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Introduction: Cytokeratin 19 (CK19) is highly expressed in epithelial tumours such as breast cancer (BC). Octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), a transcription factor of the POU (Pit-Oct-UNC) family, plays a criti-cal role in the self-renewal and maintenance of pluripotency of embryonic stem cells; therefore, it has been used as a promising CSC marker. Material and methods: CK19 was assessed in peripheral blood using flow-cytometric analysis while OCT4 was evaluated in breast tissue samples by immunohistochemistry from 70 patients (non-metastatic BC, meta-static BC, and non-malignant breast tumours). Results: CK19 and OCT4 were significantly associated with BC patients compared to control (p < 0.001). CK19 was detected in 38 patients with BC (62.2%); meanwhile, OCT4 was positive in 37 BC patients (60.6%). CK19 was positively associated with grade (p = 0.002), HER2 (p = 0.009), metastasis (p = 0.026), molecular subtypes and LN (p < 0.001), and stage (p = 0.001) while OCT4 expression was positively associated with BMI (p < 0.023), aggressive molecular subtype (p < 0.019), ER expression (p = 0.025), presence of LN metastases (p < 0.017), and distant metastasis (p < 0.018). A non-significant relation was found between the expression of CK19 and OCT (p = 0.291). The positive expression of CK19 and OCT4 was significantly and inversely associated with both 3-year OS and 3-year PFS. Conclusions: CK19 and OCT4 are associated with BC, so they can be considered as prognostic and predictive markers for poor OS and PFS in non-metastatic as well as metastatic BC patients.
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Imidacloprid (IMID), one of environmental persistent neonicotinoid insecticides, has been used a long time ago and categorized from insecticide induced moderate toxicity by World Health Organization (WHO). Marjoram, is one of the most worldwide used herbs in Egypt due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-genotoxic, anti-mutagenic, anticoagulant, and beneficial effects. This study aimed to evaluate the protective role of marjoram extract on the immunotoxic response and oxidative stress induced by IMID in the immune lymphoid organs (thymus and spleen) of rats. Fifty adult male albino rats were divided randomly into five groups; negative and positive (distilled water) control, marjoram extract (200 mg/kg/day), IMID (22.5 mg/kg/day), marjoram extract + IMID (200 mg/kg +22.5 mg/kg) orally for 8 weeks. Marjoram pretreatment reversed reduced animals body, thymus and spleen weights attributed to IMID. It amended the significantly elevated total leukocytes, neutrophils percentage, increased immunoglobulin G and the significantly reduction of lymphocytes percentage, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index and lysozyme activity induced by IMID. Moreover, marjoram administration significantly reduced thymic and splenic gene expression of interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and increased interleukin-10, in addition, it decreased thymic and splenic contents of malondialdehyde and restored the reduced antioxidant enzymes' activities following IMID exposure. Marjoram ameliorated IMID induced histopathological alterations in thymus and spleen and adjusted IMID immunomodulatory effects by increased the downregulation of CD4 and CD8 immune reactive cell expression. Conclusion, Marjoram has a protective role to reverse IMID immune toxic effects in thymus and spleen tissues of rats by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory defense mechanisms.
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BACKGROUND: Currently, the golden rule for the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma is biopsy and cystoscopy, unfortionally both are costly, invasive, and uncomfortable. While most urothelial cancers are noninvasive at presentation, it is necessary to find a highly sensitive, noninvasive way to diagnose in its earlier stages, Cytology with immunostaining is a noninvasive, reliable method that might play a role in detecting the earlier stages before its progression and accurate correlation with different stages of these tumors. AIM: This study aimed to reach an accurate level in the staging of urothelial carcinoma using CD44, ProExC, Laminin, and Fascin on urinary cytology. DESIGN: We include a total of 180 urinary cytology specimens with their surgical biopsies' counterparts, the staging of the surgical specimens were done according to AJCC2017TNM classification, while their counterpart urinary samples were centrifuged and the sediment was used for H&E and immunocytochemical staining with CD44, ProExC, Laminin, and Fascin. RESULTS: The diagnosis of Ta-stage tumors was done according to the following immunohistochemical (IHC) profile [positive (+ve) CD44, negative (-ve) proExC, -ve Laminin, and -ve Fascin] with 100% sensitivity, 100% specificity. The diagnosis of Tis stage tumors was done according to IHC profile [-ve CD44, +ve proExC, -ve Laminin, and -ve Fascin] with 100% sensitivity, 93% specificity. The diagnosis of T1 stage tumors according to IHC profile [-ve CD44, +ve proExC, +ve Laminin, and -ve Fascin] with 100% sensitivity, 97% specificity, The diagnosis of T2 and T3 stage tumors was done according to IHC profile [-ve CD44, +ve proExC, +ve Laminin and weak to moderate +ve Fascin] with 100% sensitivity, 92% specificity, while the diagnosis of T4 stage tumors according to the IHC profile [-ve CD44, +ve proExC, +ve Laminin, and intense +ve Fascin] with 100% sensitivity, 100% specificity. CONCLUSION: Using (CD44, ProExC, Laminin, and Fascin) on urinary cytology is a simple, reliable, and noninvasive method for the staging of urothelial carcinoma with 99% total accuracy.