Adverse Patient Safety Events During the COVID-19 Epidemic.

METHODS: A retrospective descriptive analysis of patient safety events related to COVID-19 was performed on data that were submitted in the Joint Patient Safety Event Reporting System and Root Cause Analysis databases to the VHA National Center for Patient Safety from March 2020 to February 2021. Events were coded for type of event, location, and cause of event. RESULTS: Delays in care and staff/patients exposed to COVID-19 were the most common types of patient safety events, followed by COVID-19-positive patients eloping, laboratory processing errors, and one wrong procedure. The most frequently cited locations where events took place were emergency departments, medical units, community living centers, and intensive care units. Confusion over procedures, care not provided because of COVID-19, and failure to identify COVID-positive patient before they exposed others to COVID were the most common causes for patient safety events. DISCUSSION: Our results are similar to other studies of patient safety during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on these results, we recommend the following: (1) focus on patient safety culture, leadership, and governance; (2) proactively develop competency checklists, cognitive aids, and other tools for healthcare staff who are working in new or unfamiliar clinical settings; (3) augment or enhance communication efforts with patient safety huddles or briefings at all levels within a healthcare organization to proactively uncover risk and mitigate fear by explaining changes in policies and procedures; and (4) maximize the use of quality and patient safety experts who are knowledgeable in system and human factor theories as well as change management to assist in redesigning clinical workflows and processes.

Delays in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Surgery: Root Causes, Actions Taken, and Recommendations for Healthcare Improvement.

OBJECTIVES: Although patient safety continues to be a priority in the U.S. healthcare system, delays in diagnosis, treatment, or surgery still led to adverse events for patients. The purpose of this study was to review root cause analysis (RCA) reports in the Veterans Health Administration to identify the root causes and contributing factors of delays in diagnosis, treatment, or surgery in an effort to prevent avoidable delays in future care. METHODS: The RCA reports from Veterans Health Administration hospitals from October 2016 through September 2019 were reviewed and the root causes and contributory factors were identified. These elements were coded by consensus and analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: During the 3-year study period, 206 RCAs were identified and 163 were analyzed that were specific to delays in diagnosis, treatment, and surgery. The reports identified 24 delays in diagnosis, 117 delays in treatment, and 22 delays in surgery. Delays occurred most often in outpatient settings. CONCLUSIONS: Results supported the need for standardization of care processes and procedures, improved communication between and within department personnel, and improved policies and procedures that will be followed as intended. By reviewing adverse events, root causes, and contributing factors identified by local RCA teams, strategies can be developed to reduce delays in diagnosis and treatment of patients and lead to safer care.

Suicide and Suicide Attempts on Veterans Affairs Medical Center Outpatient Clinic Areas, Common Areas, and Hospital Grounds.

OBJECTIVES: Few studies have analyzed suicide deaths and attempts occurring outside inpatient units on other hospital locations. We aimed to quantify and analyze suicide deaths and attempts occurring on Department of Veterans Affairs medical center outpatient clinic areas, common areas, and hospital grounds including parking lots to determine whether a relationship with access to mental health care exists and to elucidate potential mitigation strategies. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of patient safety report (n = 3,186), root cause analysis (n = 234), and issue brief (n = 2,064) national databases between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2018, to identify occurrences of suicides and attempts. Correlation between mental health access times and hospital-specific rates of suicides and attempts was assessed. Qualitative analyses of root causes and mitigation strategies were conducted. RESULTS: Of 192 reports meeting our location criteria, 42 suicides or attempts occurred in outpatient clinic areas, 39 in common spaces, and 111 on outdoor facility areas. Forty-four reports (23%) pertained to suicides, and 148 (77%) pertained to attempts. The predominate methods were death by firearms (64%) and attempt by drug overdose (38%). We identified a weak yet significant relationship between mental health access times for established patients and rates of on-campus suicides and attempts (r = 0.279, P = 0.0013). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical changes including environmental assessments and interventions, staff training on identifying suicide risk characteristics, policy changes toward improving contraband search techniques, and medications risk assessment, as well as timely access to care may be effective mitigation strategies toward preventing suicides of this nature.

Review of Reported Adverse Events Occurring Among the Homeless Veteran Population in the Veterans Health Administration.

