PARALLELS BETWEEN BIODIVERSITY AND HUMAN DIVERSITY: A MANDATE TO IMPROVE ECOLOGICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL HEALTH AND VITALITY.

The veterinary medical profession-including in marine biology and oceanography, ecology, conservation science, and zoo, wildlife, aquatic, and exotic animal medicine-suffers from a well-known lack of diversity. It is the author's view that in order to ensure that animals (and plants) have the environment they need to thrive, and to address urgent ecosystem health and conservation issues in our global interconnected communities, our wildlife, zoo, and conservation science organizations must embrace diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging (DEIB). Just as biodiversity is critical for the health and vitality of our ecosystem, the diversity of the people who care for those ecosystems will protect the health and vibrancy of our professions and organizations. Though research may not yet have established a direct link between the diversification of such organizations and the advancement of biodiversity, that does not mean there is no such effect or impact. With myriad evidence that diverse organizations are better at solving complex problems, why would there be an expectation that these professions would fare differently? A call to action is for such organizations to conduct and publish research regarding the impact of increased human diversity on their missions of enhancing biodiversity. The challenges to biodiversity are great, and our organizations must use every tool in the toolkit to find solutions-including enhancing DEIB. This article elaborates on the many benefits that come with prioritizing DEIB in our organizations-similar to those benefits arising from healthy, biodiverse ecosystems. Potential action steps are shared that organizations and associations may consider in promoting DEIB and igniting progress.

Supporting diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging to strengthen and position the veterinary profession for service, sustainability, excellence, and impact.

Advancing equality and equity in society is creating positive change, and the time has come to critically evaluate veterinary medicine, which, by all metrics, lacks diversity. To keep pace with increasingly diverse demographics and recent surges in pet ownership among all racial/ethnic groups, significant efforts to enhance diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging (DEIB) must occur in veterinary colleges and the profession. Recruiting more underrepresented students, building pipelines for diverse faculty/staff, and creating inclusive, welcoming environments where all can thrive are critical steps toward enhancing DEIB within our organizations and profession. Our goal is to share experiences and lessons learned from our intentional commitment to strengthen DEIB, with the hope that our journey will be helpful to others. Increasing diversity in the veterinary profession will be facilitated through removing barriers, creating inclusive work environments where all people feel they belong, and ensuring fair and equitable hiring and personnel management practices. These steps should in turn improve access and quality of veterinary care, ensure we are more representative of the communities we serve, increase revenue, and preserve the human-animal bond. "You cannot change any society unless you take responsibility for it, unless you see yourself belonging to it, and responsible for changing it." - Grace Lee Boggs.

Effects of a cognitive-behavioral skills building program on the mental health outcomes and healthy lifestyle behaviors of veterinary medicine students.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a cognitive-behavioral skills building program (ie, MINDSTRONG; The Ohio State University) on the mental health outcomes and healthy lifestyle beliefs and behaviors of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) students. Sample: DVM students (n = 62) before beginning their program at a large public Midwest land-grant university. Procedures: All 171 incoming DVM students (class of 2024) were required to take the cognitive-behavioral skills building program (7 weeks in length) before starting their 2020 school year. Students were given the option to consent to the study portion of the program. Consenting participants completed a pre- and postsurvey containing demographic questions and 5 valid and reliable scales, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 that assesses depressive symptoms, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 that evaluates anxiety, the Brief Inventory of Perceived Stress that measures stress, and the Healthy Lifestyle Beliefs and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors scales. Descriptive statistics described sample characteristics, paired t tests assessed changes over time in the outcomes Personal Wellness Assessment, and Cohen's d determined effect sizes. Results: 62 DVM students completed both surveys. Postintervention, students had significant improvements in depressive symptoms, anxiety, and healthy lifestyle beliefs and behaviors. Clinical Relevance: Although this study used a small convenience sample of DVM students from a single university, a cognitive-behavioral skills building program demonstrated the ability to decrease rates of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation and improve healthy lifestyle beliefs and behaviors. Requiring DVM students to participate in such programming could provide benefit during their professional education and throughout their careers.

