Synthesis and Characterization of Solvated Lanthanide(II) Bis(triisopropylsilyl)phosphide Complexes.

Lanthanide (Ln) silylamide chemistry is well-developed, but the corresponding silylphosphide chemistry is immature; there are only ten structurally characterized examples of Ln(II) bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphide complexes to date and no reported derivatives with bulkier R-groups. Here, we report the synthesis of the first f-block bis(triisopropylsilyl)phosphide complexes, [Ln{P(SiiPr3)2}2(THF)x] (1-Ln; Ln = Sm, Eu, x = 3; Ln = Yb, x = 2), by the respective salt metathesis reactions of parent [LnI2(THF)2] with 2 equiv of [Na{P(SiiPr3)2}]n in toluene. Complexes 1-Ln were characterized by a combination of NMR, EPR, ATR-IR, electronic absorption and emission spectroscopies, elemental analysis, SQUID magnetometry, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. These data contrast with those obtained for related Ln(II) bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphide complexes due to the bulkier ligands in 1-Ln and also with Ln(II) bis(triisopropylsilyl)amide complexes due to a combination of longer Ln-P vs. Ln-N bonds and the softer nature of P- vs. N-donor ligands.

Isolation and Electronic Structures of Lanthanide(II) Bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphide Complexes.

While lanthanide (Ln) silylamide chemistry is mature, the corresponding silylphosphide chemistry is underdeveloped, with [Sm{P(SiMe3)2}{µ-P(SiMe3)2}3Sm(THF)3] being the sole example of a structurally authenticated Ln(II) silylphosphide complex. Here, we expand the Ln(II) {P(SiMe3)2} chemistry through the synthesis and characterization of nine complexes. The dinuclear "ate" salt-occluded complexes [{Ln[P(SiMe3)2]3(THF)}2(µ-I)K3(THF)] (1-Ln; Ln = Sm, Eu) and polymeric "ate" complex [KYb{P(SiMe3)2}3{µ-K[P(SiMe3)2]}2]∞ (2-Yb) were prepared by the respective salt metathesis reactions of parent [LnI2(THF)2] (Ln = Sm, Eu, Yb) with 2 or 3 equiv of K{P(SiMe3)2} in diethyl ether. The separate treatment of these complexes with either pyridine or 18-crown-6 led to the formation of the mononuclear solvated adducts trans-[Ln{P(SiMe3)2}2(py)4] (3-Ln; Ln = Sm, Eu, Yb) and [Ln{P(SiMe3)2}2(18-crown-6)] (4-Ln; Ln = Sm, Eu, Yb), with concomitant loss of K{P(SiMe3)2}. The complexes were characterized by a combination of NMR, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR), electronic absorption and emission spectroscopies, elemental analysis, SQUID magnetometry, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. We find that these complexes contrast with those of related Ln(II) bis(silyl)amide complexes due to differences in ligand donor atom hardness and ligand steric requirements from Ln-P bonds being longer than Ln-N bonds. This leads to higher coordination numbers, shorter luminescence lifetimes, and smaller easy-axis magnetic anisotropy parameters.

Relativistic Quantum Chemical Investigation of Actinide Covalency Measured by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.

We investigate actinide covalency effects in two [AnCptt3] (An = Th, U) complexes recently studied with pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, using the Hyperion package to obtain relativistic hyperfine coupling constants from relativistic multiconfigurational wave functions. 1H and 13C HYSCORE simulations using the computed parameters show excellent agreement with the experimental data, highlighting the accuracy of modern relativistic ab initio methods. The extent of covalency indicated from the calculations on [ThCptt3] is in agreement with the original report based on traditional spectral fitting methods, while the covalency in [UCptt3] is found to be previously overestimated. The latter is due to the paramagnetic spin-orbit effect that arises naturally in a relativistic theory of hyperfine coupling and yet was not accounted for in the original study, thus highlighting the necessity of relativistic approaches for the interpretation of magnetic resonance data pertaining to actinides.

Metal-carbon bonding in early lanthanide substituted cyclopentadienyl complexes probed by pulsed EPR spectroscopy.

