Partial heart transplantation for destructive infective endocarditis.

Infective endocarditis frequently spreads beyond the valve tissue, especially in the aortic location. Invasive endocarditis may lead to abscess formation or fistula, with substantial tissue loss. Here, the case of a 31-year-old male patient with destructive aortic and pulmonary valve endocarditis and a subaortic mural defect who underwent patch closure of the ventricular septal defect and aortic and pulmonary root replacement and right coronary artery bypass graft is presented. This is an uncommon condition and stress is placed on imaging of the technical aspects of the case.

Indications and outcomes of second aortic procedures after acute type A dissection repair.

OBJECTIVES: Aortic arch or aortic root replacement is not performed in all cases of acute type A aortic dissection (ATAD), and a second aortic procedure will become necessary over time for some patients. Indications and outcomes, of second aortic procedures have not been studied extensively. METHODS: Characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of all patients undergoing surgical repair for type A acute aortic dissection were analysed and patients needing second aortic procedure during follow-up were identified. The latter group was divided in 2 subgroups: on-pump includes patients operated on using cardiopulmonary bypass and off-pump without cardiopulmonary bypass. RESULTS: A total of 638 patients underwent surgery for ATAD; 8% required a second aortic procedure. The most frequent indication for the second aortic procedure was dehiscence of suture lines (44%), followed by arch dilatation (24%). In-hospital mortality was 12%. Isolated ascending aorta replacement at the first surgery was associated with higher incidence of second aortic procedure (P = 0.006). Most patients in the on-pump group underwent a proximal reoperation (75%), with a mortality rate of 14.2%. In-hospital mortality of patients in the off-pump group was 7.7%. Long-term survival analysis showed no difference between groups (P = 0,526), Off-pump patients have greater likelihood of a second intervention during follow-up (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Extended aortic root surgery and customized aortic arch repair in ATAD could be reasonable to reduce the incidence and mortality of high-risk second aortic procedures.

Infective Endocarditis After Transcatheter Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement.

BACKGROUND: Scarce data are available comparing infective endocarditis (IE) following surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). This study aimed to compare the clinical presentation, microbiological profile, management, and outcomes of IE after SAVR versus TAVR. METHODS: Data were collected from the "Infectious Endocarditis after TAVR International" (enrollment from 2005 to 2020) and the "International Collaboration on Endocarditis" (enrollment from 2000 to 2012) registries. Only patients with an IE affecting the aortic valve prosthesis were included. A 1:1 paired matching approach was used to compare patients with TAVR and SAVR. RESULTS: A total of 1688 patients were included. Of them, 602 (35.7%) had a surgical bioprosthesis (SB), 666 (39.5%) a mechanical prosthesis, 70 (4.2%) a homograft, and 350 (20.7%) a transcatheter heart valve. In the SAVR versus TAVR matched population, the rate of new moderate or severe aortic regurgitation was higher in the SB group (43.4% vs 13.5%; P < .001), and fewer vegetations were diagnosed in the SB group (62.5% vs 82%; P < .001). Patients with an SB had a higher rate of perivalvular extension (47.9% vs 27%; P < .001) and Staphylococcus aureus was less common in this group (13.4% vs 22%; P = .033). Despite a higher rate of surgery in patients with SB (44.4% vs 27.3%; P < .001), 1-year mortality was similar (SB: 46.5%; TAVR: 44.8%; log-rank P = .697). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical presentation, type of causative microorganism, and treatment differed between patients with an IE located on SB compared with TAVR. Despite these differences, both groups exhibited high and similar mortality at 1-year follow-up.

How to counteract the lack of donor tissue in cardiac surgery? Initial experiences with a newly established homograft procurement program.

Homograft heart valves may have significant advantages and are preferred for the repair of congenital valve malformations, especially in young women of childbearing age, athletes and in patients with active endocarditis. A growing problem, however, is the mismatch between tissue donation and the increasing demand. The aim of this paper is to describe the initiation process of a homograft procurement program to attenuate the shortage of organs. A comprehensive description of the infrastructure and procedural steps required to initiate a cardiac and vascular tissue donation program combined with a prospective follow-up of all homografts explanted at our institution. Between January 2020 and May 2022, 28 hearts and 12 pulmonary bifurcations were harvested at our institution and delivered to the European homograft bank. Twenty-seven valves (19 pulmonary valves, 8 aortic valves) were processed and allocated for implantation. The reasons for discarding a graft were either contamination (n = 14), or morphology (n = 13) or leaflet damage (n = 2). Five homografts (3 PV, 2 AV) have been cryopreserved and stored while awaiting allocation. One pulmonary homograft with a leaflet cut was retrieved by bicuspidization technique and awaits allocation, as a highly requested small diameter graft. The implementation of a tissue donation program in cooperation with a homograft bank can be achieved with reasonable additional efforts at a transplant center with an in-house cardiac surgery department. Challenging situations with a potential risk of tissue injury during procurement include re-operation, harvesting by a non-specialist surgeon and prior central cannulation for mechanical circulatory support.

