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Respiratory rate (RR) is an important indicator of the health and welfare status of dairy cows. In recent years, progress has been made in monitoring the RR of dairy cows using video data and learning methods. However, existing approaches often involve multiple processing modules, such as region of interest (ROI) detection and tracking, which can introduce errors that propagate through successive steps. The objective of this study was to develop an end-to-end computer vision method to predict RR of dairy cows continuously and automatically. The method leverages the capabilities of a state-of-the-art Transformer model, VideoMAE, which divides video frames into patches as input tokens, enabling the automated selection and featurization of relevant regions, such as a cow's abdomen, for predicting RR. The original encoder of VideoMAE was retained, and a classification head was added on top of it. Further, the weights of the first 11 layers of the pre-trained model were kept, while the weights of the final layer and classifier were fine-tuned using video data collected in a tie-stall barn from 6 dairy cows. Respiratory rates measured using a respiratory belt for individual cows were serving as the ground truth (GT). The evaluation of the developed model was conducted using multiple metrics, including mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.58 breaths per minute (bpm), root mean squared error (RMSE) of 3.52 bpm, root mean squared prediction error (RMSPE; as a proportion of observed mean) of 15.03%, and Pearson correlation (r) of 0.86. Compared with a conventional method involving multiple processing modules, the end-to-end approach performed better in terms of MAE, RMSE and RMSPE. These results suggest the potential to implement the developed computer vision method for an end-to-end solution, for monitoring RR of dairy cows automatically in a tie-stall setting. Future research on integrating this method with other behavioral detection and animal identification algorithms for animal monitoring in a free-stall dairy barn can be beneficial for a broader application.
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Dairy cows may suffer thermal stress during the colder seasons especially due to their open-air housing systems. Free water temperature (FWT) and feed temperature (FT) are dependent on ambient temperature (AT) and can be critical for maintaining body and reticulorumen temperature (RT) in cold conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of FWT and FT on RT fluctuations, and of AT on RT and drinking and eating behaviors in late-lactation cows during cold exposure. Data were collected from 16 multiparous lactating cows for four 6-d periods during the autumn and winter seasons. The cows (224 ± 36 days in milk; mean ± SD) had an average milk yield (MY) of 24.8 ± 4.97 kg/d and RT of 38.84 ± 0.163 °C. Daily average AT ranged from 4.38 to 17.25 °C. The effects of the temperature and amount of the ingested water or feed on RT change and recovery time, and the effect of the daily AT on RT, feed and water intake, and drinking, eating, and rumination behaviors were analyzed using the generalized additive mixed model framework. Reticulorumen temperature change and recovery time were affected by FWT (+0.0596 °C/°C and -1.27 min/°C, respectively), but not by FT. The amount of the ingested free water and feed affected RT change (-0.108 °C/kg drink size and -0.150 °C/kg meal size, respectively), and RT recovery time (+2.13 min/kg drink size and + 3.71 min/kg meal size, respectively). Colder AT decreased RT by 0.0151 °C/°C between 9.91 and 17.25 °C AT. Cows increased DM intake (DMI) by 0.365 kg/d per 1 °C drop in AT below 10.63 °C, but with no increase in MY. In fact, MY:DMI decreased by 0.0106/°C as AT dropped from 17.25 to 4.38 °C. Free water intake (FWI) was reduced by 0.0856 FWI:DMI/°C as AT decreased from 17.25 to 8.27 °C. Cold exposure influenced animal behavior with fewer drink and meal bouts (-0.432 and -0.290 bouts/d, respectively), larger drink sizes (+0.100 kg/bout), and shorter rumination time (-5.31 min/d) per 1 °C decrease in AT from 17.25 °C to 8.77, 12.53, 4.38, and 10.32 °C, respectively. In conclusion, exposure to low AT increased feed intake, reduced water intake, and changes in eating, drinking and rumination behaviors of dairy cows in late lactation. Additionally, the consequences of cold exposure on cows may be aggravated by ingestion of feed and free water at temperatures lower than the body, potentially impacting feed efficiency due to the extra energetic cost of thermoregulation.