BACKGROUND: United States veterans face an even greater risk of homelessness and associated medical conditions, mental health conditions, and fatal and nonfatal overdose as compared with nonveterans. Beginning 2009, the Department of Veterans Affairs developed a strategy and allocated considerable resources to address veteran homelessness and the medical conditions commonly associated with this condition. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the Veterans Health Administration National Center for Patient Safety database for patient safety events in the homeless veteran population to mitigate future risk and inform policy. METHODS: This was a retrospective, descriptive quality improvement study of reported patient safety events of homeless veterans enrolled in Veterans Health Administration care between January 2012 and August 2020. A validated codebook was used to capture individual patient characteristics, location and type of event, homeless status, and root causes of the events and proposed actions for prevention. RESULTS: Suicide attempt or death, elopement, delay in care, and unintentional opioid overdose were the most common adverse events reported for this population. Root causes include issues with policies, procedures, and care processes for managing and evaluating homeless patients for the risk of suicidal or overdose behaviors and discharge, poor interdisciplinary communication, and coordination of patient care. Actions included standardization of procedures for discharge, overdose and suicide risk, staff education, and purchasing new equipment. CONCLUSIONS: Suicide and opioid overdose are the most serious reported health care-related adverse events in the unsheltered homeless veteran population. Failures to recognize homelessness status, communicate status, and coordinate available services are root causes of these events.

Root Cause Analysis of Adverse Events Involving Opioid Overdoses in the Veterans Health Administration.

OBJECTIVE: The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) serves a population with compounding risk factors for opioid misuse, including chronic pain, substance use disorders, and mental health conditions. The objective of this study was to analyze opioid-related adverse events and root causes to inform mitigation strategies associated with opioid prescribing and administration. METHODS: The researchers conducted a retrospective analysis of root cause analysis reports of opioid overdose events between August 1, 2012, and September 30, 2019. These adverse events were investigated locally by multidisciplinary hospital teams and reported by VHA facility patient safety managers to the National Center for Patient Safety for further aggregation and analysis. Type of event, location, and root causes were categorized. RESULTS: Eighty-two adverse event reports were identified. Patients were primarily male with an average age of 61.4 years. Staff medication administration errors were the most common event type (57.3%), with most events resulting from process errors (65.9%) occurring in the health care setting (85.4%). Overall 36 events (43.9%) resulted in major or catastrophic harm. There were 172 root causes identified. The most common root causes were staff not following existing policy or lack of existing hospital policy on opioid management (18.0%); staff lacked training in areas such as managing the use or administration of opioids, correct use of opioid dispensing equipment, and recognition and proper response to an overdose (12.2%); and poor communication of opioid prescribing or administration during handoffs between clinical teams (11.6%). A lack of standardization in processes, training, and policies on opioid prescribing and screening, medication administration, equipment/pumps purchase and use, and contraband searches was a common theme throughout. CONCLUSION: Errors in prescribing and administration of opioid medication can result in significant harm. A lack of standardized opioid administration practices and training, controlled substance policies, and interdisciplinary communication were frequent factors in adverse opioid events and should be a focus for future prevention.

Delirious Mania: An Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment.

The Psychiatric Consultation Service at Massachusetts General Hospital sees medical and surgical inpatients with comorbid psychiatric symptoms and conditions. During their twice-weekly rounds, Dr Stern and other members of the Consultation Service discuss diagnosis and management of hospitalized patients with complex medical or surgical problems who also demonstrate psychiatric symptoms or conditions. These discussions have given rise to rounds reports that will prove useful for clinicians practicing at the interface of medicine and psychiatry.

Power Failures During Surgery: A 2000-2019 Review of Reported Events in the Veterans Health Administration.

OBJECTIVES: The frequency and impact of power failure on surgical care over time in a large integrated healthcare system such as the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is unknown. Reducing the likelihood of harm related to these rare but potential catastrophic events is imperative to ensuring patient safety and high-quality surgical care. This study provides analysis and description of reported power failures during surgery (January 2000-March 2019), in the VHA and their impact. METHODS: This quality improvement study describes patient safety adverse events related to power failure in the operating room reported by 63 VHA medical centers from the approximately 137 VHAs with a surgical program. Power failure events during surgery reported to the VHA National Center for Patient Safety are analyzed. RESULTS: The authors identify 20 root cause analyses and 135 safety reports. Most events 36.1% (n = 56) resulted from generator delay, equipment reboot delay 21.9% (n = 34), and equipment backup power failure 13.5% (n = 21). Root causes include issues with backup batteries or equipment, engineering and clinical staff communication, standardized procedures for testing power, backup power delay, electrical circuit issues, documentation, and training. Patient harm occurred in 18% (n = 28) and 3.9% (n = 6) as major or catastrophic. CONCLUSIONS: Power failure during surgery is associated with major or catastrophic patient harm, though rare. Staff preoccupation with failure, disaster preparedness, and focus on communication has the potential to minimize or avoid patient harm.

