[MEDICAL STUDIES IN EXTREME SITUATION: THE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE IN WARSAW GHETTO].

INTRODUCTION: MEDICAL STUDIES IN EXTREME SITUATION: THE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE IN WARSAW GHETTO.

["AN UNFINISHED SYMPHONY": MEDICINE DURING THE WARSAW GHETTO UPRISING].

INTRODUCTION: This year marks the anniversary of the 80th year of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943 -2023), a very important and significant turning point in the history of the Holocaust. The Uprising is not the only demonstration of courage and strength, in rebelling against the brutal Nazi oppressor: there was another form of intellectual and spiritual resistance in the ghetto - medical resistance. Physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals resisted. Not only did they provide very diverse and dedicated medical assistance to the ghetto residents, but they went beyond their professional duties in initiating research on Hunger Diseases and in founding a clandestine medical school. The medical work in the Warsaw Ghetto is a symbol of the victory of the human spirit.

[THE FATE OF THE JEWISH STAFF OF THE MEDICAL INSTITUTE IN THE CITY OF STAVROPOL DURING THE HOLOCAUST].

INTRODUCTION: In the first two decades of the 21st century, research on the history of Jewish medicine during the Holocaust expanded. Studies were written on the medical activity in German-occupied areas, particularly the large and medium-sized ghettos in Poland, Lithuania, and Czechoslovakia, in addition to Holland, Hungary, and Germany, and Jewish physicians' activity in the camps. Conspicuously absent is the study of Soviet Jewish medicine and physicians in areas occupied by the Germans in World War II with the German offensive against the Soviet Union, which began on 22 June 1941. This article sheds light on the fate of 36 Jewish physicians and scientists from Stavropol Medical Institute in the North Caucasus during the Holocaust-renowned professors, lecturers in all branches of medicine, of which one third were women of outstanding medical achievements. The description draws on writings by researchers from the Commonwealth, including Stavropol, witness testimonies collected by the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission to investigate Nazi atrocities (1943-1945), and the memoirs of Ludmila Schwartzman, daughter-in-law of Prof. Jacob Schwartzman, renowned cardiologist before the war and senior Medical Institute physician murdered with the rest. The article describes the history of Caucasian Jews and thousands of Jewish refugees who sought shelter in the area, focusing on Stavropol's Jews, including numerous Medical Institute teachers, researchers and their families, either shot to death in forests outside the city or killed in gas vans. Research of the history of Stavropol Medical Institute's Jewish staff both memorializes the Jewish physicians and scientists and opens a window into Jewish physicians' activity in Nazi-occupied Soviet regions. This is a research area in its infancy warranting deeper investigation.