Processing and characterization of egg shell derived nano-hydroxyapatite synthetic bone for Orthopaedic and Arthroscopy implants and substitutes in dentistry.

The present work is focused on the nano-Hydroxyapatite (nHAp) synthesis with two different Indian breed Aseel and Kadaknath eggshells. The alloplast implants were developed through the foam replica method with polyurethane 45-PPI as a porous template. The synthesized nHAp was characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The FE-SEM images of the nHAp showed the one dimensional clustered nanoparticles and the X-ray diffraction spectrum confirms that the major phase was hydroxyapatite with a small trace of ß-tricalcium phosphate. The maximum compression strength of the sample was 5.49 ± 0.12 MPa which is in the range of the compression strength of human trabecular bone. The thermal and degradability studies results confirmed that these are highly stable and provides necessary a resorption needed for new bone tissue formation. Besides, the antimicrobial activity against tested human microbiome are satisfactory and the cell viability towards MG 63 human osteoblast-like cells provides a potential pathway for developing the nHAp implants for bone tissue engineering.

Hydroxyapatite Reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone Based Hydrogel for Cartilage Replacement.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) hydrogels are desirable biomaterials for soft tissue repair and replacement. However, the bio-inertness and poor cell adhesive potency of the PVA and PVP hinder the wide range of biomedical applications. In the present work, PVA and PVP were blended with a one-dimensional hydroxyapatite nanorod (HNr), and PVA/PVP/HNr composite hydrogel was synthesized by the freeze-thaw process. The developed hydrogels were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The bio-ceramic nanohydroxyapatite content was optimized, and it was found that reinforcement improves mechanical strength as well as bioactivity. The compression strength values are 2.47 ± 0.73 MPa for the composite having 2 wt% of nanohydroxyapatite. The storage modulus was much higher than the loss modulus, which signifies the elastic dominancy similar to cartilage. Besides, the antimicrobial activity of nanohydroxyapatite reinforced PVA hydrogel towards bacterial species, Escherichia coli (E. Coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was satisfactory, and the in vitro biocompatibility response towards Human Mesenchymal stem cells(hMSC) after 72 h of culture confirms nanohydroxyapatite reinforced PVA/PVP hydrogels are the promising alternatives for next-generation cartilage substitutes.