Suicide and Suicide Attempts on Hospital Grounds and Clinic Areas.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to describe suicide and suicide attempts that occurred while the patient was on hospital grounds, common spaces, and clinic areas using root cause analysis (RCA) reports of these events in a national health care organization in the United States. METHOD: This is an observational review of all RCA reports of suicide and suicide attempts on hospital grounds, common spaces, and clinic areas in our system between December 1, 1999, and December 31, 2014. Each RCA report was coded for the location of the event, method of self-harm, if the event resulted in a death by suicide, and root causes. RESULTS: We found 47 RCA reports of suicide and suicide attempts occurring on hospital grounds, common spaces, or clinic areas. The most common methods were gunshot, overdose, cutting, and jumping, and we have seen an increase in these events since 2011. The primary root causes were breakdowns in communication, the need for improved psychiatric and medical treatment of suicidal patients, and problems with the physical environment. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital staff should evaluate the environment for suicide hazards, consider prohibiting firearms, assist patients with no appointments, and promote good communication about high-risk patients.

Retained Guidewires in the Veterans Health Administration: Getting to the Root of the Problem.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to investigate the demographics, causes, and contributing factors of retained guidewires (GWs) and to make specific recommendations for their prevention. METHODS: The Veterans Administration patient safety reporting system database for 2000-2016 was queried for cases of retained GWs (RGWs). Data extracted for each case included procedure location, provider experience, insertion site, urgency, time to discovery, root causes, and corrective actions taken. RESULTS: There were 101 evaluable cases of RGWs. Resident trainee (36%), critical care unit (38%), femoral vein (44%), and nonemergent placement (79%) were the conditions most frequently associated with a RGW. While discovery occurred almost immediately (30%) or in next 24 hours (31%), there were instances of RGWs found months (2%) or years (3%) later. Common root causes included inexperience (46%), lack of standardization (35%), distractions (25%), and lack of a checklist (23%). CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate the result of human factors-based errors such as posttask completion errors. We recommend human factor-based interventions such as checklists and devices employing forcing functions that do not allow clinicians to complete the insertion process without first removing the GW.

A Review of Adverse Event Reports From Emergency Departments in the Veterans Health Administration.

BACKGROUND: Previous work assessing the frequency of adverse events in emergency medicine has been limited. The emergency department (ED) provides an initial point of care for millions of patients. Given the volume of patient encounters and the complexity of medical conditions treated in the ED, it is necessary to determine the system-based issues and associated contributing factors impacting patient safety. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this retrospective study were to use root cause analysis reports of adverse events occurring in Veterans Health Administration EDs to understand the range of events that were happening and to determine the primary causes of these events as well as actions to prevent them. METHODS: Retrospective safety reports from EDs from Veterans Health Administration medical centers across the nation for a 2-year period (2015-2016) were coded by event type, root cause, and recommended actions. RESULTS: One hundred forty-four cases were included for analysis. The most common adverse events were as follows: delays in care (n = 38, 26.4%), elopements (n = 21, 14.6%), suicide attempts and deaths by suicide (n = 15, 10.4%), inappropriate discharges (n = 15, 10.4%), and errors in following procedures (n = 14, 9.7%). Overall, the most common root cause categories leading to adverse events were knowledge/educational deficits (11.4%), policies/procedures needing improvement (11.1%), and lack of standardized policies/procedures (9.4%). DISCUSSION: Root cause analysis reports are a useful tool to determine the primary systems-based factors of common adverse events in the ED. Recommendations made in this article for addressing these root causes and potentially ameliorating these events will be useful to EDs and related health systems.

Sharing Lessons Learned to Prevent Adverse Events in Anesthesiology Nationwide.