We examine lanthanide (Ln)-ligand bonding in a family of early Ln3+ complexes [Ln(Cptt)3] (1-Ln, Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Sm; Cptt = C5H3tBu2-1,3) by pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) methods, and provide the first characterization of 1-La and 1-Nd by single crystal XRD, multinuclear NMR, IR and UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy. We measure electron spin T1 and Tm relaxation times of 12 and 0.2 µs (1-Nd), 89 and 1 µs (1-Ce) and 150 and 1.7 µs (1-Sm), respectively, at 5 K: the T1 relaxation of 1-Nd is more than 102 times faster than its valence isoelectronic uranium analogue. 13C and 1H hyperfine sublevel correlation (HYSCORE) spectroscopy reveals that the extent of covalency is negligible in these Ln compounds, with much smaller hyperfine interactions than observed for equivalent actinide (Th and U) complexes. This is corroborated by ab initio calculations, confirming the predominant electrostatic nature of the metal-ligand bonding in these complexes.

Carbene Complexes of Plutonium: Structure, Bonding, and Divergent Reactivity to Lanthanide Analogs.

Organoplutonium chemistry was established in 1965, yet structurally authenticated plutonium-carbon bonds remain rare being limited to π-bonded carbocycle and σ-bonded isonitrile and hydrocarbyl derivatives. Thus, plutonium-carbenes, including alkylidenes and N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), are unknown. Here, we report the preparation and characterization of the diphosphoniomethanide-plutonium complex [Pu(BIPMTMSH)(I)(µ-I)]2 (1Pu, BIPMTMSH = (Me3SiNPPh2)2CH) and the diphosphonioalkylidene-plutonium complexes [Pu(BIPMTMS)(I)(DME)] (2Pu, BIPMTMS = (Me3SiNPPh2)2C) and [Pu(BIPMTMS)(I)(IMe4)2] (3Pu, IMe4 = C(NMeCMe)2), thus disclosing non-actinyl transneptunium multiple bonds and transneptunium NHC complexes. These Pu-C double and dative bonds, along with cerium, praseodymium, samarium, uranium, and neptunium congeners, enable lanthanide-actinide and actinide-actinide comparisons between metals with similar ionic radii and isoelectronic 4f5 vs 5f5 electron-counts within conserved ligand fields over 12 complexes. Quantum chemical calculations reveal that the orbital-energy and spatial-overlap terms increase from uranium to neptunium; however, on moving to plutonium the orbital-energy matching improves but the spatial overlap decreases. The bonding picture that emerges is more complex than the traditional picture of the bonding of lanthanides being ionic and early actinides being more covalent but becoming more ionic left to right. Multiconfigurational calculations on 2M and 3M (M = Pu, Sm) account for the considerably more complex UV/vis/NIR spectra for 5f5 2Pu and 3Pu compared to 4f5 2Sm and 3Sm. Supporting the presence of Pu═C double bonds in 2Pu and 3Pu, 2Pu exhibits metallo-Wittig bond metathesis involving the highest atomic number element to date, reacting with benzaldehyde to produce the alkene PhC(H)═C(PPh2NSiMe3)2 (4) and "PuOI". In contrast, 2Ce and 2Pr do not react with benzaldehyde to produce 4.

Uncovering the mechanism of selective stabilization of high-energy diastereoisomers via inclusion.

Supramolecular systems may be used to stabilize otherwise unstable isomers to find alternative synthetic pathways. It has been reported that cucurbit[8]uril can stabilize trans-I and trans-II CuII cyclam, whereas trans-III is the only non-substituted trans CuII cyclam diastereoisomer found outside of the host molecule experimentally. Quantum chemistry methods can provide valuable insight into the intermolecular interactions involved in these inclusion complexes. All five possible trans diastereoisomers of CuII cyclam were studied within the host molecule to calculate the interaction energy and free energy of association for each complex. The relative free energies of the five free cyclams confirm that trans-I and trans-II are the most energetically accessible diastereoisomers from the initial trans-III starting point. Energy decomposition analysis was used to identify the attractive and repulsive interactions between cyclam and cucurbit[8]uril and showed that trans-II encounters repulsive forces almost three times greater than trans-I, which may explain the 7:3 ratio of trans-I to trans-II within cucurbit[8]uril that occurs experimentally. Optimized complex geometries with trans-III, IV, and V show that the cyclams protrude out of cucurbit[8]uril, whereas trans-I and trans-II become more encapsulated and elongate the host, suggesting that the position of the cyclam is extremely important when forming non-covalent interactions. Our results agree with the experimental findings and provide greater insight into why the most stable isolated cyclam diastereoisomer, trans-III, does not form a complex. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00214-023-03077-7.

