Correction to: Beyond the Economic Gaze: Childbearing During and After Recessions in the Nordic Countries.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s10680-020-09570-0.].

Beyond the Economic Gaze: Childbearing During and After Recessions in the Nordic Countries.

During the 2010s, fertility rates fell across the Nordic region. The onset of these declines seems linked to the Great Recession of 2008-2009, but their continuation cannot easily be linked to subsequent economic change. The 1990s, too, brought episodes of economic crises to the Nordic region that were followed by different degrees of fertility decline. In this study, we provide an empirical overview of parity-, age- and education-specific fertility developments in the five Nordic countries in the wake of the economic recessions in 2008 and the early 1990s, respectively. We demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity in fertility developments across countries after 1990, whereas after 2008, the trends are much more similar across the five countries. Likewise, the educational differences in birth hazards that characterized the developments after 1990 were much smaller in the initial years after 2008-2009. This reversal from heterogeneity to homogeneity in the fertility response to recessions calls for an expansion of theories on the cyclicality of fertility in relation to uncertainty and economic and social change. In our discussion, we consider the role of a set of factors that also incorporates the state, crisis management, and perceptions of economic and welfare uncertainty.

[Austrian emigration from the mid-nineteenth century to the present]. / Auswanderungen aus Osterreich von der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zur Gegenwart.

PIP: "This is the result of an interdisciplinary study on emigration from Austria. Before the early 19th century, migratory movements were...in large part politically and religiously motivated. Between 1876 and 1910, due to economic changes and disparities, some 5 million people (i.e. about 10% of the population) left the Austro-Hungarian [Empire], the vast majority...heading overseas. Until the outbreak of World War I, emigration continued to increase, becoming a political means for containing the economic crisis and unemployment between the wars. Following the political unrest of 1934, several thousand political activists had to leave the country. After the "Anschluss" the systematic expulsion of the Jewish population set in. After World War II emigration went up again, the Austrians' main immigration countries being Germany and Switzerland, while the classical immigration countries (USA, Canada) received [fewer and fewer] Austrian citizens." (EXCERPT)^ieng

[Children or profession: there is no alternative. The effects of child care leave provisions on women in the labor force in Austria]. / Kinder oder Beruf: eine Alternative, die keine ist. Auswirkungen von Mutterschaftsleistungen auf die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen in Osterreich.

"The author presents results of a study investigating the effects of maternity and child care leave on women's participation in the labour force in Austria. The data cited show that maternity legislation so far has not significantly reduced the risk of unemployment for women. The unemployment rate for women on maternity and child care leave is about four times as high as the average for actively employed women aged 15-44." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

[Single-parent families in Austria]. / Alleinerziehende in Osterreich.

"This article presents data on the demographic trends of one-parent families and their current economic and social situation [in Austria].... The vast majority of single-parent families are headed by women....[and are] thus largely dependent on the women's economic status. The data show that the economic disadvantage of single-parent families, i.e. their low per capita income, is caused by discrimination [in] the labour market." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

[Female employment, pregnancy leave, and reintegration into the work force]. / Frauenarbeit, Karenzurlaub und berufliche Wiedereingliederung.

This article summarizes a project conducted between 1981 and 1985, in which "the research was aimed at a comprehensive description of maternity protection legislation in Austria and its effects on women's status within the family and on the labour market." It includes a historical analysis of maternity protection laws since the 1880s, an investigation into the theoretical approaches to women's work and maternity leave and the connection to women's participation in the labor market, a survey of women's employment since the 1960s, an analysis of statistical data on recipients of maternity leave payments in the 1980s, a study of the relationship between women's working careers and confinement patterns, and models and social policy reform proposals that would facilitate the employment of mothers (SUMMARY IN ENG)