OBJECTIVES: The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) lessons learned process for Anesthesia adverse events was developed to alert the field to the occurrences and prevention of actual adverse events. This article details this quality improvement project and perceived impact. METHODS: As part of ongoing quality improvement, root cause analysis related to anesthesiology care are routinely reported to the VHA National Center for Patient Safety. Since May 2012, the National Anesthesia Service subject matter experts, in collaboration with National Center for Patient Safety, review actual adverse events in anesthesiology and detailed lessons learned are developed. A survey of anesthesiology chiefs to determine perceived usefulness and accessibility of the project was conducted in April 2018. RESULTS: The distributed survey yielded a response rate of 69% (84/122). Most of those who have seen the lessons learned (85%, 71/84) found them valuable. Ninety percent of those aware of the lessons learned (64/71) shared them with staff and 75% (53/71) reported a changed or reinforced patient safety behavior in their facility. The lessons learned provided 72% (51/71) of chiefs with new knowledge about patient safety and 75% (53/71) gained new knowledge for preventing adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: This nationwide VHA anesthesiology lessons learned project illustrates the tenets of a learning organization. implementing team and systems-based safeguards to mitigate risk of harm from inevitable human error. Sharing lessons learned provides opportunities for clinician peer-to-peer learning, communication, and proactive approaches to prevent future similar errors.

Retrospective analysis of reported suicide deaths and attempts on veterans health administration campuses and inpatient units.

INTRODUCTION: Suicide is the 10th leading cause of death in the USA. Inpatient suicide is the fourth most common sentinel event reported to the Joint Commission. This study reviewed root cause analysis (RCA) reports of suicide events by hospital unit to provide suicide prevention recommendations for each area. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of reported suicide deaths and attempts in the US Veterans Health Administration (VHA) hospitals. We searched the VHA National Center for Patient Safety RCA database for suicide deaths and attempts on inpatient units, outpatient clinics and hospital grounds, between December 1999 and December 2018. RESULTS: We found 847 RCA reports of suicide attempts (n=758) and deaths (n=89) in VHA hospitals, hanging accounted for 71% of deaths on mental health units and 50% of deaths on medical units. Overdose accounted for 55% of deaths and 68% of attempts in residential units and the only method resulting in death in emergency departments. In VHA community living centres, hanging, overdose and asphyxiation accounted for 64% of deaths. Gunshot accounted for 59% of deaths on hospital grounds and 100% of deaths in clinic areas. All inpatient locations cited issues in assessment and treatment of suicidal patients and environmental risk evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Inpatient mental health and medical units should remove anchor points for hanging where possible. On residential units and emergency departments, assessing suicide risk, conducting thorough contraband searches and maintaining observation of suicidal patients is critical. In community living centres, suicidal patients should be under supervision in an environment free of anchor points, medications and means of asphyxiation. Suicide prevention on hospital grounds and outpatient clinics can be achieved through the control of firearms.

Recommendations for Fall-Related Injury Prevention: A 1-Year Review of Fall-Related Root Cause Analyses in the Veterans Health Administration.

BACKGROUND: Injurious falls continue to challenge health care. Causes of serious falls from the largest health care system in the United States can direct future prevention efforts. PURPOSE: This article analyzes injurious falls in the Veterans Health Administration and provides generalizable recommended actions to prevent future events. METHODS: We categorized root cause analysis (RCA) reports and coded injury type, fall type, location, and root causes. We describe interventions during the fall and provide resources for future prevention. RESULTS: There were 154 reported fall RCAs during this time. Most (83%, n = 128) resulted in major injury: hip fractures (43%, n = 66), other fractures (25%, n = 38), and head injury (16%, n = 24). Most falls were unwitnessed (75%, n = 116). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who fell were not wearing hip or head protection. Most falls were unwitnessed, and none were on 1:1 observation. Such interventions may help prevent future injurious falls.

Falls in Veterans Healthcare Administration Hospitals: Prevalence and Trends.

