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This study presents a novel approach for the fabrication of a Co,Ni/MoS2-derived nanohybrid material using wheat straw extract. The facile synthesis method involves a sol-gel process, followed by calcination, showcasing the potential of agricultural waste as a sustainable reducing and chelating reagent. The as-prepared nanohybrid has been characterized using different techniques to analyse its physicochemical properties. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of the nanohybrid material, identifying the presence of NiMoO4, CoSO4 and Mo17O47 as its components. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy differentiated the functional groups present in the wheat straw biomass and those in the nanohybrid material, highlighting the formation of metal-oxide and sulphide bonds. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a heterogeneous morphology with agglomerated structures and a grain size of around 70 nm in the nanohybrid. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis shows the composition of elements with weight percentages of (Mo) 9.17%, (S) 6.21%, (Co) 12.48%, (Ni) 12.18% and (O) 50.46% contributing to its composition. Electrochemical analysis performed through cyclic voltammetry showcased the exceptional performance of the nanohybrid material as compared with MoS2, suggesting its possible applications for designing biosensors and related technologies. Thus, the research study presented herein underscores the efficient utilization of natural resources for the development of functional nanomaterials with promising applications in various fields. This study paves a way for manufacturing innovation along with advancement of novel synthesis method for sustainable nanomaterial for future technological developments.
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Cobalto , Disulfuros , Molibdeno , Níquel , Triticum , Triticum/química , Molibdeno/química , Disulfuros/química , Níquel/química , Cobalto/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Tamaño de la Partícula , Propiedades de SuperficieRESUMEN
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are a novel carbon nanomaterial from the graphene family due to their unique physicochemical properties and diverse range of applications. However, in terms of the sustainable utility of GQDs, their synthesis methods are the main roadblock because of their high production costs and the release of toxic byproducts during the production processes. Thus, the search for sustainable and economical fabrication methods for preparing GQDs is one of the most essential areas of research for their practical applications. In this context, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) wastes are a prime choice for the fabrication of GQDs due to their high carbon and cellulose content, which are favorable for being employed as precursors and reducing agents Additionally, LCBs are a prime source of potential bioenergy production, which is currently a key research hotspot to combat environmental pollution, global warming, and energy crises. Therefore, the present review provides feasibility for sustainable and environmentally friendly fabrication of GQDs using LCB wastes for their possible utility in cellulosic biofuel production technology improvement. Furthermore, the prospective of using these GQDs as catalysts in bioenergy production for the development of low-cost biomass-based biofuel production technology has been discussed along with the existing limitations and their sustainable recommendation.
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The measurement of glucose concentration is a fundamental daily care for diabetes patients, and therefore, its detection with accuracy is of prime importance in the field of health care. In this study, the fabrication of an electrochemical sensor for glucose sensing was successfully designed. The electrode material was fabricated using polyaniline and systematically characterized using scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The polyaniline nanofiber-modified electrode showed excellent detection ability for glucose with a linear range of 10 µM to 1 mM and a detection limit of 10.6 µM. The stability of the same electrode was tested for 7 days. The electrode shows high sensitivity for glucose detection in the presence of interferences. The polyaniline-modified electrode does not affect the presence of interferences and has a low detection limit. It is also cost-effective and does not require complex sample preparation steps. This makes it a potential tool for glucose detection in pharmacy and medical diagnostics.
