metformin in the ertugliflozin/metformin FDC tablets to the corresponding doses of Canadian-sourced metformin (Glucophage) coadministered with ertugliflozin. Both studies were phase 1 randomized, open-label, 2-period, single-dose crossover studies (n = 32) in which healthy subjects received an ertugliflozin/metformin FDC tablet (2.5/500 mg or 7.5/850 mg) and the respective doses of the individual components (ertugliflozin coadministered with Canadian-sourced metformin) under fasted (n = 18) or fed (n = 14) conditions. Blood samples were collected 72 hours postdose to determine metformin concentrations. The 90% confidence intervals were within the bioequivalence acceptance criteria for the adjusted geometric mean ratios (FDC:coadministered) for metformin area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time t, where t is the last point with a measurable concentration and peak observed plasma concentration for both dose strengths under fasted and fed conditions. All study medications were well tolerated. Bioequivalence was demonstrated for the metformin component of the ertugliflozin/metformin FDC tablets and the corresponding doses of the Canadian-sourced metformin coadministered with ertugliflozin.

Phase I Pharmacokinetic Study of Fixed-Dose Combinations of Ibuprofen and Acetaminophen in Healthy Adult and Adolescent Populations.

INTRODUCTION: A fixed-dose combination (FDC) of ibuprofen and acetaminophen has been developed that provides greater analgesic efficacy than either agent alone at the same doses without increasing the risk for adverse events. METHODS: We report three clinical phase I studies designed to assess the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the FDC of ibuprofen/acetaminophen 250/500 mg (administered as two tablets of ibuprofen 125 mg/acetaminophen 250 mg) in comparison with its individual components administered alone or together, and to determine the effect of food on the PK of the FDC. Two studies in healthy adults aged 18-55 years used a crossover design in which subjects received a single dose of each treatment with a 2-day washout period between each. In the third study, the bioavailability of ibuprofen and acetaminophen from a single oral dose of the FDC was assessed in healthy adolescents aged 12-17 years, inclusive. RESULTS: A total of 35 and 46 subjects were enrolled in the two adult studies, respectively, and 21 were enrolled in the adolescent study. Ibuprofen and acetaminophen in the FDC were bioequivalent to the monocomponents administered alone or together. With food, the maximum concentration (Cmax) for ibuprofen and acetaminophen from the FDC was reduced by 36% and 37%, respectively, and time to Cmax (i.e. tmax) was delayed. Overall drug exposure to ibuprofen or acetaminophen in the fed versus fasted states was similar. In adolescents, overall exposure to acetaminophen and ibuprofen was comparable with that in adults, with a slightly higher overall exposure to ibuprofen. Exposure to acetaminophen and ibuprofen in adolescents aged 12-14 years was slightly higher versus those aged 15-17 years. Adverse events were similar across all treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: The FDC of ibuprofen/acetaminophen 250/500 mg has a PK profile similar to its monocomponent constituents when administered separately or coadministered, indicating no drug-drug interactions and no formulation effects. Similar to previous findings for the individual components, the rates of absorption of ibuprofen and acetaminophen from the FDC were slightly delayed in the presence of food. Overall, adolescents had similar exposures to acetaminophen and ibuprofen as adults, while younger adolescents had slightly greater exposure than older adolescents, probably due to their smaller body size. The FDC was generally well tolerated.

Pharmacokinetic Properties of Single and Multiple Doses of Ertugliflozin, a Selective Inhibitor of SGLT2, in Healthy Chinese Subjects.

Ertugliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, prevents renal glucose reabsorption resulting in urinary glucose excretion. This open-label, parallel cohort, randomized study conducted in healthy Chinese adults residing in China assessed the pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and safety of 5 mg and 15 mg of ertugliflozin following single (fasted condition) and multiple-dose (fed condition) administration. Sixteen subjects were randomized and completed the study. Ertugliflozin absorption was rapid, with maximum plasma concentrations observed 1 hour after dosing under fasted conditions and 2 to 4 hours after dosing under fed conditions. Following single- and multiple-dose administration, ertugliflozin exhibited dose-proportional exposures with an apparent mean terminal half-life of approximately 9.5 to 11.9 hours. Steady state was reached after 4 once-daily doses. The accumulation ratio based on the area under the plasma concentration-time curve after multiple-dose administration was approximately 1.3 and 1.2 for ertugliflozin 5 mg and 15 mg, respectively. Ertugliflozin was generally well tolerated following administration of single and multiple oral doses of 5 mg and 15 mg in healthy Chinese subjects. Pharmacokinetic comparison with non-Asian subjects indicated that there are no clinically meaningful racial differences and no dose modification of ertugliflozin is required based on race or body weight.