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Frío , Ingestión de Líquidos , Conducta Alimentaria , Lactancia , Estaciones del Año , Animales , Bovinos/fisiología , Femenino , Lactancia/fisiología , Ingestión de Líquidos/fisiología , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Temperatura , Industria Lechera , Rumen/fisiología , Conducta de Ingestión de Líquido/fisiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the expression level of ATP5A1 in gastric carcinoma and its influence on the prognosis of the patients and glucose metabolism in the tumor cells. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 115 patients undergoing radical resection of gastric carcinoma in our hospital from February, 2013 to November, 2016. ATP5A1 expression in the surgical specimens were detected using immunohistochemistry, and the long-term prognosis of the patients with high (n=58) and low ATP5A1 expression (n=57) were analyzed. In gastric carcinoma MGC803 cells, the effects of lentivirus-mediated ATP5A1 knockdown or overexpression on glucose metabolism were investigated. We also observed the growth and glucose metabolism of xenografts derived from MGC803 cells with ATP5A1 knockdown or overexpression in nude mice. RESULTS: ATP5A1 was significantly overexpressed in gastric carcinoma tissues in close correlation with blood CEA and CA19-9 levels, pathological grade, T stage and N stage (P < 0.05). ATP5A1 overexpression was an independent risk factor for a significantly lowered 5-year survival rate of patients with gastric carcinoma (P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis demonstrated the predictive value of high ATP5A1 expression for the patients'prognosis (P < 0.001). In MGC803 cells, ATP5A1 overexpression significantly upregulated cellular glucose uptake and lactate production and increased the protein levels of HK2, PFK1, and LDHA (P < 0.05), while ATP5A1 knockdown produced the opposite changes (P < 0.05). In the tumor-bearing mice, overexpression of ATP5A1 increased glucose metabolism of the tumor cells and promoted tumor growth (P < 0.05). Overexpression of ATP5A1 promoted the expressions of p-JNK and p-JUN in MGC803 cells (P < 0.05), and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 significantly inhibited the enhancement of cellular glucose metabolism induced by ATP5A1 overexpression (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: High ATP5A1 expression in gastric cancer is associated a poor long-term prognosis of the patients, and its effect is mediated at least partly by promoting glucose metabolism of the cells through the JNK/JUN pathway.
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Glucosa , Ratones Desnudos , Neoplasias Gástricas , Neoplasias Gástricas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Humanos , Pronóstico , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ratones , Estudios Retrospectivos , Glucosa/metabolismo , Femenino , Masculino , Tasa de Supervivencia , ATPasas de Translocación de Protón MitocondrialesRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to determine the potential effect and interaction of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP; Bovaer, DSM-Firmenich Nutrition Products Ltd.) and whole cottonseed (WCS) on lactational performance and enteric methane (CH4) emission of dairy cows. A total of 16 multiparous cows, including 8 Holstein Friesian (HF) and 8 Brown Swiss (BS; 224 ± 36 DIM, 26 ± 3.7 kg milk yield, mean ± SD), were used in a split-plot design, where the main plot was the breed of cows. Within each subplot, cows were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 2 × 2 factorial arrangements of treatments with four 24-d periods. The experimental treatments were as follows: (1) control (basal TMR), (2) 3-NOP (60 mg/kg TMR DM), (3) WCS (5% TMR DM), and (4) 3-NOP + WCS. The treatment diets were balanced for ether extract, crude protein, and NDF contents (4%, 16%, and 43% of TMR DM, respectively). The basal diets were fed twice daily at 0800 and 1800 h. Dry matter intake and milk yield were measured daily, and enteric gas emissions were measured (using the GreenFeed System, C-Lock Inc.) during the last 3 d of each 24-d experimental period when animals were housed in tiestalls. There was no difference in DMI on treatment level, whereas the WCS treatment increased ECM yield and milk fat yield. No interaction of 3-NOP and WCS occurred for any of the enteric gas emission parameters, but 3-NOP decreased CH4 production (g/d), CH4 yield (g/kg DMI), and CH4 intensity (g/kg ECM) by 13%, 14%, and 13%, respectively. Further, an unexpected interaction of breed by 3-NOP was observed for different enteric CH4 emission metrics: HF cows had a greater CH4 mitigation effect compared with BS cows for CH4 production (g/d; 18% vs. 8%), CH4 intensity (g/kg milk yield; 19% vs. 3%), and CH4 intensity (g/kg ECM; 19% vs. 4%). Hydrogen production was increased by 2.85-fold in HF and 1.53-fold in BS cows receiving 3-NOP. Further, a 3-NOP × time interaction occurred for both breeds. In BS cows, 3-NOP tended to reduce CH4 production by 18% at approximately 4 h after morning feeding, but no effect was observed at other time points. In HF cows, the greatest mitigation effect of 3-NOP (29.6%) was observed immediately after morning feeding, and it persisted at around 23% to 26% for 10 h until the second feed provision, and 3 h thereafter, in the evening. In conclusion, supplementing 3-NOP at 60 mg/kg DM to a high-fiber diet resulted in 18% to 19% reduction in enteric CH4 emission in Swiss HF cows. The lower response to 3-NOP by BS cows was unexpected and has not been observed in other studies. These results should be interpreted with caution due to the low number of cows per breed. Finally, supplementing WCS at 5% of DM improved ECM and milk fat yield but did not enhance the CH4 inhibition effect of 3-NOP of dairy cows.