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Compuestos de Anilina , Técnicas Biosensibles , Técnicas Electroquímicas , Electrodos , Glucosa , Nanofibras , Compuestos de Anilina/química , Nanofibras/química , Técnicas Electroquímicas/métodos , Glucosa/análisis , Glucosa/química , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Límite de Detección , Humanos , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de FourierRESUMEN
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are versatile two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials used in biosensing applications due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. Due to biomaterial target properties, biosensors' most significant challenge is improving their sensitivity and stability. In environmental analysis, TMDCs have demonstrated exceptional pollutant detection and removal capabilities. Their high surface area, tunable electronic properties, and chemical reactivity make them ideal for sensors and adsorbents targeting various contaminants, including heavy metals, organic pollutants, and emerging contaminants. Furthermore, their unique electronic and optical properties enable sensitive detection techniques, enhancing our ability to monitor and mitigate environmental pollution. In the food analysis, TMDCs-based nanomaterials have shown remarkable potential in ensuring food safety and quality. These nanomaterials exhibit high specificity and sensitivity for detecting contaminants, pathogens, and adulterants in various food matrices. Their integration into sensor platforms enables rapid and on-site analysis, reducing the reliance on centralized laboratories and facilitating timely interventions in the food supply chain. In biomedical studies, TMDCs-based nanomaterials have demonstrated significant strides in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Their biocompatibility, surface functionalization versatility, and photothermal properties have paved the way for novel disease detection, drug delivery, and targeted therapy approaches. Moreover, TMDCs-based nanomaterials have shown promise in imaging modalities, providing enhanced contrast and resolution for various medical imaging techniques. This article provides a comprehensive overview of 2D TMDCs-based biosensors, emphasizing the growing demand for advanced sensing technologies in environmental, food, and biomedical analysis.
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Contaminantes Ambientales , Nanoestructuras , Materiales Biocompatibles , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , ElectrónicaRESUMEN
Solid waste generation is a huge contributor to environmental pollution issues, and food wastes are prominent in this category due to their large generation on a day-to-day basis. Thus, the settlement of daily food waste is one of the major constraints and needs innovative manufacturing sheme to valorize solid waste in sustainable manner. Moreover, these food wastes are rich in organic content, which has promising scope for their value-added products. In the present study, raw mango seed waste has been biotransformed to produce bacterial hydrolytic enzymes as feedstock. On investigating the impact of substrate, the highest bacterial cellulase production was recorded to be 18 IU/gds FP (filter paper) in 24 h of microbial incubation at 5 g of substrate in solid-state fermentation (SSF). Furthermore, at 40 °C and pH 6.0, 23 IU/gds FP enzyme could be produced in 24 h of SSF. Beside this, on comparing the influence of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources, urea has been found to provide better cellulase production, which yielded 28 IU/gds FP in 24 h of incubation, along with 77 IU/gds BG (ß-glucosidase) and 89 IU/gds EG (endoglucanase). On the other hand, Tween-40 and Tween-80, two different surfactants, were employed at a 1.0% concentration for 24 h of incubation. It was noticed that Tween-80 showed complete enzyme activity at 24 h, which was found to be relatively superior to that of Tween-40. This study may have potential utility in enzyme production using mango seed as a food waste for various industrial applications.
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Rapid globalization and industrialization have led to widespread pollution and energy crises, necessitating the development of innovative solutions. Metal-free g-C3N4-based polymeric materials have unique properties but face limitations such as low surface area and inefficient light absorption. Doping, especially sulfur doping, is a prevalent technique to enhance their optical and electronic properties. This comprehensive review focuses on the synthesis techniques employed for sulfur doping of g-C3N4 (S-CN), highlighting the complexities associated with S-doping and the advantages of co-doping. Additionally, the review encompasses the diverse applications of S-CN in catalysis, photocatalysis, sonocatalysis, pollutant remediation, and electrochemical sensing. By incorporating sulfur into the g-C3N4 structure, various desirable properties can be achieved, including improved light absorption efficiency and enhanced charge carrier separation and migration. These advancements have broadened the application potential of S-CN in a range of important fields. S-CN has shown promise as a catalyst, facilitating various chemical reactions, as well as a photocatalyst, harnessing solar energy for environmental remediation and energy conversion processes. Moreover, S-CN exhibits potential in sonocatalysis for ultrasound-mediated reactions, pollutant remediation, and electrochemical sensing applications.
