Perspectivas em cirurgia robótica: a visão do cirurgião / Robotic surgery: the surgeon's perspective

Introdução: Avaliar os níveis de conhecimento, interesse e treinamento dos cirurgiões inscritos no Colégio Brasileiro dos Cirurgiões (CBC) da cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, em relação à cirurgia robótica. Métodos: Estudo transversal, baseado em informações coletadas por meio de questionário enviado via plataforma digital para potenciais participantes. O formulário continha perguntas estruturadas e autoaplicáveis, a fim de caracterizar o perfil profissional, capacitação em cirurgia minimamente invasiva, conhecimento, opinião e treinamento específico em cirurgia robótica. Resultados: Dos 146 membros inscritos no CBC na cidade de Porto Alegre, 99 (67,8%) responderam ao questionário. Houve predomínio do sexo masculino (88%) e a mediana de idade dos participantes foi de 48 anos. Os procedimentos videolaparoscópicos ou vídeo-assistidos foram maioria na rotina dos cirurgiões. Da totalidade da amostra, a maior parte (78%) já assistiu ao menos um procedimento robótico, e um terço (n = 30) já realizou algum tipo de treinamento ou simulação em cirurgia robótica. Entre os que não realizaram, dois terços pretendem se qualificar no futuro. Apenas 10% dos cirurgiões possuem certificação na área. Conclusão: A maioria dos cirurgiões respondentes inscritos no CBC em Porto Alegre tem em sua rotina predominância de procedimentos minimamente invasivos e acredita que a plataforma robótica será o futuro da cirurgia. Embora ainda não disponível na maioria dos serviços gaúchos, espera-se que o desenvolvimento de novas plataformas e a redução dos custos envolvidos na aquisição de equipamento e de capacitação do cirurgião facilitem a disseminação dessa tecnologia.

Introduction: To assess the practical knowledge, interest, and training levels of surgeons enrolled in the Brazilian College of Surgeons (CBC) of the municipality of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, regarding robotic surgery. Methods: Cross-sectional study, based on information collected with a questionnaire sent to potential participants via digital platform. The form contained structured and self-administered questions, to characterize their professional profile, skills in minimally invasive surgery, knowledge, opinion, and specific training in robotic surgery. Results: Of the 146 members enrolled in the CBC of the municipality of Porto Alegre, 99 (67.8%) responded to the questionnaire. Most were males (88%) with a mean age of 48 years. Video-laparoscopic or video-assisted procedures were the most frequent in the participants' practice. Of the sample, most (78%) already watched at least one robotic surgery, and one third (n = 30) had already completed some sort of training or simulation course in robotic surgery. Among those who did not, two thirds intend to pursue formal training in the future. Only 10% of participating surgeons are certified in the area. Conclusion: Most responding surgeons enrolled in the CBC in Porto Alegre perform mostly minimally invasive procedures daily and believe that the robotic technology will be the future of surgery. Although not yet available in most services of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, it is expected that the development of new platforms and the reduction of costs involved in equipment acquisition and surgical training will facilitate the dissemination of this technology.

Complicações pós-operatórias em apendicectomias: análise comparativa entre as abordagens aberta e videolaparoscópica / Postoperative complications in appendectomies: comparative analysis between open and laparoscopic approaches

Introdução: A apendicectomia é o tratamento de escolha da apendicite aguda. Embora a preferência pelas técnicas minimamente invasivas seja tendência mundial, a cirurgia aberta ainda é realidade na maioria dos hospitais públicos. O índice de complicações pós-operatórias varia de acordo com a técnica cirúrgica empregada. O presente estudo objetiva comparar a incidência de complicações pós-operatórias entre a apendicectomia aberta e laparoscópica. Métodos: Coorte retrospectiva incluindo pacientes submetidos à apendicectomia no Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre entre novembro de 2015 a novembro de 2019. Foram avaliados dados demográficos, tempo de evolução dos sintomas, técnica cirúrgica, achados transoperatórios, necessidade de drenos ou ostomias, tempo cirúrgico, tempo de internação, experiência do cirurgião e desfechos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 358 pacientes, com idade de 32 ± 13,8 anos, e predomínio do sexo masculino (58,9%); 58,1% foram submetidos a cirurgia aberta, 41,9% a laparoscopia e 8% necessitaram conversão. As apendicites foram classificadas como complicadas em um terço dos casos. O tempo cirúrgico foi menor na cirurgia aberta (79,3 ± 38,8 vs. 104 ± 35,2 minutos; p < 0,001). O índice de complicações pós-operatórias foi de 21,2%, sendo significativamente maior na técnica aberta (26,4% vs. 13%; p = 0,003). O tempo de internação, a necessidade de reintervenção e mortalidade não apresentaram diferença entre as técnicas. Conclusão: Embora a apendicectomia aberta seja um procedimento seguro, com bons resultados e baixa morbimortalidade, a laparoscopia oferece potenciais vantagens em termos de evolução pós-operatória, inclusive em casos complicados. Deve ser indicada rotineiramente havendo disponibilidade de material e capacitação da equipe cirúrgica. (AU)