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Alimentación Animal , Dieta , Lactancia , Metano , Leche , Animales , Bovinos , Lactancia/efectos de los fármacos , Leche/química , Leche/metabolismo , Metano/biosíntesis , Metano/metabolismo , Femenino , Dieta/veterinaria , Propanoles/metabolismo , GossypiumRESUMEN
Objective: The transjugular or transfemoral approach is used as a common method for hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement in current practice. This study aims to confirm the safety and effectiveness of measuring HVPG via the forearm venous approach. Methods: Prospective recruitment was conducted for patients with cirrhosis who underwent HVPG measurement via the forearm venous approach at six hospitals in China and Japan from September 2020 to December 2020. Patients' clinical baseline information and HVPG measurement data were collected. The right median cubital vein or basilic vein approach for all enrolled patients was selected. The HVPG standard process was used to measure pressure. Research data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 statistical software. Quantitative data were used to represent medians (interquartile ranges), while qualitative data were used to represent frequency and rates. The correlation between two sets of data was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. Results: A total of 43 cases were enrolled in this study. Of these, 41 (95.3%) successfully underwent HVPG measurement via the forearm venous approach. None of the patients had any serious complications. The median operation time for HVPG detection via forearm vein was 18.0 minutes (12.3~38.8 minutes). This study confirmed that HVPG was positively closely related to Child-Pugh score (r = 0.47, P = 0.002), albumin-bilirubin score (r = 0.37, P = 0.001), Lok index (r = 0.36, P = 0.02), liver stiffness (r = 0.58, P = 0.01), and spleen stiffness (r = 0.77, P = 0.01), while negatively correlated with albumin (r = -0.42, P = 0.006). Conclusion: The results of this multi-centre retrospective study suggest that HVPG measurement via the forearm venous approach is safe and feasible.
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Hipertensión Portal , Humanos , Hipertensión Portal/complicaciones , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estudios Prospectivos , Antebrazo , Cirrosis Hepática/complicaciones , Presión Portal , Albúminas , Presión VenosaRESUMEN
Previously, we used secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) to investigate the diurnal patterns and signal intensities of exhaled (EX) volatile fatty acids (VFA) of dairy cows. The current study aimed to validate the potential of an exhalomics approach for evaluating rumen fermentation. The experiment was conducted in a switchback design, with 3 periods of 9 d each, including 7 d for adaptation and 2 d for sampling. Four rumen-cannulated original Swiss Brown (Braunvieh) cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 diet sequences (ABA or BAB): (A) low starch (LS; 6.31% starch on a dry matter basis) and (B) high starch (HS; 16.2% starch on a dry matter basis). Feeding was once per day at 0830 h. Exhalome (with the GreenFeed System), and rumen samples were collected 8 times to represent every 3 h of a day, and EX-VFA and ruminal (RM)-VFA were analyzed using SESI-MS and HPLC, respectively. Furthermore, the VFA concentration in the gas phase (HR-VFA) was predicted based on RM-VFA and Henry's Law (HR) constants. No interactions were identified between the types of diets (HS vs. LS) and the measurement methods on daily average VFA profiles (RM vs. EX or HR vs. EX), suggesting a consistent performance among the methods. Additionally, when the 3-h interval VFA data from HS and LS diets were analyzed separately, no interactions were observed between methods and time of day, indicating that the relative daily pattern of VFA molar proportions was similar regardless of the VFA measurement method used. The results revealed that the levels of acetate sharply increased immediately after feeding, trailed by an increase in the acetate:propionate ratio and a steady increase for propionate (2 h after feeding the HS diet, 4 h for LS), and butyrate. This change was more pronounced for the HS diet than the LS diet. However, there was no overall diet effect on the VFA molar proportions, although the measurement methods affected the molar proportions. Furthermore, we observed a strong positive correlation between the levels of RM and EX acetate for both diets (HS: r = 0.84; LS: r = 0.85), RM and EX propionate (r = 0.74), and RM and EX acetate:propionate ratio (r = 0.80). Both EX-VFA and RM-VFA exhibited similar responses to feeding and dietary treatments, suggesting that EX-VFA could serve as a useful proxy for characterizing RM-VFA molar proportions to evaluate rumen fermentation. Similar relationships were observed between RM-VFA and HR-VFA. In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of exhalomics as a reliable approach for assessing rumen fermentation. Moving forward, research should further explore the depth of exhalomics in ruminant studies to provide a comprehensive insight into rumen fermentation metabolites, especially across diverse dietary conditions.