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Edible insects are gaining popularity as a potential future food source because of their high protein content and efficient use of space. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are noteworthy because they can be used as feed for various animals including reptiles, dogs, fish, chickens, and pigs. However, if the edible insect industry is to advance, we should use automation to reduce labor and increase production. Consequently, there is a growing demand for sensing technologies that can automate the evaluation of insect quality. This study used short-wave infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral imaging to predict the proximate composition of dried BSFL, including moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and crude ash content. The larvae were dried at various temperatures and times, and images were captured using an SWIR camera. A partial least-squares regression (PLSR) model was developed to predict the proximate content. The SWIR-based hyperspectral camera accurately predicted the proximate composition of BSFL from the best preprocessing model; moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and crude ash content were predicted with high accuracy, with R2 values of 0.89 or more, and root mean square error of prediction values were within 2%. Among preprocessing methods, mean normalization and max normalization methods were effective in proximate prediction models. Therefore, SWIR-based hyperspectral cameras can be used to create automated quality management systems for BSFL.
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Malva sylvestris L., is commonly referred to as Mallow and is found in Europe, Asia and Africa. This has been traditionally used for inflammation, gastrointestinal disturbances, skin disorders, menstrual pains, and urological disorders. This review covers phytoconstituents and Pharmacological activities of M. sylvestris. The plant contains a large number of phytochemical constituents having diverse pharmacological activities. The plant contains many phenolic compounds responsible for its strong antioxidant activity. Coumarins from Mallow have a potential anticancer activity. Malva sylvestris also contains essential as well as non-essential elements and minerals. Many researchers have provided evidence that Malva sylvestris is a good candidate for use as a medicinal herb and has good nutritional value. The leaves, in particular, offer properties like anticancer, skin whitening, and anti-aging. Furthermore, the aqueous extract was recently shown to have an anti-ulcerogenic effect. Malva sylvestris has a high potential for use in cosmetics such as skin whitening and anti-aging treatments. Methanolic extracts of Malva sylvestris leaves, and flowers showed strong antibacterial activity against a common plant pathogen bacterium. The plant also contains Malvone A, which is responsible for antibacterial action. The plant also possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic, wound healing properties and various other activities.
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BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a clinical syndrome associated with a systemic reaction to infection that is seen as a bacteremia with systemic symptoms. Sepsis is one of the most important problems in children and is associated with many deaths, so recognizing this disease and it's causing factors and identifying the predisposing factors for it is of great importance. Globally, the prevalence and occurrences of sepsis and septic shock are increasing, while the incidence of deaths from them has decreased with the improvement of diagnostic and treatment facilities. According to a 2015 World Health Organization report, approximately 5.9 million children under 5 years old have lost their lives due to sepsis worldwide, the majority of which have occurred in developing countries. METHODS: This study was conducted in the pediatric department of Maiwand Teaching Hospital (MTH) in 2020 as a descriptive cross-sectional study. All children who were admitted to the pediatric department of Maiwand Teaching Hospital during 2020 were included in the research. Among them, the prevalence of sepsis in children with respect to age and sex was studied. The study included children over the age of 28 days who were admitted to the Maiwand Teaching Hospital pediatrics department in 2020. However, in this study, patients have been categorized into five categories according to age: less than two months, two months to one year, one to three years, three to five years old, and older than five years old. RESULTS: This study was conducted in the pediatric department of Maiwand Teaching Hospital in 2020 as a descriptive cross-sectional study, and it was found that the prevalence of sepsis in children who were admitted to the pediatric department at this year was 50.5%, including the highest prevalence in males (65.75%) and at the age of two months to one year (37.9%). In this study, it was found that the prevalence of sepsis was higher (88.46%) among urban children than children who were living in villages (11.53%). In this study, the mortality rate was 2.44% for patients admitted to Maiwand Teaching Hospital. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, it was found that the prevalence of sepsis was 50.5% in children admitted to the pediatrics department of Maiwand Teaching Hospital, of whom 67.75% were boys, 37.94% were aged two months to three years old, and it was more prevalent (88.46%) among children living in cities. The mortality rate was 2.44%.