Introduction: Appendectomy is the treatment of choice for acute appendicitis. Although the preference for minimally invasive techniques is a worldwide trend, open surgery remains a reality in most public hospitals. The rate of postoperative complications varies according to the surgical technique employed. The present study aimed to compare the incidence of postoperative complications between open and laparoscopic appendectomy. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients undergoing appendectomy at the Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre between November 2015 and November 2019. Demographic and clinical data, duration of symptoms, surgical technique, intraoperative findings, use of abdominal drains or stomas, operative time, length of stay, surgeon's experience, and outcomes were assessed. Results: Three hundred and fifty-eight patients were included, predominantly male (58.9%), with a mean age of 32 ± 13.8 years; 58.1% underwent open surgery, 41.9% underwent laparoscopic surgery, and 8% required conversion. One third of the cases were classified as complicated. The mean operative time was shorter for open surgery (79.3 ± 38.8 vs. 104 ± 35.2 minutes; p < 0.001). The rate of postoperative complications was 21.2%, with a significantly higher incidence in the open technique (26.4% vs. 13%; p = 0.003). Length of stay, reoperation rate, and mortality did not differ between the techniques. Conclusions: Although open appendectomy is a safe and efficient procedure, associated with low morbidity and mortality rates, laparoscopy provides potential clinically beneficial advantages in terms of postoperative outcomes, even in complicated cases. Therefore, it should be routinely performed where laparoscopic equipment and skillful staff are available. (AU)

Laparoscopy & robotics: a historical parallel.

The evolution of robotic platforms has brought up ethical, economic, educational, and clinical applicability issues that refer to the early 1990s, when laparoscopy began its dissemination as a technology that would revolutionize surgery. Introduced in Brazil since 1990, laparoscopy has received a lot of resistance from different sectors, including the medical academy itself. The technique was considered expensive, complex, poorly available and with limited clinical applications. However, in a short time, it was established as the gold standard for the treatment of most diseases in different organ systems and surgical specialties. At this time, similarly to laparoscopy, robotic surgery is expressed as a disruptive technology, determining an important breakdown of paradigms, and moving the wheel of history forward. The author draws a parallel in relation to the use of both technologies in the surgeon's armamentarium. The fear of the "new technology", seen when laparoscopy appeared, is repeated with the advent of robotic surgery. Laparoscopy and robotic surgery, at the same time, imposed new knowledge challenges for surgeons, anesthetists, nurses, engineers - the need to learn again, to develop new skills. The previous experience of implementing laparoscopy should always be remembered and considered, optimizing the current scenario of the robotic platform, in its introduction and dissemination with the surgical community. The advent of the "robotic era" and its evolutionary potential will continue to assist surgeons in their mission to serve their patients with quality and safety.

The difficult crossroads of decisions at COVID-19: how can the deontology implicit in Evidence-Based Medicine help us to understand the different attitudes of doctors at this time?

