Critical care pharmacy service provision and workforce in adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation centres: a multicentre cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: There is good evidence describing pharmacy workforce and service provision in general critical care units. However, no data exist from adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) centres. AIM: To describe workforce characteristics, pharmacy service provision, and pharmaceutical care activities in critical care units (CCUs) providing an adult ECMO service in the United Kingdom (UK) and compare to national staffing standards for CCUs. METHOD: We conducted a multicentre, cross-sectional electronic survey inviting one pharmacy professional response per UK ECMO centre. We collated information on workforce, service provision, and pharmaceutical care activities provided by pharmacy teams in adult CCUs with an ECMO service. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 90.9%: representatives of 10/11 tertiary hospitals providing ECMO services responded. Median critical care pharmacist to critical care bed was 1:12.1 (IQR: 1:9.4-1:14.9). Most centres (90.0%) did not meet national standards for pharmacy professionals to critical care bed staffing ratios for weekday services. Total critical care beds covered by the critical care pharmacy team varied across the UK: median (IQR) - 45 (37-80) beds. Two centres funded pharmacist time for ECMO activity, and one centre funded a pharmacy technician post. Median peak ECMO activity was 4 ECMO patients in a single day (IQR: 3-5). Most respondents reported reduced pharmacy service at weekends compared to weekday, with limited on-site support. CONCLUSION: Most responding ECMO centres in the UK reported pharmacy staffing ratios below nationally agreed critical care standards. There was high variability in clinical pharmacy services to ECMO patients over 7 days.

HBV001: Phase I study evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of the therapeutic vaccine ChAdOx1-HBV.

Background & Aims: Millions of people worldwide are infected chronically with HBV, which results in significant morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic vaccination is a strategy that aims to induce functional cure by restoring cellular immunity to HBV. Previously we have shown the candidate HBV immunotherapeutic vaccine ChAdOx1-HBV, encoding all major HBV antigens and a genetic adjuvant (shark invariant chain), is highly immunogenic in mice. Methods: Here we report the results of HBV001, a first-in-human, phase I, non-randomised, dose-escalation trial of ChAdOx1-HBV assessed in healthy volunteers and patients with chronic HBV (CHB). Results: Vaccination with a single dose of ChAdOx1-HBV was safe and well tolerated in both healthy and CHB cohorts. Vaccination induced high magnitude HBV-specific T cell responses against all major HBV antigens (core, polymerase, and surface) in healthy volunteers. Responses were detected but lower in patients with CHB. T cells generated by vaccination were cross-reactive between HBV C and D genotypes. Conclusions: ChAdOx1-HBV is safe and immunogenic in healthy volunteers and patients with CHB. In further studies, ChAdOx1-HBV will be used in combination with other therapeutic strategies with an aim to overcome the attenuated immunogenicity in patients with CHB. Impact and implications: Therapeutic vaccine ChAdOx1-HBV, a novel treatment for chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB), has been shown to be immunogenic in preclinical studies. In HBV001, a first-in-human phase I study, we show vaccination with ChAdOx1-HBV is safe and generates high magnitude T cell responses in healthy volunteers and lower levels of responses in patients with CHB. This is an important first step in the development of ChAdOx1-HBV as part of a wider therapeutic strategy to induce hepatitis B functional cure, and is of great interest to patients CHB and clinicians treating the condition. Clinical Trials Registration: This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04297917).