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Lactancia , Leche , Femenino , Bovinos , Animales , Leche/química , Lactancia/fisiología , Propionatos/metabolismo , Fermentación , Rumen/metabolismo , Digestión/fisiología , Dieta/veterinaria , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/metabolismo , Almidón/metabolismo , Acetatos/análisis , Alimentación Animal/análisisRESUMEN
Heat stress (HS) impedes cattle behavior and performance and is an animal comfort and welfare issue. The objective of this study was to characterize the time budget and circadian rhythm of lying behavior in dairy cows during HS and to assess the effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin D3 and Ca. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows (42.2 ± 5.6 kg milk/d; 83 ± 27 d in milk) housed in tiestalls were used in a split-plot design with the concentration of dietary vitamin E and Se as main plots (LESe: 11.1 IU/kg and 0.55 mg/kg, and HESe: 223 IU/kg and 1.8 mg/kg, respectively). Within each plot cows were randomly assigned to (1) HS with low concentrations of vitamin D3 and Ca (HS, 1,012 IU/kg and 0.73%, respectively), (2) HS with high concentrations of vitamin D3 and Ca (HS+D3/Ca; 3,764 IU/kg and 0.97%, respectively), or (3) thermoneutral pair-fed (TNPF) with low concentrations of vitamin D3 and Ca (1,012 IU/kg and 0.73%, respectively) in a Latin square design with 14-d periods and 7-d washouts. Lying behavior was measured with HOBO Loggers in 15-min intervals. Overall, cows in HS spent less time lying per day relative to TNPF from d 7 to 14. Daily lying time was positively correlated with milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, and feed efficiency, and was negatively correlated with rectal temperature, respiratory rate, fecal calprotectin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein. A treatment by time interaction was observed for lying behavior: the time spent lying was lesser for cows in HS than in TNPF in the early morning (0000-0600 h) and in the night (1800-2400 h). The circadian rhythm of lying behavior was characterized by fitting a cosine function of time into linear mixed model. Daily rhythmicity of lying was detected for cows in TNPF and HS+D3/Ca, whereas only a tendency in HS cows was observed. Cows in TNPF had the highest mesor (the average level of diurnal fluctuations; 34.2 min/h) and amplitude (the distance between the peak and mesor; 17.9 min/h). Both the mesor and amplitude were higher in HS+D3/Ca relative to HS (26.6 vs. 25.2 min/h and 3.91 min/h vs. 2.18 min/h, respectively). The acrophase (time of the peak) of lying time in TNPF, HS, and HS+D3/Ca were 0028, 0152, and 0054 h, respectively. Lastly, a continuous increase in daily lying time in TNPF was observed during the first 4 d of the experimental period in which DMI was gradually restricted, suggesting that intake restrictions may shift feeding behavior and introduce biases in the behavior of animals. In conclusion, lying behavior was compromised in dairy cows under HS, characterizing reduced daily lying time and disrupted circadian rhythms, and the compromised lying behavior can be partially restored by supplementation of vitamin D3 and Ca. Further research may be required for a more suitable model to study behavior of cows under HS.