One of the struggles faced by physicians in clinical decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic is how to deal with already available or lacking scientific evidence. The COVID-19 pandemic has a large impact in the routine of the many health services, including surgery, which demanded changes in assist protocols. Questions began to arise about well-established surgery conducts due to situations related to SARS-COV-2 infection, and, according to public health measures that are necessary to fight the pandemic. In situations of scarce available evidence, it is natural for us to have to deal with systematically more fragile, provisory and bias-susceptible information. Considering the principles that guide Evidence Based Medicine and Bioethical, the authors analyze the complexity of the medical decision-making during this time. Medical conducts must be adapted to the context of fighting the pandemic and consider patients and healthcare providers exposure and well-being and, lastly, the conservation of resources. The authors conclude that acceptance and tolerance to divergence is commendable, being a path to achieving unity in the diversity of medicine in times of little safe knowledge.

Educational note: teaching and training in robotic surgery. An opinion of the Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery Committee of the Brazilian College of Surgeons.

With the expansion of robotic surgical procedures, the acquisition of specific knowledge and skills for surgeons to reach proficiency seems essential before performing surgical procedures on humans. In this sense, the authors present a proposal to establish a certification based on objective and validated criteria for carrying out robotic procedures. A study was carried out by the Committee on Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery of the Brazilian College of Surgeons based on a reviewing strategy of the scientific literature. The study serves as a reference for the creation of a standard for the qualification and certification in robotic surgery according to a statement of the Brazilian Medical Association (AMB) announced on December 17, 2019. The standard proposes a minimum curriculum, integrating training and performance evaluation. The initial (pre-clinical) stage aims at knowledge and adaptation to a specific robotic platform and the development of psychomotor skills based on surgical simulation. Afterwards, the surgeon must accompany in person at least five surgeries in the specialty, participate as a bedside assistant in at least 10 cases and perform 10 surgeries under the supervision of a preceptor surgeon. The surgeon who completes all the steps will be considered qualified in robotic surgery in his specialty. The final certification must be issued by the specialty societies affiliated to AMB. The authors conclude that the creation of a norm for habilitation in robotic surgery should encourage Brazilian hospitals to apply objective qualification criteria for this type of procedure to qualify assistance.

Educational note: teaching and training in robotic surgery. An opinion of the Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery Committee of the Brazilian College of Surgeons / Nota educacional: ensino e treinamento em cirurgia robótica. Um parecer da Comissão de Cirurgia Minimamente Invasiva e Robótica

ABSTRACT With the expansion of robotic surgical procedures, the acquisition of specific knowledge and skills for surgeons to reach proficiency seems essential before performing surgical procedures on humans. In this sense, the authors present a proposal to establish a certification based on objective and validated criteria for carrying out robotic procedures. A study was carried out by the Committee on Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery of the Brazilian College of Surgeons based on a reviewing strategy of the scientific literature. The study serves as a reference for the creation of a standard for the qualification and certification in robotic surgery according to a statement of the Brazilian Medical Association (AMB) announced on December 17, 2019. The standard proposes a minimum curriculum, integrating training and performance evaluation. The initial (pre-clinical) stage aims at knowledge and adaptation to a specific robotic platform and the development of psychomotor skills based on surgical simulation. Afterwards, the surgeon must accompany in person at least five surgeries in the specialty, participate as a bedside assistant in at least 10 cases and perform 10 surgeries under the supervision of a preceptor surgeon. The surgeon who completes all the steps will be considered qualified in robotic surgery in his specialty. The final certification must be issued by the specialty societies affiliated to AMB. The authors conclude that the creation of a norm for habilitation in robotic surgery should encourage Brazilian hospitals to apply objective qualification criteria for this type of procedure to qualify assistance.

RESUMO Com a expansão da realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos robóticos, a aquisição de conhecimentos e habilidades específicas para que o cirurgião alcance proficiência antes de realizar procedimentos cirúrgicos em humanos torna-se fundamental. Neste sentido, os autores apresentam uma proposta de estabelecimento de uma certificação baseada em critérios objetivos e validados para a realização de procedimentos robóticos. Um estudo foi executado pela Comissão de Cirurgia Minimamente Invasiva e Robótica do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões baseado em uma estratégia de revisão da literatura científica. O estudo serve de referência para a criação de uma normativa para a habilitação e certificação em cirurgia robótica de acordo com comunicado da Associação Médica Brasileira anunciado em 17 de dezembro de 2019. A normativa propõe um currículo mínimo, integrando treinamento e avaliação de desempenho. A etapa inicial (pré-clínica) visa o conhecimento e adaptação a uma plataforma robótica específica e o desenvolvimento de habilidades psicomotoras baseada em simulação cirúrgica. Após, o cirurgião deverá acompanhar presencialmente pelo menos cinco cirurgias na especialidade, participar como cirurgião auxiliar em pelo menos 10 casos e realizar 10 cirurgias sob supervisão de um cirurgião preceptor. O cirurgião que concluir todas as etapas será considerado habilitado em cirurgia robótica em sua especialidade. A certificação de habilitação definitiva deverá ser emitida pelas sociedades de especialidades filiadas à AMB. Os autores concluem que a criação de uma normativa para habilitação em cirurgia robótica deve estimular que os hospitais brasileiros apliquem critérios objetivos de habilitação para este tipo de procedimento, no sentido de qualificar a assistência.