Bioequivalence of Ertugliflozin/Sitagliptin Fixed-Dose Combination Tablets and Coadministration of Respective Strengths of Individual Components.

A fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet of ertugliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, and sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, was developed for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Four studies were conducted under fasted conditions to demonstrate bioequivalence of ertugliflozin/sitagliptin FDC tablets and individual components at respective strengths when coadministered in healthy subjects. All studies had open-label, randomized, 2-period, 2-sequence, single-dose crossover designs. In each study 18 or 19 subjects were enrolled and received an ertugliflozin/sitagliptin FDC tablet (5 mg/50 mg, 5 mg/100 mg, 15 mg/50 mg, or 15 mg/100 mg) and corresponding strengths of ertugliflozin and sitagliptin coadministered as individual components. For both ertugliflozin and sitagliptin, the 90%CIs for the ratio (FDC:coadministration) of geometric means for area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time 0 extrapolated to infinite time, and maximum observed plasma concentration, were within acceptance criteria for bioequivalence (80% to 125%). All adverse events were mild in intensity. The 4 studies demonstrated that each strength of FDC tablet is bioequivalent to the respective dose of coadministered individual components. This indicates that the known efficacy and tolerability of ertugliflozin and sitagliptin when coadministered can be translated to the use of a FDC formulation.

Effects of intravenous oxycodone alone or in combination with naltrexone on measures of respiratory depression: a randomized placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Abuse of prescription opioids, particularly by intravenous (IV) administration, can cause respiratory depression and death. ALO-02, an abuse-deterrent opioid formulation, is designed to release sequestered naltrexone upon manipulation by crushing, thereby antagonizing the pharmacologic effects of oxycodone. This exploratory post-hoc analysis examined the effects of IV administration of simulated crushed ALO-02 on end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2), a surrogate marker of respiratory depression. METHODS: Data were obtained from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-way crossover study in nondependent recreational opioid users that evaluated the abuse potential of IV administered oxycodone 20 mg + naltrexone 2.4 mg (simulating crushed ALO-02) versus oxycodone 20 mg or placebo. EtCO2 was measured as a secondary endpoint using noninvasive capnography at baseline and postdose intervals, up to 24 h. RESULTS: Baseline EtCO2 (mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM)) values (n = 33) were similar across treatments: 33.5 ± 0.9, 33.5 ± 0.8, and 34.0 ± 0.7 mmHg for oxycodone 20 mg + naltrexone 2.4 mg, oxycodone 20 mg, and placebo, respectively. After dosing, mean ± SEM of the maximum effect (Emax) on EtCO2 was 37.5 ± 0.6, 40.5 ± 0.8, and 36.9 ± 0.6 mmHg for oxycodone 20 mg + naltrexone 2.4 mg, oxycodone 20 mg, and placebo, respectively. Emax values were significantly lower for oxycodone 20 mg + naltrexone 2.4 mg versus oxycodone 20 mg (p = 0.0005), and not different from placebo (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This abuse-potential study suggests that naltrexone released from ALO-02 tampering by crushing attenuates oxycodone-induced increase of EtCO2 in nondependent recreational opioid users.

Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Gedatolisib in Healthy Male Volunteers After a Single Intravenous Infusion.

In this open-label study (NCT02142920), we investigated the distribution, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of the pan-class-I isoform phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor gedatolisib (PF-05212384), following a single intravenous administration in healthy male subjects. A single, 89-mg, intravenous dose of gedatolisib was associated with a favorable safety profile in the 6 healthy subjects evaluated. Peak plasma concentrations for unchanged gedatolisib and total radioactivity were observed at the end of the 30-minute infusion. The only observed drug-related material in plasma was the parent drug, gedatolisib. Terminal half-life for plasma gedatolisib was ∼37 hours. Following the dose, 66%-73% of drug-related material was recovered in the feces. Metabolism of gedatolisib was trace; only 1 oxidative metabolite, M5, was identified in feces (<1% of total dose). Identification of gedatolisib in feces suggests that biliary and/or intestinal secretion of unchanged parent drug significantly contributes to gedatolisib clearance.

Effect of Food on the Pharmacokinetics of Ertugliflozin and Its Fixed-Dose Combinations Ertugliflozin/Sitagliptin and Ertugliflozin/Metformin.