Case-control study of risk factors for pasture-and endocrinopathy-associated laminitis in North American horses.

OBJECTIVE To investigate risk factors for the development of pasture- and endocrinopathy-associated laminitis (PEAL) in horses and ponies in North America. DESIGN Case-control study. ANIMALS 199 horses with incident cases of PEAL and 351 horses from 2 control populations (healthy horses [n = 198] and horses with lameness not caused by laminitis [153]) that were evaluated in North America between January 2012 and December 2015 by veterinarian members of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. PROCEDURES North American members of the American Association of Equine Practitioners were contacted to participate in the study, and participating veterinarians provided historical data on incident cases of PEAL, each matched with a healthy control and a lameness control. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to compare data on PEAL-affected horses with data on horses from each set of controls. RESULTS Horses with an obese body condition (ie, body condition score ≥ 7), generalized or regional adiposity (alone or in combination), preexisting endocrinopathy, or recent (within 30 days) glucocorticoid administration had increased odds of developing PEAL, compared with horses that did not have these findings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The present study identified several risk factors for PEAL that may assist not only in managing and preventing this form of laminitis, but also in guiding future research into its pathogenesis.

Plasma matrix metalloproteinase activity in horses after intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharide and treatment with matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors.

OBJECTIVE: To establish an in vivo method for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 induction in horses via IV administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to evaluate the ability of doxycycline, oxytetracycline, flunixin meglumine, and pentoxifylline to inhibit equine MMP-2 and MMP-9 production. ANIMALS: 29 adult horses of various ages and breeds and either sex. PROCEDURES: In part 1, horses received an IV administration of LPS (n = 5) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (5). Venous blood samples were collected before and at specified times for 24 hours after infusion. Plasma was harvested and analyzed for MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities via zymography. In part 2, horses received doxycycline (n = 5), oxytetracycline (5), flunixin meglumine (5), or pentoxifylline (4) before and for up to 12 hours after administration of LPS. Plasma was obtained and analyzed, and results were compared with results from the LPS-infused horses of part 1. RESULTS: Administration of LPS significantly increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in the venous circulation of horses. All MMP inhibitors significantly decreased LPS-induced increases in MMP activities but to differing degrees. Pentoxifylline and oxytetracycline appeared to be the most effective MMP-2 and MMP-9 inhibitors, whereas doxycycline and flunixin meglumine were more effective at inhibiting MMP-2 activity than MMP-9 activity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: IV administration of LPS to horses caused increased venous plasma activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9. These MMP activities were reduced by pentoxifylline and oxytetracycline, suggesting that further evaluation of these medications for treatment and prevention of MMP-associated diseases in horses is indicated.

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in horses: pathogenesis and therapeutics.

This article discusses the potential role of oxidative injury to the intestinal tract of horses and the therapeutic approaches that have been investigated to decrease cellular damage secondary to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Equine colic is a major concern for horse owners and veterinary practitioners. Strangulating and obstructive lesions of the small and large intestines commonly require intervention in patients via exploratory celiotomy. However, the application of information from experimentally induced IR injury in horses to clinical cases of naturally occurring equine colic is not clear. Thus, while the exact mechanisms and clinical significance of intestinal IR are being defined and may be matters of academic debate, a review of the available information may provide knowledge of potential underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms contributing to intestinal injury in equine colic. This information may allow clinicians to offer additional therapeutic strategies for horses with strangulating obstruction of the small or large intestine. Further clinical study of the therapeutic options for horses with naturally occurring disease is warranted.

Mechanisms of oxidative injury in equine disease.

Oxygen is essential to aerobic life, but it is also associated with the production of highly reactive compounds that can pose danger to physiologic systems when the oxygen concentration is excessive. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are required for normal physiologic processes, but when produced in excess, they can overwhelm endogenous antioxidants, resulting in significant cellular damage and, eventually, cell death. Ischemic events can initiate numerous pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to increased production of ROS, loss of cellular energy production, and lipid peroxidation. Although reperfusion is a necessary step in cellular recovery from ischemia, it can be deleterious by leading to the generation of even more ROS and stimulating the accumulation of neutrophils. Both of these processes may contribute to irreversible cell death and, ultimately, organ failure. This article reviews oxygen metabolism, ischemia, and reperfusion injury and how these processes may occur in equine disorders.