The difficult crossroads of decisions at COVID-19: how can the deontology implicit in Evidence-Based Medicine help us to understand the different attitudes of doctors at this time? / A difícil encruzilhada das decisões na COVID-19: como a deontologia implícita à Medicina Baseada em Evidências pode nos ajudar a entender as diferentes atitudes dos médicos nesse momento?

ABSTRACT One of the struggles faced by physicians in clinical decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic is how to deal with already available or lacking scientific evidence. The COVID-19 pandemic has a large impact in the routine of the many health services, including surgery, which demanded changes in assist protocols. Questions began to arise about well-established surgery conducts due to situations related to SARS-COV-2 infection, and, according to public health measures that are necessary to fight the pandemic. In situations of scarce available evidence, it is natural for us to have to deal with systematically more fragile, provisory and bias-susceptible information. Considering the principles that guide Evidence Based Medicine and Bioethical, the authors analyze the complexity of the medical decision-making during this time. Medical conducts must be adapted to the context of fighting the pandemic and consider patients and healthcare providers exposure and well-being and, lastly, the conservation of resources. The authors conclude that acceptance and tolerance to divergence is commendable, being a path to achieving unity in the diversity of medicine in times of little safe knowledge.

RESUMO Uma das dificuldades que os médicos enfrentam nas decisões clínicas durante a pandemia de COVID-19 é como lidar com as evidências científicas de que dispõem, ou com a falta delas. A pandemia de COVID-19 teve um enorme impacto nas rotinas dos diferentes serviços de saúde, incluindo a área cirúrgica, que exigiram mudanças de protocolos assistenciais. Muitas condutas cirúrgicas bem estabelecidas passaram a ser questionadas em função de situações diretamente relacionadas à infecção pelo SARS-COV-2 e de acordo com medidas de saúde pública necessárias ao combate da pandemia. Em situações de pouca evidência disponível, é natural que tenhamos de lidar com informações sistematicamente mais frágeis, provisórias e suscetíveis a vieses. Considerando os princípios que regem a Medicina Baseada em Evidências e a Bioética, os autores analisam a complexidade da tomada de decisões médicas nesse momento. Condutas médicas devem atentar a exposição e o bem-estar dos pacientes e dos profissionais de saúde, e, por último, a conservação de recursos materiais. Os autores concluem que aceitar e tolerar é um caminho para termos unidade na diversidade da medicina em tempos de pouco conhecimento seguro.

Laparoscopy & robotics: a historical parallel / Laparoscopia & robótica: um paralelo histórico

ABSTRACT The evolution of robotic platforms has brought up ethical, economic, educational, and clinical applicability issues that refer to the early 1990s, when laparoscopy began its dissemination as a technology that would revolutionize surgery. Introduced in Brazil since 1990, laparoscopy has received a lot of resistance from different sectors, including the medical academy itself. The technique was considered expensive, complex, poorly available and with limited clinical applications. However, in a short time, it was established as the gold standard for the treatment of most diseases in different organ systems and surgical specialties. At this time, similarly to laparoscopy, robotic surgery is expressed as a disruptive technology, determining an important breakdown of paradigms, and moving the wheel of history forward. The author draws a parallel in relation to the use of both technologies in the surgeon's armamentarium. The fear of the "new technology", seen when laparoscopy appeared, is repeated with the advent of robotic surgery. Laparoscopy and robotic surgery, at the same time, imposed new knowledge challenges for surgeons, anesthetists, nurses, engineers - the need to learn again, to develop new skills. The previous experience of implementing laparoscopy should always be remembered and considered, optimizing the current scenario of the robotic platform, in its introduction and dissemination with the surgical community. The advent of the "robotic era" and its evolutionary potential will continue to assist surgeons in their mission to serve their patients with quality and safety.