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Calcio , Lactancia , Femenino , Bovinos , Animales , Calcio/farmacología , Colecalciferol/farmacología , Respuesta al Choque Térmico , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ritmo CircadianoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of 8-week dihydromyricetin (DHM) treatment on motor ability of mice with MPTP/probenecid-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) and explore the molecular mechanism. METHODS: Sixty C57BL/6 mice were randomized into the control group, PD model group, PD+DHM group and PD+NEC-1 group (n=15). In the latter 3 groups, the mice were treated with 25 mg·kg-1·d-1 MPTP and 250 mg·kg-1·d-1 probenecid twice a week for 5 weeks to establish PD models; DHM (100 mg·kg-1·d-1) was administered 5 times a week via gavage for 8 weeks and NEC-1 (6.25 mg·kg-1·d-1, twice a week) via intraperitoneal injection for 5 weeks. The changes in motor function of the mice were assessed, and the expressions of TH, GFAP and Iba-1 in the substantia nigra were detected with immunofluorescence assay; serum levels of IL-1ß and LDH were detected using ELISA. The mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 were determined with RT-PCR, and the expressions of TH and proteins associated with pyroptosis, neuroinflammation, necroptosis and autophagy in the striatum were detected using Western blotting. MPP +-activated Bv-2 cells were treated with different concentrations of DHM or 3-MA, and the expressions of proteins associated with autophagy and NLRP3 were detected using Western blotting; PI staining was used to detect cell necroptosis. RESULTS: The PD mouse models showed significantly reduced TH-positive cells and TH protein expression (P < 0.001). DHM obviously ameliorated motor deficits and TH loss in PD mice, increased TH expression (P=0.0023), decreased α-syn levels (P < 0.001), lowered the protein expressions of GFAP (P=0.045) and Iba-1 (P < 0.001) and the mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α (P=0.0015) and IL-6 (P < 0.001), and increased IL-4 level (P < 0.001). The 8-week DHM treatment significantly suppressed pyroptosis and necroptosis and activated autophagy in the striatum of the PD mice. In MPP +-induced Bv-2 cells, DHM treatment effectively reversed autophagy impairment and inhibited NLRP3 and TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß release, and the anti--inflammatory effects of DHM was obviously blunted by 3-MA. CONCLUSION: DHM can improve motor function of PD mice probably by activating autophagy to inhibit pyroptosis and necroptosis and reduce neuroinflammation.
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Interleucina-6 , Enfermedad de Parkinson , Animales , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR , Necroptosis , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias , Probenecid , Piroptosis , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa , AutofagiaRESUMEN
The electrophysiological activity of the gastrointestinal tract and the mechanical anti-reflux structure of the gastroesophageal junction are the basis of the anti-reflux function of the stomach. Proximal gastrectomy destroys the mechanical structure and normal electrophysiological channels of the anti-reflux. Therefore, the residual gastric function is disordered. Moreover, gastroesophageal reflux is one of the most serious complications. The emergence of various types of anti-reflux surgery through the mechanism of reconstructing mechanical anti-reflux barrier and establishing buffer zone, and the preservation of, the pacing area and vagus nerve of the stomach, the continuity of the jejunal bowel, the original gastroenteric electrophysiological activity of the gastrointestinal tract, and the physiological function of the pyloric sphincter, are all important measures for gastric conservative operations. There are many types of reconstructive approaches after proximal gastrectomy. The design based on the anti-reflux mechanism and the functional reconstruction of mechanical barrier, and the protection of gastrointestinal electrophysiological activities are important considerations for the selected of reconstructive approaches after proximal gastrectomy. In clinical practice, we should consider the principle of individualization and the safety of radical resection of tumor to select a rational reconstructive approaches after proximal gastrectomy.