Comparison of six percent hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 and ringer's lactate as priming solutions in patients undergoing isolated open heart valve surgery: A double-blind randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: Colloids are added to the priming solution of the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) pump to maintain colloid osmotic pressure and prevent fluid overload. This study aimed to compare the effects of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 and ringer's lactate (RL) priming solution on patients' outcomes undergoing isolated heart valve surgery with CPB. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial included one hundred and 20 patients undergoing heart valve surgery, and those were allocated into two groups. Patients in the RL group received 1500 mL of RL, and those in the RL + HES group were given 500 mL of HES and 1000 mL of RL. RESULTS: The patients' median age was 52 (IQR 42-60) and 50 (IQR 40-61) years in the RL + HES and the RL group, respectively (p = .71). The number of cases that required blood product transfusion in both the operating room and intensive care unit was also significantly higher in the RL + HES group compared to the RL group (RR 2.04, 95% CI 1.50-2.76; p < .01 and RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.01-2.01; p = .05, respectively). Declines in postoperative creatinine levels and platelet counts were higher in the RL + HES compared to the RL group (between-subjects effect p = .007 and p = .038, respectively), while the incidence of acute kidney injury was comparable between groups (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.13-3.30; p = .55). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing heart valve surgery with CPB, 6% HES added to RL for priming compared with only RL increased the risk of the need for blood product transfusion over the hospitalization period.

Dismal prognosis of patients with operative indication without surgical intervention in active left-sided infective endocarditis.

Introduction: Around 25% of patients with left-sided infective endocarditis and operative indication do not undergo surgery. Baseline characteristics and outcomes are underreported. This study describes characteristics and outcomes of surgical candidates with surgical intervention or medical treatment only. Methods: Retrospective analysis of ongoing collected data from a single-center from an observational cohort of patients with infective endocarditis (ENVALVE). Kaplan-Meier estimates for survival was calculated. Factors associated with survival were assessed using a bivariable Cox model. To adjust for confounding by indication, uni- and multivariable logistic regression for the propensity to receive surgery were adjusted. Results: From January 2018 and December 2021, 154 patients were analyzed: 116 underwent surgery and 38 received medical treatment only. Surgical candidates without surgery were older (70 vs. 62 years, p = 0.001). They had higher preoperative risk profile (EuroSCORE II 14% (7.2-28.6) vs. 5.8% (2.5-20.3), p = 0.002) and more comorbidities. One patient was lost-to-follow-up. Survival analysis revealed a significant higher one-year survival rate among patients following surgery (83.7% vs. 15.3% in the non-surgical group; log-rank test <0.0001). In the final multivariable adjusted model, surgery was less likely among patients with liver cirrhosis [OR = 0.03 (95% CI 0.00-0.30)] and with hemodialysis [OR = 0.014 (95% CI 0.00-0.47)]. Conclusion: Patients with left-sided infective endocarditis who do not undergo surgery despite an operative indication are older, have more comorbidities and therefore higher preoperative risk profile and a low 1-year survival. The role of the Endocarditis Team may be particularly important for the decision-making process in this specific group.

Myths and methodologies: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing for surgical risk stratification in patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm; balancing risk over benefit.

The extent to which patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) should exercise remains unclear, given theoretical concerns over the perceived risk of blood pressure-induced rupture, which is often catastrophic. This is especially pertinent during cardiopulmonary exercise testing, when patients are required to perform incremental exercise to symptom-limited exhaustion for the determination of cardiorespiratory fitness. This multimodal metric is being used increasingly as a complementary diagnostic tool to inform risk stratification and subsequent management of patients undergoing AAA surgery. In this review, we bring together a multidisciplinary group of physiologists, exercise scientists, anaesthetists, radiologists and surgeons to challenge the enduring 'myth' that AAA patients should be fearful of and avoid rigorous exercise. On the contrary, by appraising fundamental vascular mechanobiological forces associated with exercise, in conjunction with 'methodological' recommendations for risk mitigation specific to this patient population, we highlight that the benefits conferred by cardiopulmonary exercise testing and exercise training across the continuum of intensity far outweigh the short-term risks posed by potential AAA rupture.

The 2023 Duke-International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases Criteria for Infective Endocarditis: Updating the Modified Duke Criteria.

The microbiology, epidemiology, diagnostics, and treatment of infective endocarditis (IE) have changed significantly since the Duke Criteria were published in 1994 and modified in 2000. The International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases (ISCVID) convened a multidisciplinary Working Group to update the diagnostic criteria for IE. The resulting 2023 Duke-ISCVID IE Criteria propose significant changes, including new microbiology diagnostics (enzyme immunoassay for Bartonella species, polymerase chain reaction, amplicon/metagenomic sequencing, in situ hybridization), imaging (positron emission computed tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, cardiac computed tomography), and inclusion of intraoperative inspection as a new Major Clinical Criterion. The list of "typical" microorganisms causing IE was expanded and includes pathogens to be considered as typical only in the presence of intracardiac prostheses. The requirements for timing and separate venipunctures for blood cultures were removed. Last, additional predisposing conditions (transcatheter valve implants, endovascular cardiac implantable electronic devices, prior IE) were clarified. These diagnostic criteria should be updated periodically by making the Duke-ISCVID Criteria available online as a "Living Document."