RESUMO A evolução das plataformas robóticas tem trazido à discussão questões éticas, econômicas, educacionais e de aplicabilidade clínica que remetem ao início dos anos 1990, quando a videolaparoscopia iniciava a sua disseminação como tecnologia que revolucionaria a cirurgia. Introduzida no Brasil a partir de 1990, a videolaparoscopia recebeu muita resistência por parte de diferentes setores, incluindo a própria academia médica. A técnica foi considerada muito cara, complexa, pouco disponível e com aplicações clínicas limitadas. No entanto, em pouco tempo, se estabeleceu como padrão-ouro para o tratamento de grande parte das doenças em diferentes sistemas orgânicos e especialidades cirúrgicas. Neste momento, de forma semelhante à videolaparoscopia, a cirurgia robótica se expressa como tecnologia disruptiva, determinando importante quebra de paradigmas e movendo adiante a roda da história. O autor traça um paralelo em relação a utilização de ambas tecnologias no armamentário dos cirurgiões. O medo da "nova tecnologia", visto quando do aparecimento da videolaparoscopia, se repete com o advento da cirurgia robótica. Videolaparoscopia e cirurgia robótica, ao seu tempo, impuseram novos desafios de conhecimento para cirurgiões, anestesistas, enfermeiros, engenheiros - necessidade de aprender de novo, desenvolver novas habilidades. A experiencia pregressa da implantação da videolaparoscopia deve ser sempre lembrada e considerada, otimizando o cenário atual da plataforma robótica, na sua introdução e disseminação junto à comunidade cirúrgica. O advento da "era robótica" e seu potencial evolutivo continuarão a auxiliar os cirurgiões em sua missão de atender com qualidade e segurança seus pacientes.

Guidelines of the Brazilian Hernia Society (BHS) for the management of inguinocrural hernias in adults. / Orientações da Sociedade Brasileira de Hérnia (SBH) para o manejo das hérnias inguinocrurais em adultos.

Inguinal hernias are a frequent problem and their repair is the most commonly performed procedure by general surgeons. In the last years, new principles, products and techniques have changed the routine of surgeons, who need to recycle knowledge and perfect new skills. In addition, old concepts regarding surgical indication and risk of complications have been reevaluated. In order to create a guideline for the management of inguinal hernias in adult patients, the Brazilian Hernia Society assembled a group of experts to review various topics, such as surgical indication, perioperative management, surgical techniques, complications and postoperative guidance.

As hérnias inguinais são um problema frequente e o seu reparo representa a cirurgia mais comumente realizada por cirurgiões gerais. Nos últimos anos, novos princípios, produtos e técnicas têm mudado a rotina dos cirurgiões que precisam reciclar conhecimentos e aperfeiçoar novas habilidades. Além disso, antigos conceitos sobre indicação cirúrgica e riscos de complicações vêm sendo reavaliados. Visando criar um guia de orientações sobre o manejo das hérnias inguinais em pacientes adultos, a Sociedade Brasileira de Hérnias reuniu um grupo de experts com objetivo de revisar diversos tópicos, como indicação cirúrgica, manejo perioperatório, técnicas cirúrgicas, complicações e orientações pós-operatórias.

Orientações da Sociedade Brasileira de Hérnia (SBH) para o manejo das hérnias inguinocrurais em adultos / Guidelines of the Brazilian Hernia Society (BHS) for the management of inguinocrural hernias in adults

RESUMO As hérnias inguinais são um problema frequente e o seu reparo representa a cirurgia mais comumente realizada por cirurgiões gerais. Nos últimos anos, novos princípios, produtos e técnicas têm mudado a rotina dos cirurgiões que precisam reciclar conhecimentos e aperfeiçoar novas habilidades. Além disso, antigos conceitos sobre indicação cirúrgica e riscos de complicações vêm sendo reavaliados. Visando criar um guia de orientações sobre o manejo das hérnias inguinais em pacientes adultos, a Sociedade Brasileira de Hérnias reuniu um grupo de experts com objetivo de revisar diversos tópicos, como indicação cirúrgica, manejo perioperatório, técnicas cirúrgicas, complicações e orientações pós-operatórias.