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Reflujo Gastroesofágico , Neoplasias Gástricas , Humanos , Neoplasias Gástricas/cirugía , Gastrectomía , Unión Esofagogástrica/cirugía , Píloro/patologíaRESUMEN
To date, the commonly used methods to assess rumen fermentation are invasive. Exhaled breath contains hundreds of volatile organic compounds (VOC) that can reflect animal physiological processes. In the present study, for the first time, we aimed to use a noninvasive metabolomics approach based on high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify rumen fermentation parameters in dairy cows. Enteric methane (CH4) production from 7 lactating cows was measured 8 times over 3 consecutive days using the GreenFeed system (C-Lock Technology Inc.). Simultaneously, exhalome samples were collected in Tedlar gas sampling bags and analyzed offline using a secondary electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry system. In total, 1,298 features were detected, among them targeted exhaled volatile fatty acids (eVFA; i.e., acetate, propionate, butyrate), which were putatively annotated using their exact mass-to-charge ratio. The intensity of eVFA, in particular acetate, increased immediately after feeding and followed a similar pattern to that observed for ruminal CH4 production. The average total eVFA concentration was 35.5 count per second (CPS), and among the individual eVFA, acetate had the greatest concentration, averaging 21.3 CPS, followed by propionate at 11.5 CPS, and butyrate at 2.67 CPS. Further, exhaled acetate was on average the most abundant of the individual eVFA at around 59.3%, followed by 32.5 and 7.9% of the total eVFA for propionate and butyrate, respectively. This corresponds well with the previously reported proportions of these VFA in the rumen. The diurnal patterns of ruminal CH4 emission and individual eVFA were characterized using a linear mixed model with cosine function fit. The model characterized similar diurnal patterns for eVFA and ruminal CH4 and H2 production. Regarding the diurnal patterns of eVFA, the phase (time of peak) of butyrate occurred first, followed by that of acetate and propionate. Importantly, the phase of total eVFA occurred around 1 h before that of ruminal CH4. This corresponds well with existing data on the relationship between rumen VFA production and CH4 formation. Results from the present study revealed a great potential to assess the rumen fermentation of dairy cows using exhaled metabolites as a noninvasive proxy for rumen VFA. Further validation, with comparisons to rumen fluid, and establishment of the proposed method are required.
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Lactancia , Propionatos , Femenino , Bovinos , Animales , Propionatos/metabolismo , Leche/química , Metano/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Rumen/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/metabolismo , Butiratos/metabolismo , Fermentación , Ácidos Grasos/análisisRESUMEN
Inherent symmetry of a quantum system may protect its otherwise fragile states. Leveraging such protection requires testing its robustness against uncontrolled environmental interactions. Using 47 superconducting qubits, we implement the one-dimensional kicked Ising model, which exhibits nonlocal Majorana edge modes (MEMs) with [Formula: see text] parity symmetry. We find that any multiqubit Pauli operator overlapping with the MEMs exhibits a uniform late-time decay rate comparable to single-qubit relaxation rates, irrespective of its size or composition. This characteristic allows us to accurately reconstruct the exponentially localized spatial profiles of the MEMs. Furthermore, the MEMs are found to be resilient against certain symmetry-breaking noise owing to a prethermalization mechanism. Our work elucidates the complex interplay between noise and symmetry-protected edge modes in a solid-state environment.
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Manure nitrogen (N) from cattle contributes to nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions and nitrate leaching. Measurement of manure N outputs on dairy farms is laborious, expensive, and impractical at large scales; therefore, models are needed to predict N excreted in urine and feces. Building robust prediction models requires extensive data from animals under different management systems worldwide. Thus, the study objectives were (1) to collate an international database of N excretion in feces and urine based on individual lactating dairy cow data from different continents; (2) to determine the suitability of key variables for predicting fecal, urinary, and total manure N excretion; and (3) to develop robust and reliable N excretion prediction models based on individual data from lactating dairy cows consuming various diets. A raw data set was created based on 5,483 individual cow observations, with 5,420 fecal N excretion and 3,621 urine N excretion measurements collected from 162 in vivo experiments conducted by 22 research institutes mostly located in Europe (n = 14) and North America (n = 5). A sequential approach was taken in developing models with increasing complexity by incrementally adding variables that had a significant individual effect on fecal, urinary, or total manure N excretion. Nitrogen excretion was predicted by fitting linear mixed models including experiment as a random effect. Simple models requiring dry matter intake (DMI) or N intake performed better for predicting fecal N excretion than simple models using diet nutrient composition or milk performance parameters. Simple models based on N intake performed better for urinary and total manure N excretion than those based on DMI, but simple models using milk urea N (MUN) and N intake performed even better for urinary N excretion. The full model predicting fecal N excretion had similar performance to simple models based on DMI but included several independent variables (DMI, diet crude protein content, diet neutral detergent fiber content, milk protein), depending on the location, and had root mean square prediction errors as a fraction of the observed mean values of 19.1% for intercontinental, 19.8% for European, and 17.7% for North American data sets. Complex total manure N excretion models based on N intake and MUN led to prediction errors of about 13.0% to 14.0%, which were comparable to models based on N intake alone. Intercepts and slopes of variables in optimal prediction equations developed on intercontinental, European, and North American bases differed from each other, and therefore region-specific models are preferred to predict N excretion. In conclusion, region-specific models that include information on DMI or N intake and MUN are required for good prediction of fecal, urinary, and total manure N excretion. In absence of intake data, region-specific complex equations using easily and routinely measured variables to predict fecal, urinary, or total manure N excretion may be used, but these equations have lower performance than equations based on intake.