Ertugliflozin, an inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, is approved in the United States and European Union for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in adults, both as monotherapy and as part of fixed-dose combination (FDC) therapies with either sitagliptin or immediate-release metformin. The effect of a standard, high-fat breakfast on the pharmacokinetics of the highest strengths of ertugliflozin monotherapy (15 mg), ertugliflozin/sitagliptin FDC (15-/100-mg), and ertugliflozin/metformin FDC (7.5-/1000-mg) tablets was evaluated. In 3 separate open-label, 2-period, 2-sequence, single-dose, crossover studies, 14 healthy subjects per study were randomized to receive either ertugliflozin monotherapy or FDC tablets comprising ertugliflozin and sitagliptin or ertugliflozin and metformin under fasted and fed (or vice versa) conditions. Food did not meaningfully affect the pharmacokinetics of ertugliflozin, sitagliptin, or metformin. For FDCs, the effect of food was consistent with that described for individual components. All treatments were well tolerated. Ertugliflozin and ertugliflozin/sitagliptin FDC tablets can be administered without regard to meals. As metformin is administered with meals because of its gastrointestinal side effects, the ertugliflozin/metformin FDC should also be administered with meals.

Pharmacokinetics of Single-dose Ertugliflozin in Patients With Hepatic Impairment.

PURPOSE: Ertugliflozin, an oral, highly selective inhibitor of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, is approved in the United States and the European Union for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hepatic impairment may affect, to varying degrees, the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of drugs and may be associated with a lower plasma protein binding compared with that in healthy individuals. This study was conducted to assess the effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetic (PK), safety, and tolerability profiles of ertugliflozin after administration of a single, 15-mg oral dose. METHODS: This was a Phase I, open-label, single-dose study in healthy individuals (n = 8) and those with moderate hepatic impairment (n = 8). Eligible participants were men or women aged 18 to 75years with a body mass index of 18.0 to 40.5 kg/m2. Healthy individuals had normal hepatic function; patients with hepatic impairment had a Child-Pugh score of 7 to 9 points (moderate hepatic impairment). Blood samples were collected before dosing and during 96hours after dosing for evaluation of PK parameters. Adverse events were monitored throughout the study. FINDINGS: The adjusted least squares geometric meanratios for total ertugliflozin AUC0-∞ and Cmax inpatients with moderate hepatic impairment comparedwith healthy individuals were 87.4% (90% CI, 68.1%-112.2%) and 78.7% (90% CI, 65.7%-94.2%), respectively. The AUC0-∞ and Cmax for unbound ertugliflozin were also similar between patients with moderate hepatic impairment and healthy individuals. Mean half-life estimates for ertugliflozin were similar (14.6vs 13.8 hours) in patients with moderate hepatic impairment and healthy individuals. The number of participants with all-causality treatment-emergent adverse events was similar for both groups (2 of 8 patients with moderate hepatic impairment and 3 of 8 healthy individuals). IMPLICATIONS: Moderate hepatic impairment had no clinically relevant effect on the PK and safety profiles of ertugliflozin. The results of this study support a recommendation for no dose adjustment of ertugliflozin in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Ertugliflozin was well tolerated when administered tohealthy individuals and patients with moderate hepatic impairment. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02115347.

Effect of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics of Ertugliflozin in Healthy Subjects.

PURPOSE: Ertugliflozin is a selective sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor being developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The primary enzyme involved in the metabolism of ertugliflozin is uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A9, with minor contributions from UGT2B7 and cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes 3A4, 3A5, and 2C8. Rifampin induces UGT1A9, UGT2B7, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5. Because concurrent induction of these enzymes could affect ertugliflozin exposure, this study assessed the effect of multiple doses of rifampin on the pharmacokinetic properties of single-dose ertugliflozin. METHODS: Twelve healthy adult subjects were enrolled in this open-label, 2-period, fixed-sequence study and received ertugliflozin 15mg on day 1 of period 1, followed by rifampin 600mg once daily on days 1 to 10 in period 2. On day 8 of period 2, ertugliflozin 15mg was coadministered with rifampin 600mg. Plasma samples for ertugliflozin pharmacokinetic analysis were collected during 72hours after dosing on day 1 of period 1 and day 8 of period 2 and analyzed using a validated HPLC-MS/MS method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis of concentration-time data. Natural log transformed AUC0-∞ and Cmax of ertugliflozin were analyzed using a mixed-effects model with treatment as a fixed effect and subject as a random effect. FINDINGS: After administration of ertugliflozin 15mg alone or with rifampin, the Tmax was 1hour. The mean t½ was 12.3hours for ertugliflozin alone and 9.2hours with steady-state rifampin. Geometric mean ratios for AUC0-∞ and Cmax were 61.2% (90% CI, 57.2%-65.4%) and 84.6% (90% CI, 74.2%-96.5%), respectively. Ertugliflozin was well tolerated when administered alone or with rifampin. IMPLICATIONS: Coadministration of ertugliflozin with rifampin decreased ertugliflozin AUC0-∞ and Cmax by 39% and 15%, respectively. The effect of the reduced exposure was evaluated using the ertugliflozin dose-response model. The model predicted that a 5-mg ertugliflozin dose after coadministration with rifampin is expected to maintain clinically meaningful glycemic efficacy. Therefore, no dose adjustment of ertugliflozin is recommended when ertugliflozin is coadministered with a UGT and CYP inducer, such as rifampin.