Transcriptional changes associated with recurrent airway obstruction in affected and unaffected horses.

OBJECTIVE: To identify differentially expressed genes in pulmonary tissues of horses affected with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD), which is a form of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), compared with those of unaffected horses. ANIMALS: 6 horses with SPAOPD-RAO and 6 unaffected (healthy) horses. PROCEDURES: Horses were assigned to 2 groups on the basis of medical history, clinical score, and transpleural pressure. Total RNA from each of the 5 lung lobes of each of the 6 SPAOPD-RAO-affected horses was extracted and pooled. Similarly, total RNA from unaffected horses was pooled. Differential display (DD) PCR assay was performed, and differentially expressed bands were purified and cloned into a plasmid vector. Plasmids were extracted from recombinant colonies, and purified DNA was sequenced. Genes of interest for RAO pathogenesis were identified. Real-time PCR assay was performed to confirm findings for the DD PCR assay. RESULTS: 18 differentially expressed genes (17 upregulated and 1 downregulated) were identified. Three genes of particular interest were found to be altered (2 upregulated and 1 downregulated) in horses with SPAOPD-RAO by use of real-time PCR assay, and these findings matched the differential expression found by use of the DD PCR assay. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: SPAOPD-RAO in horses is a multifactorial, complex disease involving several genes. Upregulated genes, particularly beta2-microglobulin, and the downregulated secretoglobin gene can serve as marker genes that may help to identify SPAOPD-RAO at an early age.

Use of serial laminar tissue collection via biopsy in conscious healthy horses.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of performing serial laminar and skin biopsies on sedated horses and whether sampling affected adjacent tissues. ANIMALS: 6 horses. PROCEDURES: Laminar tissues were harvested via biopsy through the hoof wall from healthy conscious horses via sedation and regional anesthesia. Eight specimens were collected at 4 time points during 24 hours from a single foot. Laminar biopsy specimens were harvested with a 6-mm-diameter biopsy punch after burring through the horny corium to the stratum medium. Skin biopsy specimens were collected from an area proximal to the coronary band. All tissues were examined via light microscopy. Total RNA was extracted and quantified, and gene expression analysis was completed for 2 housekeeping genes and the inflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase-2. RESULTS: Laminar and skin biopsies yielded adequate specimens for histologic and gene expression evaluation. There was no extension of inflammation or detectable damage to adjacent tissues during the 24-hour period in either laminar or skin specimens as judged via histologic findings and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Lameness and discomfort induced by the procedure were minimal. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Laminar biopsy provided a satisfactory method of collecting laminar specimens and allowed serial sampling of individual horses.

The need for veterinarians in biomedical research.

The number of veterinarians in the United States is inadequate to meet societal needs in biomedical research and public health. Areas of greatest need include translational medical research, veterinary pathology, laboratory-animal medicine, emerging infectious diseases, public health, academic medicine, and production-animal medicine. Veterinarians have unique skill sets that enable them to serve as leaders or members of interdisciplinary research teams involved in basic science and biomedical research with applications to animal or human health. There are too few graduate veterinarians to serve broad national needs in private practice; academia; local, state, and federal government agencies; and private industry. There are no easy solutions to the problem of increasing the number of veterinarians in biomedical research. Progress will require creativity, modification of priorities, broad-based communication, support from faculty and professional organizations, effective mentoring, education in research and alternative careers as part of the veterinary professional curriculum, and recognition of the value of research experience among professional schools' admissions committees. New resources should be identified to improve communication and education, professional and graduate student programs in biomedical research, and support to junior faculty. These actions are necessary for the profession to sustain its viability as an integral part of biomedical research.

Neurokinin receptors in recurrent airway obstruction: a comparative study of affected and unaffected horses.

