Burnout Syndrome and Related Factors in Mexican Police Workforces.

Burnout (BO) is a response to prolonged exposure to work-related stressors characterized by emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and reduced personal accomplishment (PA). The police working environment includes continued critical life-threatening situations, violence, and injuries, among other related factors putting them at high risk of distress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between Burnout Syndrome and sociodemographic, occupational, and health factors in Mexican police officers. We applied the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) to 351 active members of the Mexican police workforce. In addition, a specific questionnaire identified the presence of chronic degenerative diseases, hypertension, diabetes, digestive diseases, self-perception of food quality, and hours of sleep. Furthermore, 23.36% of police workforces presented high levels of burnout; 44.16% of police were highly emotionally exhausted, 49.29% had lost empathy with people, and 41.03% presented low personal achievement. Moreover, the worst levels of the syndrome were present in people with a poor self-perceived health status, poor perception of diet quality, without regular mealtimes, bad sleep habits, and elevated Body Mass Index. Data suggest that in Mexican police officers, BO is dimensionally different from all other groups previously studied (DP > EE > PA).

Neuroinflammation induced by the peptide amyloid-ß (25-35) increase the presence of galectin-3 in astrocytes and microglia and impairs spatial memory.

Galectins are animal lectins that bind to ß-galactosides, such as lactose and N-acetyllactosamine, contained in glycoproteins or glycolipids. Galectin-1 (Gal-1) and Galectin-3 (Gal-3) are involved in pathologies associated with the inflammatory process, cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and apoptosis. Recent evidence has shown that the administration of Amyloid-ß 25-35 (Aß25-35) into the hippocampus of rats increases the inflammatory response that is associated with memory impairment and neurodegeneration. Galectins could participate in the modulation of the neuroinflammation induced by the Aß25-35. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Gal-1 and Gal-3 in the neuroinflammation induced by administration of Aß25-35 into the hippocampus and to examine spatial memory in the Morris water maze. After the administration of Aß25-35, animals were tested for learning and spatial memory in the Morris water maze. Behavioral performance showed that Aß25-35 didn't affect spatial learning but did impair memory, with animals taking longer to find the platform. On the day 32, hippocampus was examined for astrocytes (GFAP), microglia (Iba1), Gal-1 and Gal-3 via immunohistochemical analysis, and the cytokines IL-1ß, TNF-α, IFN-γ by ELISA. This study's results showed a significant increase in the expression of Gal-3 in the microglia and astrocytes, while Gal-1 didn't increase in the dorsal hippocampus. The expression of galectins is associated with increased cytokines in the hippocampal formation of Aß25-35 treated rats. These findings suggest that Gal-3 could participate in the inflammation induced by administration of Aß25-35 and could be involved in the neurodegeneration progress and memory impairment.

[Asymptomatic human infection from contact with dogs: a case of human ehrlichiosis]. / Infección humana asintomática por contacto con perros. Un caso de ehrlichiosis humana.

INTRODUCTION: Living with dogs leads one to consider the necessity of identifying canine infections found in the people with whom the dogs live. OBJECTIVE: Dogs which were clinically and serologically positive with the infections Ehirlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Dirofilaria Immitis were sought. People with the same infections were also identified. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From a population of 80 dogs identified in the villages of San Bartolo Coyotepec and San Agustín Etla (suburbs peripheral to the city of Oaxaca, Mexico), 27 dogs were selected for study, all of which had adenomegaly, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and fevers of at least 43° C. Using enzyme immunoassay in this population of dogs and their closest human contacts, antibodies for Ehirlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and the antigen for Dirofilaria immitis were sought. Positive results in humans were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Ten dogs with the clinical signs mentioned above tested positive for antibodies to Ehrlichia canis; two cases tested positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum; one case tested positive for Dirofilaria Immitis. From human contact, one person tested positive for Ehirlichia canis; this case was confirmed by DNA amplification by means of PCR. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to identify the population of sick dogs in order to reduce related infections in people.

Amyloid-ß(25-35) induces a permanent phosphorylation of HSF-1, but a transitory and inflammation-independent overexpression of Hsp-70 in C6 astrocytoma cells.

Two hallmarks of Alzheimer diseases are the continuous inflammatory process, and the brain deposit of Amyloid b (Aß), a cytotoxic protein. The intracellular accumulation of Aß(25-35) fractions, in the absence of Heat Shock proteins (Hsps), could be responsible for its cytotoxic activity. As, pro-inflammatory mediators and nitric oxide control the expression of Hsps, our aim was to investigate the effect of Aß(25-35) on the concentration of IL-1ß, TNF-α and nitrite levels, and their relation to pHSF-1, Hsp-60, -70 and -90 expressions, in the rat C6 astrocyte cells. Interleukin-specific ELISA kits, immunohistochemistry with monoclonal anti-Hsp and anti pHSF-1 antibodies, and histochemistry techniques, were used. Our results showed that Aß25-35 treatment of C6 cells increased, significantly and consistently the concentration of IL-1ß, TNF-α and nitrite 3 days after initiating treatment. The immunoreactivity of C6 cells to Hsp-70 reached its peak after 3 days of treatment followed by an abrupt decrease, as opposed to Hsp-60 and -90 expressions that showed an initial and progressive increase after 3 days of Aß(25-35) treatment. pHSF-1 was identified throughout the experimental period. Nevertheless, progressive and sustained cell death was observed during all the treatment times and it was not caspase-3 dependent. Our results suggest that Hsp-70 temporary expression serves as a trigger to inhibit casapase-3 pathway and allow the expression of Hsp-60 and -90 in C6 astrocytoma cells stimulated with Aß(25-35).