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Lactancia , Nitrógeno , Animales , Bovinos , Dieta/veterinaria , Fibras de la Dieta/metabolismo , Femenino , Estiércol , Leche/química , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Urea/metabolismoRESUMEN
Objective: The investigation and research on the application status of Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient (HVPG) is very important to understand the real situation and future development of this technology in China. Methods: This study comprehensively investigated the basic situation of HVPG technology in China, including hospital distribution, hospital level, annual number of cases, catheters used, average cost, indications and existing problems. Results: According to the survey, there were 70 hospitals in China carrying out HVPG technology in 2021, distributed in 28 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central Government). A total of 4 398 cases of HVPG were performed in all the surveyed hospitals in 2021, of which 2 291 cases (52.1%) were tested by HVPG alone. The average cost of HVPG detection was (5 617.2±2 079.4) yuan. 96.3% of the teams completed HVPG detection with balloon method, and most of the teams used thrombectomy balloon catheter (80.3%). Conclusion: Through this investigation, the status of domestic clinical application of HVPG has been clarified, and it has been confirmed that many domestic medical institutions have mastered this technology, but it still needs to continue to promote and popularize HVPG technology in the future.
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Hipertensión Portal , China/epidemiología , Venas Hepáticas , Humanos , Hipertensión Portal/diagnóstico , Cirrosis Hepática , Presión PortalRESUMEN
This paper introduced the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-Comparative (QUADAS-C), illustrated the comparison with the QUADAS-2, and using QUADAS-C together with QUADAS-2 to present QUADAS-C results through systematic reviews. Like the domain for QUADAS-2, QUADAS-C retained four domains, including patient selection, index test, reference standard, flow, and timing, and comprised additional questions for each QUADAS-2 part. Unlike the QUADAS-2 tool, the starting question of each domain for QUADAS-C was designed to summarize the risk of biased information captured by QUADAS-2. QUADAS-C only dealt with the risk of bias but did not include the part of concerns regarding applicability. The answers to signaling questions for each domain of QUADAS-C would lead to a 'low''high' or 'unclear' risk of biased judgment for the original study.
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Informe de Investigación , Sesgo , Humanos , Estándares de Referencia , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the early and mid-term clinical results of medial parapatellar soft tissue overlapping suture in total knee arthroplasty for treatment of severe osteoarthritis combined with permanent patellar dislocation. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 12 patients (12 knees) diagnosed with severe knee osteoarthritis combined with permanent patellar dislocation undergoing total knee arthroplasty with medial parapatellar soft tissue overlapping suture. Knee Society Score (KSS), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) activity-level rating, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain score, and knee range of motion of the patients were assessed before and 2 years after the surgery. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the knee joint, full-length standing radiographs of the lower limbs and patellar axial radiographs were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean Knee Society Score of the patients increased from 34.2±11.1 before surgery to 73.5±6.3 at two years after the surgery (P < 0.001). The UCLA activity-level rating increased from an average of 3.8 ± 0.8 before surgery to 5.8 ± 0.6 at two years postoperatively (P=0.003). The mean VAS pain score decreased from 42.8±6.0 before surgery to 20.1±3.7 (P < 0.001) and the range of motion of the knee joint increased from 74.6±8.9 degrees to 97.5±4.5 degrees at two years (P < 0.001). The radiographs showed no signs of subluxation or dislocation of the patella in all the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Medial parapatellar soft tissue overlapping suture in total knee arthroplasty can achieve good early and mid-term clinical results for treatment of severe osteoarthritis combined with permanent patellar dislocation.