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Sepsis , Choque Séptico , Masculino , Niño , Humanos , Preescolar , Femenino , Prevalencia , Niño Hospitalizado , Afganistán/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Sepsis/diagnóstico , Hospitales de Enseñanza , Mortalidad HospitalariaRESUMEN
The quality of tropical fruits and vegetables and the expanding global interest in eating healthy foods have resulted in the continual development of reliable, quick, and cost-effective quality assurance methods. The present review discusses the advancement of non-destructive spectral measurements for evaluating the quality of major tropical fruits and vegetables. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Near-infrared (NIR), Raman spectroscopy, and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) were used to monitor the external and internal parameters of papaya, pineapple, avocado, mango, and banana. The ability of HSI to detect both spectral and spatial dimensions proved its efficiency in measuring external qualities such as grading 516 bananas, and defects in 10 mangoes and 10 avocados with 98.45%, 97.95%, and 99.9%, respectively. All of the techniques effectively assessed internal characteristics such as total soluble solids (TSS), soluble solid content (SSC), and moisture content (MC), with the exception of NIR, which was found to have limited penetration depth for fruits and vegetables with thick rinds or skins, including avocado, pineapple, and banana. The appropriate selection of NIR optical geometry and wavelength range can help to improve the prediction accuracy of these crops. The advancement of spectral measurements combined with machine learning and deep learning technologies have increased the efficiency of estimating the six maturity stages of papaya fruit, from the unripe to the overripe stages, with F1 scores of up to 0.90 by feature concatenation of data developed by HSI and visible light. The presented findings in the technological advancements of non-destructive spectral measurements offer promising quality assurance for tropical fruits and vegetables.
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The economic production of cellulase enzymes for various industrial applications is one of the major research areas. A number of broad industrial applications, for example, in cellulosic biomass hydrolysis for simple sugars such as glucose and subsequent biofuel production, make these enzyme systems the third most demanding enzymes. Nevertheless, due to their production on commercial substrates, cellulases fall into the category of costly enzymes. Therefore, the goal of the present work is to evaluate the enhancement of cellulase production and its utilization in the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass using low-cost cellulosic substrate, which is abundant and widely available. In this context, waste biomasses of water hyacinth (WH), including leaves and stems, have been used as feedstock to produce cellulases via solid-state fermentation (SSF) in the current study, which improves its production as well as activity. Furthermore, the impact of process parameters like temperature and pH has been investigated for improved cellulase production. At optimum concentration using 10 g of feedstock, 22 IU/gds of FP, 92 IU/gds of BGL, and 111 IU/gds of EG have been noticed in day 5 of SSF. Herein, 40 °C has been identified as the optimum temperature for cellulase production, whereas 50-55 °C has been recorded as the optimum reaction temperature for cellulase enzyme activity. Additionally, pH 5.5 has been identified as the optimum pH for cellulase enzyme production, whereas this enzyme was thermally stable (55 °C) at pH 5.0 up to 3.5 h. Further, the cellulosic biomass hydrolysis of WH leaves via an optimized crude enzyme has been performed, and this could release 24.34 g/L of glucose in 24 h of the reaction. The current findings may have potential for developing cellulases for mass-scale production using WH-based waste bioresources for numerous biorefinery applications.
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Celulasa , Celulasas , Eichhornia , Celulasas/metabolismo , Celulosa/metabolismo , Celulasa/metabolismo , Glucosa , Fermentación , HidrólisisRESUMEN
The present investigation is targeted towards the facile fabrication of a carbon-based nanocatalyst (CNCs) using Kans grass biomass (KGB) and its sustainable application in microbial cellulase enhancement for the alleviation of enzymatic hydrolysis for sugar production. Different pretreatments, including physical, KGB extract-mediated treatment, followed by KOH pretreatment, have been applied to produce CNCs using KGB. The presence of CNCs influences the pretreatment of KGB substrate, fungal cellulase production, stability, and sugar recovery in the enzymatic hydrolysis of KGB. Using 1.0% CNCs pretreated KGB-based solid-state fermentation, 33 U/gds FPA and 126 U/gds BGL were obtained at 72 h, followed by 107 U/gds EG at 48 h in the presence of 0.5% CNCs. Further, 42 °C has been identified as the optimum temperature for cellulase production, while the enzyme showed thermal stability at 50 °C up to 20 h and produced 38.4 g/L sugar in 24 h through enzymatic hydrolysis of KGB.