ABSTRACT Inguinal hernias are a frequent problem and their repair is the most commonly performed procedure by general surgeons. In the last years, new principles, products and techniques have changed the routine of surgeons, who need to recycle knowledge and perfect new skills. In addition, old concepts regarding surgical indication and risk of complications have been reevaluated. In order to create a guideline for the management of inguinal hernias in adult patients, the Brazilian Hernia Society assembled a group of experts to review various topics, such as surgical indication, perioperative management, surgical techniques, complications and postoperative guidance.

Efficacy and safety of a new single-port model for appendectomy: Experimental study on swine.

CONTEXT: With the cooperation of surgeons and the engineering division of the company Bhio supply(©) (Esteio-RS, Brazil), a permanent single port was developed. AIMS: An experimental study assessed the safety and efficacy of the device using a swine laparoscopic appendectomy model (right salpingo-oophorectomy). SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Experimental randomised study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 20 pigs were randomised for the conventional laparoscopic (CL) three-trocar technique or the single Centry port (CPort) with two working channels, aided by a transparietal thread. Operative times, surgical complications, CO2 use, and pneumoperitoneal pressure were checked. Pressure and chromopertubation tests assessed the ligatures. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: For quantitative outcomes, the Fisher's exact test analysed the samples to compare the surgeons in each group, the ANOVA test for parametric data (volume and pressure) and the Student's t-test for analysis of the fascial incision length. The binaries and isolated occurrence events were described in percentages. RESULTS: For all cases, pneumoperitoneum was maintained. The CPort group, however, resulted in higher CO2 use (26.18 l; standard deviation [SD] ± 11.09) than CL group (5.69 l; SD ± 2.44) (P < 0.01). The mean pressure in CPort group (6.604 mmHg, SD ± 1.793) was comparatively lower than in CL group (7.382 mmHg, SD ± 1.833) (P = 0.363). There was no statistical difference between operative times, ligature safety or adverse surgical events between the different groups and surgeons. CONCLUSION: The surgical technique used with the single port showed no differences in safety and efficacy. Though it does require more CO2 use, its working dynamics did not lead to increased operative times. The results were similar between the two surgeons in the study, suggesting that they can be reproduced.

Effectiveness of a reusable low-cost balloon trocar dissection device in the creation of preperitoneal space during endoscopic surgery. An experimental study in swine.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a new, low-cost, reusable balloon trocar device for dissection of the preperitoneal space during endoscopic surgery. METHODS: Twenty swine (weight: 15-37 kg) were randomized to two groups, according to whether the preperitoneal space was created with a new balloon device manufactured by Bhio-Supply (group B) or with the commercially available OMSPDB 1000® balloon device manufactured by Covidien (group C). Quality and size of the created preperitoneal space, identification of anatomic structures, balloon dissection time, total procedure time, balloon resistance and internal pressure after insufflation with 300 mL of ambient air, balloon-related complications, and procedure cost were assessed. RESULTS: No significant differences in dissection time, total procedure time, or size of the created preperitoneal space were found between the groups. Balloons in group B had a significantly higher internal pressure compared to balloons in group C. None of the balloons ruptured during the experiment. Three animals in group C had balloon-related peritoneal lacerations. Despite a higher individual device cost, group B had a lower procedure cost over the entire experiment. CONCLUSION: The new balloon device is not inferior to the commercially available device in terms of the safety and effectiveness for creating a preperitoneal space in swine.

