Apnea of prematurity and sudden infant death syndrome.

Apnea is a frequent occurrence in prematurity and its prevalence in the most severely preterm population is indicative of an immature respiratory neural control system. Preterm infants are also at increased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), which has been associated with similar respiratory neural control dysfunction seen in prematurity. Generally, abnormalities in both central and peripheral mechanisms of respiratory control are thought to be key underlying features of abnormal respiratory system development. Numerous factors contribute to the etiology of apnea and respiratory control dysfunction including the environment (e.g., substance use/misuse), sex, genetics, a vulnerable neonate, and various underlying comorbidities. However, there are major gaps in our understanding of both normal and abnormal respiratory control system development, which highlights the need for continued research using novel and innovative methods.

Orthotic correction of postural unleveling in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis.

The authors describe the case of a patient with ankylosing spondylitis who was treated with orthotic devices for postural unleveling. The patient described specific pre-existing postural problems, both static and dynamic, that had been present for many years. A unilateral 9-mm gel heel lift was used, followed by custom-molded orthotic devices that incorporated the heel lift. The patient reported immediate resolution of these symptoms after orthotic treatment, as well as increased functionality and satisfaction in activities of daily living, which coincided with the leveling of his posture. The orthotic devices were used until the patient underwent total hip arthroplasty, at which point the orthotic treatment was discontinued.