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Celulasa , Poaceae , Poaceae/metabolismo , Azúcares , Carbohidratos , Celulasa/metabolismo , Temperatura , Hidrólisis , Fermentación , BiomasaRESUMEN
Melamine and its derivative, cyanuric acid, are occasionally added to pet meals because of their nitrogen-rich qualities, leading to the development of several health-related issues. A nondestructive sensing technique that offers effective detection must be developed to address this problem. In conjunction with machine learning and deep learning technique, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was employed in this investigation for the nondestructive quantitative measurement of eight different concentrations of melamine and cyanuric acid added to pet food. The effectiveness of the one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN) technique was compared with that of partial least squares regression (PLSR), principal component regression (PCR), and a net analyte signal (NAS)-based methodology, called hybrid linear analysis (HLA/GO). The 1D CNN model developed for the FT-IR spectra attained correlation coefficients of 0.995 and 0.994 and root mean square error of prediction values of 0.090% and 0.110% for the prediction datasets on the melamine- and cyanuric acid-contaminated pet food samples, respectively, which were superior to those of the PLSR and PCR models. Therefore, when FT-IR spectroscopy is employed in conjunction with a 1D CNN model, it serves as a potentially rapid and nondestructive method for identifying toxic chemicals added to pet food.
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Aprendizaje Profundo , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisisRESUMEN
We report the synthesis of Fe3O4/graphene (Fe3O4/Gr) nanocomposite for highly selective and highly sensitive peroxide sensor application. The nanocomposites were produced by a modified co-precipitation method. Further, structural, chemical, and morphological characterization of the Fe3O4/Gr was investigated by standard characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The average crystal size of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was calculated as 14.5 nm. Moreover, nanocomposite (Fe3O4/Gr) was employed to fabricate the flexible electrode using polymeric carbon fiber cloth or carbon cloth (pCFC or CC) as support. The electrochemical performance of as-fabricated Fe3O4/Gr/CC was evaluated toward H2O2 with excellent electrocatalytic activity. It was found that Fe3O4/Gr/CC-based electrodes show a good linear range, high sensitivity, and a low detection limit for H2O2 detection. The linear range for the optimized sensor was found to be in the range of 10-110 µM and limit of detection was calculated as 4.79 µM with a sensitivity of 0.037 µA µM-1 cm-2. The cost-effective materials used in this work as compared to noble metals provide satisfactory results. As well as showing high stability, the proposed biosensor is also highly reproducible.
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BACKGROUND: Necrotizing pneumonia is rare in children and is one of the most serious complications of a lung infection caused by antibiotic failure. We present a 12-year-old leukopenic child with a long-lasting lung infection, presenting as having a lung hydatid cyst, but diagnosing with necrotizing pneumonia in the right bilobed lung. Failure to medical treatment and ongoing leukopenia justified surgical intervention with positive results. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was referred to our teaching hospital's pediatric surgery department. He had previously been diagnosed with intestinal tuberculosis (TB) and received anti-TB treatment. On referral to our hospital, the patient was suffering from restlessness, frequent coughing, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. Following the completion of the clinical work-up, a blood test revealed leukopenia (white blood cell count of 2100/microliter), a normal platelet count, and a lesion in the right lung. Computerized tomography scanning (CT-Scan) image reported a lung hydatid cyst. In the pediatrics ward, a broad-spectrum antibiotics regimen with triple-antibiotic therapy (linezolid, vancomycin, and metronidazole) was instituted and continued for a week with no response, but worsening of the condition. In the pediatric surgery ward, our decision for surgical intervention was due to the failure of medical treatment because of a pulmonary lesion. Our team performed right lung upper lobe anterior segment wedge resection due to necrotizing pneumonia and followed the patient 45 days post-operation with a reasonable result. CONCLUSION: Living in remote rural areas with low resources and inaccessibility to proper and specialized diagnostic and treatment centers will all contribute to an improper diagnosis and treatment of lung infection. In total, all of these will increase the morbidity and mortality due to lung necrosis in the pediatric population, regardless of their age. In low-resource facilities, high-risk patients can benefit from surgical intervention to control the ongoing infection process.