Effectiveness of a reusable low-cost balloon trocar dissection device in the creation of preperitoneal space during endoscopic surgery. An experimental study in swine

PURPOSE: To evaluate a new, low-cost, reusable balloon trocar device for dissection of the preperitoneal space during endoscopic surgery.METHODS:Twenty swine (weight: 15-37 kg) were randomized to two groups, according to whether the preperitoneal space was created with a new balloon device manufactured by Bhio-Supply (group B) or with the commercially available OMSPDB 1000(r) balloon device manufactured by Covidien (group C). Quality and size of the created preperitoneal space, identification of anatomic structures, balloon dissection time, total procedure time, balloon resistance and internal pressure after insufflation with 300 mL of ambient air, balloon-related complications, and procedure cost were assessed.RESULTS:No significant differences in dissection time, total procedure time, or size of the created preperitoneal space were found between the groups. Balloons in group B had a significantly higher internal pressure compared to balloons in group C. None of the balloons ruptured during the experiment. Three animals in group C had balloon-related peritoneal lacerations. Despite a higher individual device cost, group B had a lower procedure cost over the entire experiment.CONCLUSION:The new balloon device is not inferior to the commercially available device in terms of the safety and effectiveness for creating a preperitoneal space in swine.

Current status of residency training in laparoscopic surgery in Brazil: a critical review.

INTRODUCTION: The surgeon's formation process has changed in recent decades. The increase in medical schools, new specialties and modern technologies induce an overhaul of medical education. Medical residency in surgery has established itself as a key step in the formation of the surgeon, and represents the ideal and natural way for teaching laparoscopy. However, the introduction of laparoscopic surgery in the medical residency programs in surgical specialties is insufficient, creating the need for additional training after its termination. OBJECTIVE: To review the surgical teaching ways used in services that published their results. METHODS: Survey of relevant publications in books, internet and databases in PubMed, Lilacs and Scielo through july 2014 using the headings: laparoscopy; simulation; education, medical; learning; internship and residency. RESULTS: The training method for medical residency in surgery focused on surgical procedures in patients under supervision, has proven successful in the era of open surgery. However, conceptually turns as a process of experimentation in humans. Psychomotor learning must not be developed directly to the patient. Training in laparoscopic surgery requires the acquisition of psychomotor skills through training conducted initially with surgical simulation. Platforms based teaching problem solving as the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery, developed by the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgery and the Laparoscopic Surgical Skills proposed by the European Society of Endoscopic Surgery has been widely used both for education and for the accreditation of surgeons worldwide. CONCLUSION: The establishment of a more appropriate pedagogical process for teaching laparoscopic surgery in the medical residency programs is mandatory in order to give a solid surgical education and to determine a structured and safe professional activity.

Current status of residency training in laparoscopic surgery in Brazil: a critical review / Situação atual do treinamento de médicos residentes em videocirurgia no Brasil: uma análise crítica

INTRODUCTION: The surgeon's formation process has changed in recent decades. The increase in medical schools, new specialties and modern technologies induce an overhaul of medical education. Medical residency in surgery has established itself as a key step in the formation of the surgeon, and represents the ideal and natural way for teaching laparoscopy. However, the introduction of laparoscopic surgery in the medical residency programs in surgical specialties is insufficient, creating the need for additional training after its termination. OBJECTIVE: To review the surgical teaching ways used in services that published their results. METHODS: Survey of relevant publications in books, internet and databases in PubMed, Lilacs and Scielo through july 2014 using the headings: laparoscopy; simulation; education, medical; learning; internship and residency. RESULTS: The training method for medical residency in surgery focused on surgical procedures in patients under supervision, has proven successful in the era of open surgery. However, conceptually turns as a process of experimentation in humans. Psychomotor learning must not be developed directly to the patient. Training in laparoscopic surgery requires the acquisition of psychomotor skills through training conducted initially with surgical simulation. Platforms based teaching problem solving as the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery, developed by the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgery and the Laparoscopic Surgical Skills proposed by the European Society of Endoscopic Surgery has been widely used both for education and for the accreditation of surgeons worldwide. CONCLUSION: The establishment of a more appropriate pedagogical process for teaching laparoscopic surgery in the medical residency programs is mandatory in order to give a solid surgical education and to determine a structured and safe professional activity. .

