Methane production from the biodegradation of lignite with different sizes by mixed fungi-methanogen microflora.

Biogenic coalbed methane (CBM) is a developing clean energy source. However, it is unclear how the mechanisms of bio-methane production with different sizes of coal. In this work, pulverized coal (PC) and lump coal (LC) were used for methane production by mixed fungi-methanogen microflora. The lower methane production from LC was observed. The aromatic carbon of coal was degraded slightly by 2.17% in LC, while 11.28% in PC. It is attributed to the proportion of lignin-degrading fungi, especially Penicillium, which was reached 67.57% in PC on the 7th day, higher than that of 11.38% in LC. The results suggested that the limited interaction area in LC led to microorganisms hardly utilize aromatics. It also led the accumulation of aromatic organics in the fermentation broth in PC. Increasing the reaction area of coal and facilitating the conversion of aromatic carbon are suggested means to increase methane production in situ.

Experimental Study on Catalytic Action of Intrinsic Metals in Coal Spontaneous Combustion.

In order to study the effect of inherent metals in coal on spontaneous combustion, Hongmiao lignite and Hongqingliang long-flame coal were demineralized by hydrochloric acid, the raw coal and demineralized coal were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and synchronous thermal analysis experiments, and the corresponding ash content was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results show that the effect of demineralization on the volatile matter of low-rank coal is small, and the change of crystallite structure is not significant. The removed parts are mainly water-soluble salts and soluble minerals, such as carbonates and metal ions, that are not tightly bound to the organic matter of coal structure. The removed metal elements are mainly alkali metals Na and K, alkaline earth metals Ca, Mg, Sr, and Ba, and transition metals Fe, Mn, Ti, and so forth. The temperatures corresponding to the end of weight loss, ignition, and maximum weight loss rates were elevated on the thermogravimetric curves of the demineralized coal samples. The heat absorbed by evaporation of water in coal and the heat released by oxidation and combustion of coal are decreased to different degrees, indicating that the spontaneous combustion tendency of coal after demineralization is reduced, and alkali metal, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals in coal have a catalytic effect on spontaneous combustion of coal. After adding the metal chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), the apparent activation energy decreased by 33.08 and 2.42%, respectively. EDTA and the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or transition-metal ions formed a stable chelate in coal. The catalytic activity of metals is weakened or even lost, thereby inhibiting spontaneous combustion of coal, and verifying the catalytic effect of internal metals in coal on the spontaneous combustion of coal.

Major products and their formation and transformation mechanism through degrading UDMH wastewater via DBD low temperature plasma.

Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) is a liquid propellant widely used in aviation and aerospace. It produces a large amount of dimethyl hydrazine wastewater during long-term storage, testing, and reinjection. Traditional treatments produce numerous secondary contaminants such as residual high carcinogens, including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and formaldehyde dimethylhydrazone (FDMH). In this paper, the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) low temperature plasma technology is used to degrade the dimethyl hydrazine wastewater. Aiming at the problem of secondary pollutants in the degradation process, we used qualitative and quantitative methods to study the changes of NDMA and FDMH during the degradation of dimethyl hydrazine wastewater by DBD low temperature plasma. The kinetics of these two products showed that the degradation process of NDMA was consistent with the first-order reaction kinetics. Using density functional theory, we established molecular models of UDMH, NDMA and FDMH. According to the molecular orbital theory, the formation mechanism of NDMA and FDMH was calculated from three aspects: reaction structure, reaction path and energy change. We found that during the degradation of dimethyl hydrazine, the dimethyl hydrazine oxidation product was initiated by hydrogen abstraction on methyl (-CH3) and amine (-NH2). NDMA is produced by the oxidation of -NH2, whereas FDMH is mainly produced from dimethyl hydrazine and formaldehyde.

1-Methyl-hydrazinium picrate.

In the title salt, CH(7)N(2) (+)·C(6)H(2)N(3)O(7) (-), the dihedral angles between the three nitro groups and the plane of the benzene ring are 22.4 (2), 35.3 (2) and 2.8 (2)°. In the crystal, the components are linked by N-H⋯O and N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds into a two-dimensional network parallel to (10[Formula: see text]).

1,1-Dimethyl-hydrazin-1-ium picrate.

In the title compound, C(2)H(9)N(2) (+)·C(6)H(2)N(3)O(7) (-), the dihedral angles between the mean planes of the three nitro groups and the benzene ring are 63.5 (3), 10.5 (2) and 10.4 (2)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a two-dimensional network parallel to (001).

4-Methyl-1-[4-(methyl-sulfan-yl)benzyl-idene]thio-semicarbazide.

The title compound, C(10)H(13)N(3)S(2), is roughly planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.086 Å). In the crystal, N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into (001) sheets.