Retrograde Transcaval Obliteration for Refractory Hepatic Encephalopathy with Multiple Intrahepatic Portosystemic Venous Shunts.

An intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt (IPSVS) is a rare vascular abnormality, particularly in patients without cirrhosis. An 80-year-old woman without a history of chronic liver disease was admitted to our hospital with hepatic encephalopathy. Computed tomography revealed multiple IPSVSs with two large shunts in segment 6. As conservative therapies were insufficient for treating the symptoms and reducing ammonia levels, retrograde transcaval obliteration was performed. The two large shunts were successfully embolized using detachable coils. Consequently, hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy dramatically improved, and the triphasic wave patterns of the electroencephalogram disappeared. Retrograde transcaval obliteration may be effective for refractory hepatic encephalopathy with IPSVS.

Isolated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Deficiency Associated with Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab Administration for Treating Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case Series.

Atezolizumab and bevacizumab are currently available as first-line treatments for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, but immune-related adverse events are a major concern. We herein report two cases of isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency. Both patients presented with general fatigue, appetite loss, eosinophilia, and hyponatremia after nine cycles in case 1 and three months after stopping treatment for inflammatory arthritis in case 2. Endocrinological investigations revealed unsatisfactory ACTH and cortisol responses despite the preservation of other anterior pituitary hormones, suggesting isolated ACTH deficiency. As it is rapidly improved by steroid replacement therapy, an early diagnosis and treatment make it possible to resume immunotherapy.