INTRODUÇÃO: A formação do cirurgião geral vem se modificando nas últimas décadas. O aumento das escolas médicas, as novas especialidades e as modernas tecnologias induzem à reformulação do ensino médico. A residência médica em cirurgia estabeleceu-se como etapa fundamental na formação do cirurgião e surge como a forma ideal e natural para o ensino da videocirurgia. No entanto, a introdução da videocirurgia nos programas de residência médica nas diversas especialidades cirúrgicas é insuficiente, gerando a necessidade de treinamento complementar após o seu término. OBJETIVO: Rever a situação de ensino da videocirurgia em serviços que publicaram seus métodos. MÉTODO: Revisão de conteúdo publicado em livros e na internet considerados relevantes, além de pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs e Scielo até julho 2014 com os descritores: videocirurgia; simulação; educação médica; aprendizagem; treinamento em cirurgia. RESULTADO: O método de treinamento em programas de residência médica em cirurgia, focado na realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos sob supervisão em pacientes, comprovou sua eficiência na era da cirurgia aberta. No entanto, configura conceitualmente um processo de experimentação em seres humanos. O aprendizado psicomotor não deve e não pode ser desenvolvido diretamente no paciente. A formação em videocirurgia requer a aquisição de habilidades psicomotoras únicas, através de treinamento realizado inicialmente por simulação cirúrgica. Plataformas de ensino baseadas na solução de problemas como o Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery, desenvolvido pela Sociedade Americana de Cirurgia Endoscópica Gastrointestinal e o Laparoscopic Surgical Skills proposto pela Sociedade Europeia de Cirurgia Endoscópica são exemplos que têm sido amplamente utilizados tanto para o ensino como para a acreditação de cirurgiões em todo o mundo. CONCLUSÃO: É necessário o estabelecimento de um processo pedagógico mais adequado para o ensino da videocirurgia ...

Video-assisted surgery implementation in the public health system of a developing country.

BACKGROUND: Over the last two decades, video-assisted surgery has become the preferential access route for many procedures. Despite cholecystectomy being the laparoscopic procedure most frequently performed in Brazilian public hospitals from 2008 to 2012, the lack of population-based studies led us to conduct a survey on the prevalence of video-assisted surgery in the treatment of patients using the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) (Unified Health System), which is the universal, free, and public healthcare system of Brazil. METHODS: By analyzing the DATASUS (national public health registry database), the prevalence of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and open cholecystectomy (OC) was calculated in the period from January to December in 2008, 2010 and 2012, taking into consideration their geographic distribution throughout Brazil. RESULTS: At the end of the study period, an increase in the number of laparoscopic cholecystectomies was observed, with a variation of 125.7%. However, OC was more prevalent despite an increase in the use of video-assisted surgery over the 5-year study period, increasing from 12 to 25% in 2012. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of a trend toward increased use of video-assisted surgery for treating SUS patients during the period under study, the data from 2012 are still far from being ideal. For this population, OC via laparotomy is still the most prevalent option in all regions. This information must encourage the Brazilian surgical societies to push for an improvement in the supply of the treatment provided by the public health system.

Análise qualitativa discente do Estágio de Medicina Comunitária na Vila Augusta - Viamäo/RS: período de janeiro a junho de 1987 / A student qualitative of community rotation in the Vila Augusta - Vilamäo/RS: period of january to june 1987

Relato de experiências do Estágio de Medicina comunitária realizado no município de Viamäo (RS) em dois trimestres consecutivos, a partir de uma análise qualitativa do processo de organizaçäo e execuçäo do mesmo, envolvendo atividades de ensino/aprendizagem, serviço e pesquisa. O trabalho visa contribuir para o debate acerca de experiências curriculares de integraçäo docente/assistencial

Ressecçäo hepática das metástases do carcinoma colorectal / Hepatic resection of colorectal carcinoma metastases

O risco das ressecçöes hepáticas por metástases de carcinoma colorretal é justificado pelo prolongamento da sobrevida, pela paliaçäo significativa obtida em muitos pacientes e pelo aceitável risco cirúrgico. A remoçäo de lesöes metastáticas aparentemente solitárias tem seu relevante valor e mesmo a ressecçäo de múltiplas metástases pode ser justificada em alguns casos. Os resultados obtidos por diversos autores, incluindo uma mortalidade operatória entre 4 e 5% e sobrevida variando de 20 a 50% para os pacientes operados, favorecem a indicaçäo de ressecäo das metástases hepáticas dos carcinomas colorretais