The association of a critical care electronic prescribing system with the quality of patient care provided by clinical pharmacists - a prospective, observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the strong face validity of electronic prescribing (EP), the empiric data in support of improved patient safety is sparse. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical significance of pharmacist contributions between an established EP and paper-based prescribing (PBP) system in the intensive care unit (ICU) to understand the EP impact on the quality of patient care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective longitudinal study in two 18-bed ICUs; one with EP and the other, PBP. Pharmacist contributions were analysed over three months. Demographic, clinical and adjunctive intervention data were also collected. A multilevel ordinal logistic regression model was used and patients were followed up for 28 days. The primary outcome was the distribution of clinical significance levels of pharmacist contributions. RESULTS: There were 303 patients admitted to the ICU between April 1st and June 30th 2018. EP was used in 171 patients and PBP in 132 patients. 1658 contributions were analysed. There were 14.9% highly clinically significant contributions with EP compared to 44.6% with PBP. The EP group had lower odds (OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.02-0.12) for a higher clinical significance contribution compared to the PBP group, but this changed over the admission and differed between groups, with decreasing odds of a higher-level clinical contribution for each additional admission day with PBP (OR 0.57, 95%CI 0.42-0.78). CONCLUSION: This study showed a significant difference in the distribution of pharmacist contributions made over time, with clinical significance levels remaining stable in the EP group at low severity, as opposed to PBP which were initially high and then gradually decreased in severity over time. This contemporaneous controlled study found that the EP system required less significant input both in the severity and frequency of pharmacist contributions to maintain patient safety.

End-of-Life and Palliative Care in a Critical Care Setting: The Crucial Role of the Critical Care Pharmacist.

Critical care pharmacists play an important role in ICU patient care, with evidence showing reductions in drug prescribing errors, adverse drug events and costs, as well as improvement in clinical outcomes, such as mortality and length of ICU stay. Caring for critically ill patients around the end of their life is complicated by the acute onset of their illness and the fact that most of them are unable to communicate any distressing symptoms. Critical care pharmacists are an integral part of the ICU team during a patient's end-of-life care and their multifaceted role includes clinical support for bedside staff, education, and training, as well as assistance with equipment and logistics. In this article, we highlight the important role of the ICU pharmacist using a 'real-life' clinical case from our hospital.

Prospects for using charity lotteries in social marketing.

Background: The purpose of this work is to study the prospects of using charity lotteries as a marketing tool for involving consumers and employees in charitable activities. Methods: The research methodology is based on the principles of the theory of planned behavior by Ajzen. Results: The study confirmed that behavioral intention is correlated with actual behavior. Subjective norms factors have the most significant influence on behavioral intention. Conclusions: Correlation analysis allowed us to establish a weak effect of socio-demographic characteristics (Age, Gender, Capital Status, Ownership of Home, Educational Qualification, Employment, Annual Income) on behavior. The experience of participating in the lottery in the past also turned out to be insignificant. There is reason to believe that Russian consumers' decision to participate in the charity lottery is impulsive or due to pressure from their surroundings.

Provision of acute renal replacement therapy, using three separate modalities, in critically ill patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. An after action review from a UK tertiary critical care centre.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to describe the incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) amongst patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with COVID-19. In addition we aim to detail the range of Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) modalities offered to these patients (including peritoneal dialysis - PD - and intermittent haemodialysis - IHD) in order to meet demand during pandemic conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Single-centre retrospective case note review of adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to ICU. RESULTS: Amongst 136 patients without a prior history of End Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD), 108 (79%) developed AKI and 63% of admitted patients received RRT. Due to resource limitations the range of RRT options were expanded from solely Continuous Veno-Venous HaemoDiaFiltration (CVVHDF - our usual standard of care) to include PD (in 35 patients) and IHD (in 15 patients). During the study period the proportion of RRT provided within ICU as CVVHDF fell from 100% to a nadir of 39%. There were no significant complications of either PD or IHD. CONCLUSIONS: During periods of resource limitations PD and IHD can safely be used to reduce dependence on CVVHDF in select patients with AKI secondary to COVID-19.

Work Group Report: COVID-19: Unmasking Telemedicine.