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Artroplastia de Reemplazo de Rodilla , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla , Artroplastia de Reemplazo de Rodilla/métodos , Humanos , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/cirugía , Rótula/cirugía , Estudios Retrospectivos , SuturasRESUMEN
A promising approach to study condensed-matter systems is to simulate them on an engineered quantum platform1-4. However, the accuracy needed to outperform classical methods has not been achieved so far. Here, using 18 superconducting qubits, we provide an experimental blueprint for an accurate condensed-matter simulator and demonstrate how to investigate fundamental electronic properties. We benchmark the underlying method by reconstructing the single-particle band structure of a one-dimensional wire. We demonstrate nearly complete mitigation of decoherence and readout errors, and measure the energy eigenvalues of this wire with an error of approximately 0.01 rad, whereas typical energy scales are of the order of 1 rad. Insight into the fidelity of this algorithm is gained by highlighting the robust properties of a Fourier transform, including the ability to resolve eigenenergies with a statistical uncertainty of 10-4 rad. We also synthesize magnetic flux and disordered local potentials, which are two key tenets of a condensed-matter system. When sweeping the magnetic flux we observe avoided level crossings in the spectrum, providing a detailed fingerprint of the spatial distribution of local disorder. By combining these methods we reconstruct electronic properties of the eigenstates, observing persistent currents and a strong suppression of conductance with added disorder. Our work describes an accurate method for quantum simulation5,6 and paves the way to study new quantum materials with superconducting qubits.
RESUMEN
Quantum computing can become scalable through error correction, but logical error rates only decrease with system size when physical errors are sufficiently uncorrelated. During computation, unused high energy levels of the qubits can become excited, creating leakage states that are long-lived and mobile. Particularly for superconducting transmon qubits, this leakage opens a path to errors that are correlated in space and time. Here, we report a reset protocol that returns a qubit to the ground state from all relevant higher level states. We test its performance with the bit-flip stabilizer code, a simplified version of the surface code for quantum error correction. We investigate the accumulation and dynamics of leakage during error correction. Using this protocol, we find lower rates of logical errors and an improved scaling and stability of error suppression with increasing qubit number. This demonstration provides a key step on the path towards scalable quantum computing.
RESUMEN
AIM: To explore the applicability of diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) sequence quantitative parameters in differentiating uterine sarcoma (USr) from degenerative uterine fibroids (DUF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen cases of USr and 30 cases of DUF were analysed retrospectively. The diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and DTI images were analysed by two observers using Functool software on a ADW4.6 workstation. The images were post-processed to generate an apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map of DWI, ADC map of DTI (ADCT map), and fractional anisotropy (FA) map. Three regions of interest (ROI) were selected from the ADC, ADCT, and FA maps to obtain the ADC, ADCT, and FA values. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of all parameters were used to analyse and compare the diagnostic value of USr and DUF. RESULTS: The ADC value, ADCT value, and FA value of USr (1.190 ± 0.262 × 10-3mm2/s, 1.165 ± 0.270 × 10-9mm2/s, 0.168 ± 0.063) were significantly lower compared to the values for DUF (1.525 ± 0.314 × 10-3mm2/s, 1.650 ± 0.332 × 10-9mm2/s, 0.254 ± 0.111; all p<0.001). The diagnostic threshold values for USr were: ADC ≤1.290 × 10-3mm2/s, ADCT ≤1.322 × 10-9mm2/s and FA ≤0.192. The corresponding sensitivities and specificities were 78.6%/90%, 96.7%/92.9%, and 86.7%/85.7%, respectively. The areas under the curve (AUC) were 0.875, 0.974, and 0.831, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: DTI quantitative parameters can be used to differentiate USr from DUF. The ADCT value had the highest diagnostic efficacy.
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Imagen de Difusión Tensora , Leiomioma/diagnóstico por imagen , Sarcoma/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Uterinas/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto , Anciano , Área Bajo la Curva , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Imagen de Difusión Tensora/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Quantum algorithms offer a dramatic speedup for computational problems in material science and chemistry. However, any near-term realizations of these algorithms will need to be optimized to fit within the finite resources offered by existing noisy hardware. Here, taking advantage of the adjustable coupling of gmon qubits, we demonstrate a continuous two-qubit gate set that can provide a threefold reduction in circuit depth as compared to a standard decomposition. We implement two gate families: an imaginary swap-like (iSWAP-like) gate to attain an arbitrary swap angle, θ, and a controlled-phase gate that generates an arbitrary conditional phase, Ï. Using one of each of these gates, we can perform an arbitrary two-qubit gate within the excitation-preserving subspace allowing for a complete implementation of the so-called Fermionic simulation (fSim) gate set. We benchmark the fidelity of the iSWAP-like and controlled-phase gate families as well as 525 other fSim gates spread evenly across the entire fSim(θ,Ï) parameter space, achieving a purity-limited average two-qubit Pauli error of 3.8×10^{-3} per fSim gate.