INTRODUCTION: To provide up-to-date data on fall prevalence and trends in Veterans Health Administration (VHA) hospitals. METHODS: Data were collected by the VHA Inpatient Evaluation Center (IPEC) between 2011 and 2017, to establish prevalence and trends of falls and major injuries occurring in acute care/intensive care units (AC/ICU), behavior health (BH), and community living center (CLC)/long-term care, using bed days of care (BDOC) as denominators. RESULTS: A total of 204,681 falls were reported (rate = 4.8 falls/1,000 BDOC) during the study period, of which 2,549 (1.2%) resulted in a major injury (rate = 6.0/100,000 BDOC). Fall rates decreased over the 6-year study period for all unit types: 10% decrease for BH (p < .0001), 9% decrease for AC/ICU (p < .0001), and 3% decrease for CLC (p = .0043). Major injury rates remained consistent. CONCLUSIONS: In this large descriptive study, fall and major injury rates varied by nursing unit type in VHA hospitals. Over the 6-year study period, a clinically and statistically significant decrease in fall rates for BH and AC/ICU units was observed as well as a small but statistically significant decrease in fall rates for CLC units. No trend was observed for major injury rates.

Identification of Inpatient Falls Using Automated Review of Text-Based Medical Records.

OBJECTIVES: Although falls are among the most common adverse event in hospitals, they are difficult to measure and often unreported. Mechanisms to track falls include incident reporting and medical records review. Because of limitations of each method, researchers suggest multimodal approaches. Although incident reporting is commonly used, medical records review is limited by the need to read a high volume of clinical notes. Natural language processing (NLP) is 1 potential mechanism to automate this process. METHOD: We compared automated NLP to manual chart review and incident reporting as a method to detect falls among inpatients. First, we developed an NLP algorithm to identify inpatient progress notes describing falls. Second, we compared the NLP algorithm to manual records review in identifying inpatient progress notes that describe falls. Third, we compared the NLP algorithm to the incident reporting system in identifying falls. RESULTS: When examining individual inpatient notes, our NLP algorithm was highly specific (0.97) but had low sensitivity (0.44) when compared with our manual records review. However, when considering groups of inpatient notes, all describing the same fall, our NLP algorithm had a large improvement in sensitivity (0.80) with some loss of specificity (0.65) compared with incident reporting. CONCLUSIONS: National language processing represents a promising method to automate review of inpatient medical records to identify falls.

Root Cause Analyses of Reported Adverse Events Occurring During Gastrointestinal Scope and Tube Placement Procedures in the Veterans Health Association.

OBJECTIVE: This study describes reported adverse events related to gastrointestinal (GI) scope and tube placement procedures (between January 2010 and June 2012), in the Veterans Health Administration. Adverse events, including those related to GI procedures resulting in preventable harm, continue to occur. METHODS: This is a descriptive review of root cause analysis reports of GI scope and tube placement procedures from the National Center for Patient Safety database. Adverse event type, procedure, location, severity, and frequency were extracted. Spearman ρ was used to determine associations between types of adverse events and harm levels. RESULTS: We reviewed 27 cases of reported adverse events related to GI invasive procedures. Of the adverse events for which we could determine location (n = 25), 10 (40%) were in the operating room and 15 (60%) occurred in a nonoperating room. Endoscopies were associated with the least amount of harm. The most frequently reported adverse event types were human factors (22.22%, n = 6) and retained items (18.52%, n = 5). Retained item events were associated with the most harm. The most common root causes were lack of standardization in the process of care and suboptimal communication. CONCLUSIONS: Retained items after invasive procedures and human factors errors were the most common and harmful type of adverse event in this study. Efforts to reduce adverse events during GI invasive procedures include improving situational awareness of the risk of retained items, standardization of care, communication between providers, and inspection of instruments for intactness before and after procedures.

How to do a Virtual Breakthrough Series Collaborative.

Despite widespread use of the breakthrough series (BTS) collaborative in healthcare, there is limited literature on how to operationalize the method in healthcare settings. A recent modification to the model is the virtual breakthrough series (VBTS), in which all work is done remotely via telephone and web-based platforms. With virtual methods gaining popularity, this manuscript presents guidance on methods to conduct a virtual breakthrough series collaborative to assist clinical teams in implementing evidence-based practices. Manuscript describes planning activities and implementation steps for individuals interested in conducting a VBTS collaborative. Topics presented include planning/preparation activities (e.g., developing a planning committee and change package of the evidence-based interventions), estimated resources required (i.e., personnel, percent effort), activities to prepare participants for the project (e.g., orientation calls), specific actions during the virtual collaborative, and evaluation approaches. The manuscript also presents examples from our work and templates for end users. This paper is a first attempt to describe the infrastructure and processes of a VBTS collaborative and offer reproducible methods currently employed in the U.S. Veterans Health Administration.