Telemedicine adoption has rapidly accelerated since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Telemedicine provides increased access to medical care and helps to mitigate risk by conserving personal protective equipment and providing for social/physical distancing to continue to treat patients with a variety of allergic and immunologic conditions. During this time, many allergy and immunology clinicians have needed to adopt telemedicine expeditiously in their practices while studying the complex and variable issues surrounding its regulation and reimbursement. Some concerns have been temporarily alleviated since March 2020 to aid with patient care in the setting of COVID-19. Other changes are ongoing at the time of this publication. Members of the Telemedicine Work Group in the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) completed a telemedicine literature review of online and Pub Med resources through May 9, 2020, to detail Pre-COVID-19 telemedicine knowledge and outline up-to-date telemedicine material. This work group report was developed to provide guidance to allergy/immunology clinicians as they navigate the swiftly evolving telemedicine landscape.

The interdependencies of viral load, the innate immune response, and clinical outcome in children presenting to the emergency department with respiratory syncytial virus-associated bronchiolitis.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant infant morbidity and mortality. For decades severe RSV-induced disease was thought to result from an uncontrolled host response to viral replication, but recent work suggests that a strong innate immune response early in infection is protective. To shed light on host-virus interactions and the viral determinants of disease, copy numbers of five RSV genes (NS1, NS2, N, G, F) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in nasal wash samples from children with RSV-associated bronchiolitis. Correlations were sought with host cytokines/chemokines and biomarkers. Associations with disposition from the emergency department (hospitalized or sent home) and pulse oximetry O2 saturation levels were also sought. Additionally, RNase P copy number was measured and used to normalize nasal wash data. RSV gene copy numbers were found to significantly correlate with both cytokine/chemokine and biomarker levels; and RNase P-normalized viral gene copy numbers (NS1, NS2, N and G) were significantly higher in infants with less severe disease. Moreover, three of the normalized viral gene copy numbers (NS1, NS2, and N) correlated significantly with arterial O2 saturation levels. The data support a model where a higher viral load early in infection can promote a robust innate immune response that protects against progression into hypoxic RSV-induced lower respiratory tract illness.

Robust Cytokine and Chemokine Response in Nasopharyngeal Secretions: Association With Decreased Severity in Children With Physician Diagnosed Bronchiolitis.

BACKGROUND: Bronchiolitis causes substantial disease in young children. Previous findings had indicated that a robust innate immune response was not associated with a poor clinical outcome in bronchiolitis. This study tested the hypothesis that increased concentrations of cytokines and chemokines in nasal wash specimens were associated with decreased severity in bronchiolitis. METHODS: Children <24 months old who presented to the emergency department with signs and symptoms of bronchiolitis were eligible for enrollment. Nasal wash specimens were analyzed for viral pathogens and cytokine/chemokine concentrations. These results were evaluated with regard to disposition. RESULTS: One hundred eleven children with bronchiolitis were enrolled. A viral pathogen was identified in 91.9% of patients (respiratory syncytial virus in 51.4%, human rhinovirus in 11.7%). Higher levels of cytokines and chemokines (interferon [IFN] γ; interleukin [IL] 4, 15, and 17; CXCL10; and eotaxin) were significantly associated with a decreased risk of hospitalization. IL-17, IL-4, IFN-γ, and IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (CXCL10 or IP-10) remained statistically significant in the multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The cytokines and chemokines significantly associated with decreased bronchiolitis severity are classified in a wide range of functional groups (T-helper 1 and 2, regulatory, and chemoattractant). The involvement of these functional groups suggest that a broadly overlapping cytokine/chemokine response is required for control of virus-mediated respiratory disease in young children.

Lactate dehydrogenase and caspase activity in nasopharyngeal secretions are predictors of bronchiolitis severity.