Expression of antigen tf and galectin-3 in fibroadenoma.

BACKGROUND: Fibroadenomas are benign human breast tumors, characterized by proliferation of epithelial and stromal components of the terminal ductal unit. They may grow, regress or remain unchanged, as the hormonal environment of the patient changes. Expression of antigen TF in mucin or mucin-type glycoproteins and of galectin-3 seems to contribute to proliferation and transformations events; their expression has been reported in ductal breast cancer and in aggressive tumors. FINDINGS: Lectin histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were used to examine the expression and distribution of antigen TF and galectin-3. We used lectins from Arachis hypogaea, Artocarpus integrifolia, and Amaranthus lecuocarpus to evaluate TF expression and a monoclonal antibody to evaluate galectin-3 expression. We used paraffin-embedded blocks from 10 breast tissues diagnosed with fibroadenoma and as control 10 healthy tissue samples. Histochemical and immunofluorescence analysis showed positive expression of galectin-3 in fibroadenoma tissue, mainly in stroma, weak interaction in ducts was observed; whereas, in healthy tissue samples the staining was also weak in ducts. Lectins from A. leucocarpus and A. integrifolia specificaly recognized ducts in healthy breast samples, whereas the lectin from A. hypogaea recognized ducts and stroma. In fibroadenoma tissue, the lectins from A. integrifolia, A. Hypogaea, and A. leucocarpus recognized mainly ducts. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that expression of antigen TF and galectin-3 seems to participate in fibroadenoma development.

Overexpression of glycosylated proteins in cervical cancer recognized by the Machaerocereus eruca agglutinin.

In cervical cancer, glycosylation has been suggested as being involved in both its carcinogenesis and invasive capacity. In this work, we analyzed mucin type O-glycosylation in biopsies of invasive cervical cancer in FIGO stage II B through histochemistry using lectins specific for O-glycosidically linked glycans. Our results reveal that the lectin Machaerocereus eruca (MeA, specific for Gal in a Fucα1,2 (GalNAcα1,3) Galß1,4) showed increased recognition of tumoral cells and tumoral stroma tissue compared to other lectins with similar specificity; healthy cervical tissue was negative for MeA. Trypsin treatment of recognized tissues abolished MeA's recognition;moreover, interaction of MeA was inhibited with oligosaccharides from mucin. As demonstrated by Western blot of 2-D electrophoresis, MeA recognized ten glycoproteins in the range from 122 to 42 kDa in cervical cancer lysates. The LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of the MeAs' recognized peptides revealed that the latter matched mainly with the amino acid sequences of lamin A/C, vimentin, elongation factor 2, keratin 1, and beta actin. Our results suggest that MeA recognizes a complex of over-expressed O-glycosidically-linked proteins that play a relevant role in cervical cancer's invasive capacity. O-glycosylation participates in the disassembly of intercellular junctions favoring cancer progression.

Alteration of the sialylation pattern and memory deficits by injection of Aß(25-35) into the hippocampus of rats.

Sialic acid in glycoconjugates participates in important cellular functions associated with normal development, growth, and communication. Therefore we evaluated the sialylation pattern and memory deficits caused by the injection of Aß((25-35)) into the hippocampus (Hp) of rats. The eight-arm maze spatial-learning and memory test indicated that the injection of Aß((25-35)) into subfield CA1 of the Hp impaired both learning and memory. The sialylation pattern was examined using sialic acid-specific lectins. Our results showed that Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA, specific for Neu5Acα2,3Gal) showed reactivity in the CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) subfields of the Hp mainly in the group injected with vehicle, whereas Macrobrachium rosenbergii lectin (MRL, specific for Neu5,9,7Ac) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA, specific for Neu5Acα2,6Gal-GalNAc) had increased reactivity in the CA1 and DG subfields of the Hp in the Aß((25-35))-injected group. The staining pattern of the antibody specific for polysialic acid (a linear homopolymer of α-2,8-linked sialic acid) increased in the CA1 and DG subfields of the Hp of the Aß((25-35)) group compared to the control group. Our results suggest that injection of Aß((25-35)) causes impairment in spatial memory and alters the sialylation pattern in response to compensatory reorganization and-or sprouting of dendrites and axons of the surviving neurons.

Sialylated and O-glycosidically linked glycans in prion protein deposits in a case of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease.

Prion diseases are caused by an abnormal form of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)). We identified, with lectins, post-translational modifications of brain proteins due to glycosylation in a Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) patient. The lectin Amaranthus leucocarpus (ALL), specific for mucin type O-glycosylated structures (Galß1,3 GalNAcα1,0 Ser/Thr or GalNAcα1,0 Ser/Thr), and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), specific for Neu5Acα2,6 Gal/GalNAc, showed positive labeling in all the prion deposits and in the core of the PrP(Sc) deposits, respectively, indicating specific distribution of O-glycosylated and sialylated structures. Lectins from Maackia amurensis (MAA, Neu5Acα2,3), Macrobrachium rosenbergii (MrL, Neu5,9Ac2-specific) and Arachis hypogaea (PNA, Gal-specific) showed low staining of prion deposits. Immunohistochemistry colocalization with prion antibody indicated that all lectins stained prion protein deposits. These results show that specific modifications in the glycosylation pattern are closely related to the hallmark lesions and might be an early event in neuronal degeneration in GSS disease.