AtomAccess: A Predictive Tool for Molecular Design and Its Application to the Targeted Synthesis of Dysprosium Single-Molecule Magnets.

Isolated dysprosocenium cations, [Dy(CpR)2]+ (CpR = substituted cyclopentadienyl), have recently been shown to exhibit superior single-molecule magnet (SMM) properties over closely related complexes with equatorially bound ligands. However, gauging the crossover point at which the CpR substituents are large enough to prevent equatorial ligand binding, but small enough to approach the metal closely and generate strong crystal field splitting has required laborious synthetic optimization. We therefore created the computer program AtomAccess to predict the accessibility of a metal binding site and its ability to accommodate additional ligands. Here, we apply AtomAccess to identify the crossover point for equatorial coordination in [Dy(CpR)2]+ cations in silico and hence predict a cation that is at the cusp of stability without equatorial interactions, viz., [Dy(Cpttt)(Cp*)]+ (Cpttt = C5H2tBu3-1,2,4, Cp* = C5Me5). Upon synthesizing this cation, we found that it crystallizes as either a contact ion-pair, [Dy(Cpttt)(Cp*){Al[OC(CF3)3]4-κ-F}], or separated ion-pair polymorph, [Dy(Cpttt)(Cp*)][Al{OC(CF3)3}4]·C6H6. Upon characterizing these complexes, together with their precursors, yttrium and yttrium-doped analogues, we find that the contact ion-pair shows inferior SMM properties to the separated ion-pair, as expected, due to faster Raman and quantum tunneling of magnetization relaxation processes, while the Orbach region is relatively unaffected. The experimental verification of the predicted crossover point for equatorial coordination in this work tests the limitations of the use of AtomAccess as a predictive tool and also indicates that the application of this type of program shows considerable potential to boost efficiency in exploratory synthetic chemistry.

Theoretical Investigation of Single-Molecule-Magnet Behavior in Mononuclear Dysprosium and Californium Complexes.

Early-actinide-based (U, Np, and Pu) single-molecule magnets (SMMs) have yet to show magnetic properties similar to those of highly anisotropic lanthanide-based ones. However, there are not many studies exploring the late-actinides (more than half-filled f shells) as potential candidates for SMM applications. We computationally explored the electronic structure and magnetic properties of a hypothetical Cf(III) complex isostructural to the experimentally synthesized Dy(dbm)3(bpy) complex (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; dbm = dibenzoylmethanoate) via multireference methods and compared them to those of the Dy(III) analogue. This study shows that the Cf(III) complex can behave as a SMM and has a greater magnetic susceptibility compared to other experimentally and computationally studied early-actinide-based (U, Np, and Pu) magnetic complexes. However, Cf spontaneously undergoes α-decay and converts to Cm. Thus, we also explored the isostructural Cm(III)-based complex. The computed magnetic susceptibility and g-tensor values show that the Cm(III) complex has poor SMM behavior in comparison to both the Dy(III) and Cf(III) complexes, suggesting that the performance of Cf(III)-based magnets may be affected by α-decay and can explain the poor performance of experimentally studied Cf(III)-based molecular magnets in the literature. Further, this study suggests that the ligand field is dominant in Cf(III), which helps to increase the magnetization blocking barrier by nearly 3 times that of its 4f congener.

The Effects of Ring Strain on Cyclic Tetraaryl[5]cumulenes.

Cyclic tetraaryl[5]cumulenes (1 a-f) have been synthesized and studied as a function of increasing ring strain. The magnitude of ring strain is approximated by the extent of bending of the cumulenic core as assessed by a combination of X-ray crystallographic analysis and DFT calculations. Trends are observed in 13 C NMR, UV-vis, and Raman spectra associated with ring strain, but the effects are small. In particular, the experimental HOMO-LUMO gap is not appreciably affected by bending of the [5]cumulene framework from ca. 174° (λmax =504 nm) in 1 a to ca. 178° (λmax =494 nm) in 1 f.

Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory for Transition Metal Silicide Bond Dissociation Energies, Bond Lengths, and State Orderings.