BACKGROUND: Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalization in infants. Biomarkers of disease severity might help in clinical management. OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical predictiveness of NW-LDH, NW-caspase 3/7, and NW-LDH/NW-caspase 3/7 ratio in bronchiolitis. METHODS: Previously healthy children less than 24 months of age with bronchiolitis were recruited from the Texas Children's emergency room and intensive care unit from October 2010 to April 2011. Demographic, clinical information, and NW samples were obtained at enrollment. NW samples were analyzed for respiratory viruses, caspase 3/7, and LDH. RESULTS: A viral pathogen was detected in 91·6% of 131 children, with the most common being respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus. A single infection was found in 61·8% of subjects and co-infection in 29·8%. Children admitted to ICU had significantly higher NW-LDH than children sent home from the ER or admitted to the general floor (P = 0·02). Children infected with RSV had the highest NW-LDH concentration (P = 0·03) compared with other viral infections. NW-LDH and NW-caspase were significantly correlated (r = 0·77, P < 0·0001). The univariate models showed NW-LDH and NW-LDH/NW- caspase 3/7 ratio were directly associated with hospitalization. Mutivariate regression analyses suggested a complex interaction between the biomarkers, demographics, and disposition. CONCLUSIONS: NW-LDH, NW-caspase 3/7 and NW-LDH/NW-caspase 3/7 ratio and their interactions with demographic factors are predictive of bronchiolitis severity and can help distinguish children requiring ICU-level care from those admitted to the general floor, or discharged home from the emergency center.

Does Δ133p53 isoform trigger inflammation and autoimmunity?

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the immune system mounting a response against self. The exact etiology of autoimmune diseases and autoimmunity remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Δ133p53, an isoform of the tumor suppressor protein p53, is involved in the development of autoimmunity. We have previously generated a mouse model of Δ133p53 (Δ122p53). Δ122p53 mice develop an autoimmune/ inflammation-like phenotype that includes the production of autoantibodies, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lymphocyte aggregations in various organs. Microarray analysis reveals that expression of Δ122p53 induces a number of pro-inflammatory genes, including the STAT1 pathway and interferon-related transcription profile. Comparative genetic signatures have been observed in human SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) patients, and we show that Δ133p53 regulates STAT1 in human cells. Our findings provide the first evidence of a role for p53 isoforms in the development of autoimmune disease.

YB-1, the E2F pathway, and regulation of tumor cell growth.

BACKGROUND: Y-box binding factor 1 (YB-1) has been associated with prognosis in many tumor types. Reduced YB-1 expression inhibits tumor cell growth, but the mechanism is unclear. METHODS: YB-1 mRNA levels were compared with tumor grade and histology using microarray data from 771 breast cancer patients and with disease-free survival and distant metastasis-free survival using data from 375 of those patients who did not receive adjuvant therapy. Microarrays were further searched for genes that had correlated expression with YB-1 mRNA. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to study the effects of reduced YB-1 expression on growth of three tumor cell lines (MCF-7 breast, HCT116 colon, and A549 lung cancer cells), on tumorigenesis by A549 cells in nude mice, and on global transcription in the three cancer cell lines. Reporter gene assays were used to determine whether YB-1 siRNAs affected the expression of E2F1, and chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to determine whether YB-1 bound to various E2F promoters as well as E2F1-regulated promoters. All P values were from two-sided tests. RESULTS: YB-1 levels were elevated in more aggressive tumors and were strongly associated with poor disease-free survival and distant metastasis-free survival. YB-1 expression was often associated with the expression of genes with E2F sites in their promoters. Cells expressing YB-1 siRNA grew substantially more slowly than control cells and formed tumors less readily in nude mice. Transcripts that were altered in cancer cell lines with YB-1 siRNA included 32 genes that are components of prognostic gene expression signatures. YB-1 regulated expression of an E2F1 promoter-reporter construct in A549 cells (eg, relative E2F1 promoter activity with control siRNA = 4.04; with YB-1 siRNA = 1.40, difference= -2.64, 95% confidence interval = -3.57 to -1.71, P < .001) and bound to the promoters of several well-defined E2F1 target genes. CONCLUSION: YB-1 expression is associated with the activity of E2F transcription factors and may control tumor cell growth by this mechanism.

Hyperproliferation, cancer, and inflammation in mice expressing a Δ133p53-like isoform.