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Equinococosis , Leucopenia , Neumonía Necrotizante , Neumonía , Masculino , Niño , Humanos , Neumonía Necrotizante/diagnóstico , Neumonía Necrotizante/cirugía , Neumonía Necrotizante/tratamiento farmacológico , Pulmón/diagnóstico por imagen , Pulmón/cirugía , Pulmón/patología , Neumonía/diagnóstico , Neumonía/etiología , Neumonía/tratamiento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Equinococosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Equinococosis/patologíaRESUMEN
Solid waste management and waste valorization are key concerns and challenges around the globe. Solid wastes generated by food industries are found in a diverse variety, are key sources of enormously valuable compounds, and can be effectively transformed into useful products for broad industrial applications. Biomass-based catalysts, industrial enzymes, and biofuels are some of the very prominent and sustainable products that are developed using these solid wastes. The aims of the current study are therefore centered on the multiple valorizations of coconut waste (CWs) to develop biochar as a catalyst and its application in fungal enzyme production in solid-state fermentation (SSF). Biochar as a catalyst using CWs has been prepared via a calcination process lasting 1 h at 500 °C and characterized through X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope techniques. The produced biochar has been implemented for boosting enzyme production through SSF. In addition, studies have been performed on enzyme production with varying time and temperature, and it is found that the maximum 92 IU/gds BGL enzyme could be produced at a 2.5 mg concentration of biochar-catalyst at 40 °C in 72 h.
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Celulosa , Cocos , Fermentación , Residuos SólidosRESUMEN
Co-fermentation via co-cultured bacterial microorganisms to develop enzymes in solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a promising approach. This strategy is imperative in a series of sustainable and effective approaches due to superior microbial growth and the use of a combination of inexpensive feedstocks for enzyme production wherein mutually participating enzyme-producing microbial communities are employed. Moreover, the addition of nanomaterials to this technique may aid in its prominent advantage of enhancing enzyme production. This strategy may be able to decrease the overall cost of the bioprocessing to produce enzymes by further implementing biogenic, route-derived nanomaterials as catalysts. Therefore, the present study attempts to explore endoglucanase (EG) production using a bacterial coculture system by employing two different bacterial strains, namely, Bacillus subtilis and Serratia marcescens under SSF in the presence of a ZnMg hydroxide-based nanocomposite as a nanocatalyst. The nanocatalyst based on ZnMg hydroxide has been prepared via green synthesis using Litchi waste seed, while SSF for EG production has been conducted using cofermentation of litchi seed (Ls) and paddy straw (Ps) waste. Under an optimized substrate concentration ratio of 5:6 Ps:Ls and in the presence of 2.0 mg of nanocatalyst, the cocultured bacterial system produced 1.6 IU/mL of EG enzyme, which was ~1.33 fold higher as compared to the control. Additionally, the same enzyme showed its stability for 135 min in the presence of 1.0 mg of nanocatalyst at 38 °C. The nanocatalyst has been synthesized using the green method, wherein waste litchi seed is used as a reducing agent, and the nanocatalyst could be employed to improve the production and functional stability of crude enzymes. The findings of the present study may have significant application in lignocellulosic-based biorefinaries and cellulosic waste management.
