Vaccinations in asplenic adults.

PURPOSE: The recommended immunizations for adult asplenic patients are reviewed. SUMMARY: Patients without a spleen are at risk of developing overwhelming postsplenectomy infections due to encapsulated organisms, mainly pneumococcal, meningococcal, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Due to the high mortality rates associated with these infections, vaccinations are recommended as a preventive measure. It is challenging to ensure optimal immunizations in these high-risk patients due to the number of recommended vaccines, the availability of multiple formulations, and the inability to administer specific formulations at the same time, as well as differences in subsequent vaccine administration schedules. Pharmacists play a key role in recommending specific vaccines and timing for these patients in order to achieve the most robust immune response. This article reviews the specific recommendations for pneumococcal, meningococcal, Hib, and influenza vaccinations in asplenic patients. CONCLUSION: In order to prevent potentially life-threatening infections, asplenic individuals should be vaccinated against S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, Hib, and influenza. The optimal timing of vaccination in relation to splenectomy depends on the nature of the splenectomy.

Encephalopathy associated with metoclopramide use in a patient with Parkinson's disease.

PURPOSE: The case of a patient with Parkinson's disease (PD) who experienced profound encephalopathy after short-term exposure to metoclopramide is described. SUMMARY: A 79-year-old man with PD received metoclopramide (10 mg i.v. every six hours) for stimulation of gastric motility after a colon resection; the first of three doses of the drug was administered about 30 minutes after completion of the afternoon procedure. The evening after surgery, the patient appeared to be resting comfortably without pain, although he was somewhat agitated; two more metoclopramide doses were administered during the night. Over the next several hours his mental status deteriorated, and the next morning he was found to be unresponsive and could not be aroused. Although the patient had received minimal narcotics, naloxone was administered but failed to produce an improvement in the patient's mental status. The results of laboratory tests, computer tomography scanning, and other diagnostic studies ruled out cardiac ischemia, infectious disease, and other potential causes of the abrupt change in mental status. Within eight days of the discontinuation of metoclopramide use, the patient gradually returned to his baseline mental status. The application of the algorithm of Naranjo et al. in this case indicated a possible adverse reaction to metoclopramide as the cause of acute metabolic encephalopathy, with the patient's underlying PD and PD-related dementia suspected to have been contributing factors. CONCLUSION: A 79-year-old man with long-term PD developed acute encephalopathy after the administration of i.v. metoclopramide.