The p53 protein is a pivotal tumor suppressor that is frequently mutated in many human cancers, although precisely how p53 prevents tumors is still unclear. To add to its complexity, several isoforms of human p53 have now been reported. The Δ133p53 isoform is generated from an alternative transcription initiation site in intron 4 of the p53 gene (Tp53) and lacks the N-terminus. Elevated levels of Δ133p53 have been observed in a variety of tumors. To explore the functions of Δ133p53, we created a mouse expressing an N-terminal deletion mutant of p53 (Δ122p53) that corresponds to Δ133p53. Δ122p53 mice show decreased survival and a different and more aggressive tumor spectrum compared with p53 null mice, implying that Δ122p53 is a dominant oncogene. Consistent with this, Δ122p53 also confers a marked proliferative advantage on cells and reduced apoptosis. In addition to tumor development, Δ122p53 mice show a profound proinflammatory phenotype having increased serum concentrations of interleukin-6 and other proinflammatory cytokines and lymphocyte aggregates in the lung and liver as well as other pathologies. Based on these observations, we propose that human Δ133p53 also functions to promote cell proliferation and inflammation, one or both of which contribute to tumor development.

Efficacy of intravenous gammaglobulin for immunoglobulin G subclass and/or antibody deficiency in adults.

BACKGROUND: The clinical significance and efficacy of treating patients who have immunoglobulin (Ig) G subclass deficiency and/or antibody deficiency with Ig-replacement therapy has been debated. There are no clear guidelines to recommend intravenous gammaglobulin (IgIV) in these patients as there are few published studies documenting its efficacy. METHODS: We studied in an open-label protocol 10 adult patients with recurrent respiratory infections and IgG subclass and/or antibody deficiency. All patients received monthly IgIV for 12 months and then were observed for 3 months without IgIV infusions. We studied quality of life, incidence of infections, need for antibiotics, frequency of hospitalizations due to infections, IgG subclass and antibody (tetanus and pneumococcal) levels. Innate immunity was evaluated by studying the status of Toll-like receptors and polymorphisms, mannan-binding lectin levels and genotypes. Correction of the immune defects during IgIV therapy was evaluated. RESULTS: Monthly IgIV significantly improved quality of life, decreased the number of infections and the need for antibiotics, and improved IgG subclass and antibody serum levels. No consistent finding of innate immunity could be detected. CONCLUSIONS: IgIV could be beneficial in patients with IgG subclass or antibody deficiency.

Mouse mammary tumor-like virus is associated with p53 nuclear accumulation and progesterone receptor positivity but not estrogen positivity in human female breast cancer.

PURPOSE: The purpose is to compare the presence of proteins with known associations with breast cancer-progesterone receptor (PgR), estrogen receptor, and p53, with the prevalence of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-like DNA sequences in human female breast cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A cohort of 128 Australian female breast cancers were screened for MMTV-like DNA sequences using PCR. The presence of PgR, estrogen receptor, and nuclear accumulation of p53 protein was assessed in the same samples using immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: Nuclear accumulation of p53 was significantly more prevalent (P = 0.05) in archival human breast cancers containing MMTV-like DNA sequences. The presence of progesterone receptor was significantly higher in MMTV-positive than MMTV-negative breast cancers (P = 0.01). No correlation between estrogen receptor and MMTV-like DNA sequences was found. CONCLUSIONS: MMTV causes breast cancer in mice, and hormones up-regulate expression of virus in mice mammary tissue. It is unknown if this is the case in human breast cancers shown to contain DNA of MMTV-like viruses. The positive association between MMTV-like DNA sequences and PgR indicates hormones and MMTV may play a role in human breast cancer. Mutations of the tumor suppressor gene p53 are common in human breast cancer and are associated with higher grades of cancer. The association of MMTV-like DNA sequences with higher grades of cancer, and the positive association between p53 and MMTV-like DNA sequences clearly warrant additional investigation.