Transition metal silicides are promising materials for improved electronic devices, and this motivates achieving a better understanding of transition metal bonds to silicon. Here we model the ground and excited state bond dissociations of VSi, NbSi, and TaSi using a complete active space (CAS) wave function and a separated-pair (SP) wave function combined with two post-self-consistent field techniques: complete active space with perturbation theory at second order and multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory. The SP approximation is a multiconfiguration self-consistent field method with a selection of configurations based on generalized valence bond theory without the perfect pairing approximation. For both CAS and SP, the active-space composition corresponds to the nominal correlated-participating-orbital scheme. The ground state and low-lying excited states are explored to predict the state ordering for each molecule, and potential energy curves are calculated for the ground state to compare to experiment. The experimental bond dissociation energies of the three diatomic molecules are predicted with eight on-top pair-density functionals with a typical error of 0.2 eV for a CAS wave function and a typical error of 0.3 eV for the SP approximation. We also provide a survey of the accuracy achieved by the SP and extended separated-pair approximations for a broader set of 25 transition metal-ligand bond dissociation energies.

Analytic gradients for multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory with density fitting: Development and application to geometry optimization in the ground and excited states.

Density fitting reduces the computational cost of both energy and gradient calculations by avoiding the computation and manipulation of four-index electron repulsion integrals. With this algorithm, one can efficiently optimize the geometries of large systems with an accurate multireference treatment. Here, we present the derivation of multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory for energies and analytic gradients with density fitting. Six systems are studied, and the results are compared to those obtained with no approximation to the electron repulsion integrals and to the results obtained by complete active space second-order perturbation theory. With the new approach, there is an increase in the speed of computation with a negligible loss in accuracy. Smaller grid sizes have also been used to reduce the computational cost of multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory with little effect on the optimized geometries and gradient values.

Analytic gradients for state-averaged multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory.

Analytic gradients are important for efficient calculations of stationary points on potential energy surfaces, for interpreting spectroscopic observations, and for efficient direct dynamics simulations. For excited electronic states, as are involved in UV-Vis spectroscopy and photochemistry, analytic gradients are readily available and often affordable for calculations using a state-averaged complete active space self-consistent-field (SA-CASSCF) wave function. However, in most cases, a post-SA-CASSCF step is necessary for quantitative accuracy, and such calculations are often too expensive if carried out by perturbation theory or configuration interaction. In this work, we present the analytic gradients for multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory based on SA-CASSCF wave functions, which is a more affordable alternative. A test set of molecules has been studied with this method, and the stationary geometries and energetics are compared to values in the literature as obtained by other methods. Excited-state geometries computed with state-averaged pair-density functional theory have similar accuracy to those from complete active space perturbation theory at the second-order.

Mechanochemical synthesis of 0D and 3D cesium lead mixed halide perovskites.

A simplified mechanochemical synthesis approach for Cs-containing mixed halide perovskite materials of lower and higher dimensionality (0D and 3D, respectively) is presented with stoichiometric control from their halide salts, CsX and PbX2 (X = Cl, Br, I). Excellent optical bandgap tunability through halide substitution is supported by property measurements and changes to the materials' structure. Complementary NMR and XRD methods, along with support from DFT calculations, reveal highly crystalline 0D and 3D solid solutions with a complex arrangement of [PbX6-xXx']4- pseudooctahedra caused by halide distribution about the Pb centre.

Multireference Methods for Calculating the Dissociation Enthalpy of Tetrahedral P4 to Two P2.

The potential energy surface for the thermal decomposition of P4 → 2P2 was computed along the C2 v reaction trajectory. Single-reference methods were not suitable for describing this complex bond-breaking process, so two multiconfigurational methods, namely, multistate complete active space second-order perturbation theory (MS-CASPT2) and multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT), were used with the aim of determining the accuracy and efficiency of these methods for this process. Several active spaces and basis sets were explored. It was found that the multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory method was up to 900 times faster than multistate complete active space second-order perturbation theory while providing similar accuracy.

Engaging dual donor sites within an N-heterocyclic olefin phosphine ligand.

By investigating the coordination chemistry of a neutral N-heterocyclic olefin phosphine ligand, a new digold(i) chloride complex was discovered, demonstrating that mixed element (P/C) donor sites can be accessed at the same time. However attempts to extend this strategy for the preparation of heterobimetallic complexes featuring copper(i) and gold(i) centers with this mixed donor ligand were unsuccessful. The related monometallic copper(i) and gold(i) iodide complexes were discovered to be emissive in the solid state.