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Celulasa , Litchi , Nanocompuestos , Celulasa/química , Litchi/metabolismo , Fermentación , Bacterias/metabolismo , Semillas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Root rot of Panax ginseng caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans, a soil-borne fungus is typically diagnosed by frequently checking the ginseng plants or by evaluating soil pathogens in a farm, which is a time- and cost-intensive process. Because this disease causes huge economic losses to ginseng farmers, it is important to develop reliable and non-destructive techniques for early disease detection. In this study, we developed a non-destructive method for the early detection of root rot. For this, we used crop phenotyping and analyzed biochemical information collected using the HSI technique. Soil infected with root rot was divided into sterilized and infected groups and seeded with 1-year-old ginseng plants. HSI data were collected four times during weeks 7-10 after sowing. The spectral data were analyzed and the main wavelengths were extracted using partial least squares discriminant analysis. The average model accuracy was 84% in the visible/near-infrared region (29 main wavelengths) and 95% in the short-wave infrared (19 main wavelengths). These results indicated that root rot caused a decrease in nutrient absorption, leading to a decline in photosynthetic activity and the levels of carotenoids, starch, and sucrose. Wavelengths related to phenolic compounds can also be utilized for the early prediction of root rot. The technique presented in this study can be used for the early and timely detection of root rot in ginseng in a non-destructive manner.
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Male infertility is significantly influenced by the plasma-protein sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Male infertility, erectile dysfunction, prostate cancer, and several other male reproductive system diseases are all caused by reduced testosterone bioavailability due to its binding to SHBG. In this study, we have identified 345 phytochemicals from 200 literature reviews that potentially inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Only a few studies have been done using the SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors to identify the SHBG inhibitor, which is thought to be the main protein responsible for male infertility. In virtual-screening and molecular-docking experiments, cryptomisrine, dorsilurin E, and isoiguesterin were identified as potential SHBG inhibitors with binding affinities of -9.2, -9.0, and -8.8 kcal/mol, respectively. They were also found to have higher binding affinities than the control drug anastrozole (-7.0 kcal/mol). In addition to favorable pharmacological properties, these top three phytochemicals showed no adverse effects in pharmacokinetic evaluations. Several molecular dynamics simulation profiles' root-mean-square deviation, radius of gyration, root-mean-square fluctuation, hydrogen bonds, and solvent-accessible surface area supported the top three protein-ligand complexes' better firmness and stability than the control drug throughout the 100 ns simulation period. These combinatorial drug-design approaches indicate that these three phytochemicals could be developed as potential drugs to treat male infertility.
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Background: Antibiotic de-escalation is a key element of antimicrobial stewardship programs that restrict the spread and emergence of resistance. This study was performed to evaluate the impact of positive culture sensitivity reports of E. coli or Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) on de-escalation of antibiotic therapy. Methods: This prospective observational study was performed on 256 infected patients. The samples were obtained principally from the pus of infected sites for the identification of pathogens and culture-sensitivity testing. The data were collected from patient medical files, which included their demographic data, sample type, causative microbe and antimicrobial treatment as empiric or definitive treatment based on cultures. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: Of 256 isolated microbes, 138 (53.9%) were MSSA and 118 were E. coli (46.1%). MSSA showed 100% sensitivity to cefoxitin, oxacillin, vancomycin, fosfomycin, colistin and more than 90% to linezolid (95.3%), tigecycline (93.1%), chloramphenicol (92.2%) and amikacin (90.2%). E. coli showed 100% sensitivity to only fosfomycin and more than 90% to colistin (96.7%), polymyxin-B (95.1%) and tigecycline (92.9%). The high use of cefoperazone+sulbactam (151), amikacin (149), ceftriaxone (33), metronidazole (30) and piperacillin + tazobactam (22) was seen with empiric prescribing. Following susceptibility testing, the most common antibiotics prescribed for E. coli were meropenem IV (34), amikacin (34), ciprofloxacin (29) and cefoperazone+sulbactam (25). For MSSA cases, linezolid (48), clindamycin (30), cefoperazone+ sulbactam IV (16) and amikacin (15) was used commonly. Overall, there was 23% reduction in antibiotic use in case of E. coli and 43% reduction in MSSA cases. Conclusion: Culture sensitivity reports helped in the de-escalation of antimicrobial therapy, reducing the prescribing of especially broad-spectrum antibiotics. Consequently, it is recommended that local hospital guidelines be developed based on local antimicrobial susceptibility patterns while preventing the unnecessary use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for empiric treatment.