Novel Application of the Two-Period Microtracer Approach to Determine Absolute Oral Bioavailability and Fraction Absorbed of Ertugliflozin.

Ertugliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, is approved in the United States for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A novel two-period study design with 14 C microtracer dosing in each period was used to determine absolute oral bioavailability (F) and fraction absorbed (Fa ) of ertugliflozin. Eight healthy adult men received 100-µg i.v. 14 C-ertugliflozin (400 nCi) dose 1 h after a 15-mg oral unlabeled ertugliflozin dose (period 1), followed by 100 µg 14 C-ertugliflozin orally along with 15 mg oral unlabeled ertugliflozin (period 2). Unlabeled ertugliflozin plasma concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). 14 C-ertugliflozin plasma concentrations were determined using HPLC-accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and 14 C urine concentrations were determined using AMS. F ((area under the curve (AUC)p.o. /14 C-AUCi.v. )*(14 C-Dosei.v. /Dosep.o. )) and Fa ((14 C_Total_Urinep.o. /14 C_Total_Urinei.v. )* (14 C-Dosei.v. /14 C-Dosep.o. )) were estimated. Estimates of F and Fa were 105% and 111%, respectively. Oral absorption of ertugliflozin was complete under fasted conditions and F was ∼100%. Ertugliflozin was well tolerated.

A Phase 1, Randomized, Placebo- and Active-Controlled Crossover Study to Determine the Effect of Single-Dose Ertugliflozin on QTc Interval in Healthy Volunteers.

Ertugliflozin, a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, is being developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This randomized, 6-sequence, 3-period crossover study assessed the effect of ertugliflozin (100 mg; supratherapeutic dose) vs placebo and moxifloxacin (400 mg; positive control) on the QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) in 42 male or female healthy subjects. Triplicate electrocardiograms were performed predose and serially over 48 hours postdose in each treatment period. The maximum observed least-squares mean (90% CI) difference in QTc using the Fridericia correction (QTcF) between ertugliflozin and placebo was 2.99 (1.68, 4.30) milliseconds, 24 hours postdose, below the 5-millisecond threshold of potential clinical concern. The upper limits of the 2-sided 90% CI were less than 10 milliseconds at all postdose time points. The lower 90% CIs for the least-squares mean QTcF difference between moxifloxacin and placebo were greater than 5 milliseconds at the preselected time points of 2, 3, and 4 hours postdose, establishing study sensitivity. The majority of adverse events were mild in severity. In healthy volunteers, at a supratherapeutic dose of 100 mg, ertugliflozin was not associated with QTc interval prolongation.

Absolute Bioavailability of Bosutinib in Healthy Subjects From an Open-Label, Randomized, 2-Period Crossover Study.

This study evaluated the absolute bioavailability of bosutinib and assessed its safety and tolerability after single-dose oral and intravenous administration. In this phase 1 open-label, 2-sequence, 2-period crossover study, healthy, fed subjects aged 18-55 years were randomized to 1 of 2 treatment sequences (n = 7/sequence): oral bosutinib (100 mg × 5) followed by intravenous bosutinib (120 mg in approximately 240 mL over 1 hour), with a ≥14-day washout, or intravenous bosutinib and then oral bosutinib. Results of plasma pharmacokinetics analyses demonstrated that exposure to intravenous bosutinib was 3-fold higher than for oral bosutinib (16.2 and 5.5 ng·h/mL/mg, respectively), and mean terminal half-life was similar (35.5 and 31.7 hours). The ratio of adjusted geometric means (90%CI) for the dose-normalized area under the plasma concentration-time profile (AUC0-∞ /D) was 33.85% (30.65%-37.38%). Most treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were mild in severity. Gastrointestinal (GI) AEs occurred in 9 of 13 subjects given oral bosutinib, whereas no subjects given intravenous bosutinib experienced GI AEs, suggesting bosutinib present in the GI tract had an effect. Bosutinib exhibited an absolute bioavailability of 33.85% based on the ratio of AUC0-∞ /D. Both oral and intravenous bosutinib were safe and well tolerated in healthy, fed adult subjects.