The purpose of the study was to compare in vitro airway responses to neurokinin A & B (NKA and NKB) and expression of NK-2 receptors in airways of horses affected and unaffected with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Neurokinin-A, an inflammatory mediator belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides, causes bronchoconstriction by binding to NK-2 receptors. Neurokinin-B is a lesser-known neuropeptide that acts on NK-3 receptors. Horses were placed into RAO-affected and RAO-unaffected groups based on their history, clinical scoring, and pulmonary function testing. Lung tissue from each lobe was collected for immunohistochemical staining for NK-2 receptors. Cumulative concentration-response relationships were determined on bronchial rings (4-mm wide) collected and prepared from the right diaphragmatic lung lobe to graded concentrations (half log molar concentrations 10(-7)M to 10(-4)M) of NKA and NKB. The results showed that NKA caused significantly greater contraction than NKB in both groups. In RAO-affected horses, both agents produced significantly greater bronchial contractions than those in the RAO-unaffected horses. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the overall NK-2 receptor distribution was significantly increased in bronchial epithelium and smooth muscles of bronchi and pulmonary vessels of RAO-affected than RAO-unaffected horses. The findings indicate that NK-2 receptors are up-regulated in RAO, suggesting that NK-2 receptor antagonists may have some therapeutic value in controlling the progression of airway hyperreactivity in horses affected with RAO.

Apoptose no cólon menor eqüino submetido à isquemia e reperfusão experimentais / Apoptosis in equine small colon subjected to experimental ischemia and reperfusion

Isquemia e reperfusão intestinais são importantes fatores de mortalidade em eqüinos. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar e quantificar a apoptose na mucosa do cólon menor eqüino em um modelo de isquemia e reperfusão. Realizou-se a exposição cirúrgica do cólon menor de doze eqüinos e demarcaram-se dois segmentos intestinais que foram submetidos a 90 (SI) ou 180 (SII) minutos de isquemia arteriovenosa completa. Foram coletadas amostras intestinais antes da isquemia (controle), ao seu final e após 90 e 180 minutos de reperfusão. As amostras foram processadas histologicamente e coradas pela Hematoxilina e Eosina (SI e SII) e pela técnica de TUNEL (SII). Foram digitalizadas imagens histológicas e procedeu-se análise morfométrica para detectar ocorrência de apoptose e determinar o índice apoptótico (IA). Após 90 ou 180 minutos de isquemia arteriovenosa, verificou-se um aumento do IA comparado ao controle, embora não tenha sido detectada diferença entre os diferentes períodos de isquemia (P<0,05). Após os primeiros 90 minutos de reperfusão, ocorreu uma diminuição do IA em ambos os segmentos, talvez devido à redução do suprimento energético necessário à ocorrência de apoptose. O IA foi maximizado após 180 minutos de reperfusão (amostra coletada somente no segmento SI) (P<0,05). Concluiu-se que, nas obstruções isquêmicas do cólon menor eqüino, a apoptose é uma importante forma de morte celular na mucosa, ocorrendo de forma precoce durante a isquemia e de forma tardia (após 90 minutos) durante a reperfusão.

Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion are important factors for mortality in horses. The objective of this study was to detect and to quantify apoptosis in the mucosa of equine small colon in a model of ischemia and reperfusion. The small colon was surgically exposed in twelve horses, and two intestinal segments were demarcated and subjected to 90 (SI) or 180 (SII) minutes of complete arteriovenous ischemia. Intestinal samples were collected before ischemia (control), at its end and after 90 and 180 minutes of reperfusion. Samples were histological processed and stained by hematoxylin and eosin (SI and SII) and by the technique of TUNEL (SI). Digitized histological images were analyzed morphometrically to detect apoptotic cells and to determine the apoptotic index (AI). After 90 or 180 minutes of arteriovenous ischemia, an increase in apoptotic cells was verified when compared with the control group, although no difference could be detected between the different periods of ischemia (P<0.05). After the first 90 minutes of reperfusion, a decrease in AI occurred, similar in both segments, possibly due to lack of energy source promoted by ischemia. AI was maximized after 180 minutes of reperfusion (sample harvested only in SI) (P<0.05). In conclusion, apoptosis is an important cause of cellular mucosal death in equine small colon ischemic obstruction, occurring early in ischemia, and later (after 90 minutes) in the reperfusion period.